Five spider species from the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, namely Pholcus geogeum sp. nov., Pholcus hongseong sp. nov., Pholcus gochang sp. nov., Pholcus jeocheon sp. nov., and Pholcus yongin sp. nov., are newly described from Korea. These five new species, which belong to the phungiformes group within the genus, can be distinguished from their congeners by the shape and structure of the genital organs of both males and females. They are found on rock walls and at cave entrances in mountainous and hilly mixed forests. This study provides diagnoses, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs of the newly described species.

A new spider species of the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, Pholcus osaek sp. nov., in the family Pholcidae C.L. Koch, 1850, is described from Korea. This new species belongs to phungiformes-group in the genus. It can be distinguished from its congeners by the shape and structure of genital organs of both males and females. It is found on and between rock walls in mountainous mixed forests. Additionally, the taxonomic status of Pholcus uksuensis Kim & Ye, 2014 is revalidated, re-diagnosed, and redescribed based on specimens collected from the type locality. Considering differences mentioned in the diagnosis through revalidation, P. uksuensis is regarded as a distinct species. Therefore, it should be removed from the synonymy of P. woongil Huber, 2011.

The present study describes Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 with detailed descriptions, taxonomic photographs, distribution map, and proposition of a new synonym. Due to morphological similarity between P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 and P. rufus, taxonomic identity of P. pseudoexilis has been doubtful to date. A detailed bibliographic study of types of P. pseudoexilis between P. rufus and examination of specimens from the type locality of P. pseudoexilis with specimens of P. rufus collected across the country showed that P. rufus has all diagnostic characters found in types of P. pseudoexilis. Therefore, P. pseudoexilis Paik, 1979 should be regarded as a new synonym of Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826.

The development of thermoelectric (TE) materials to replace Bi2Te3 alloys is emerging as a hot issue with the potential for wider practical applications. In particular, layered Zintl-phase materials, which can appropriately control carrier and phonon transport behaviors, are being considered as promising candidates. However, limited data have been reported on the thermoelectric properties of metal-Sb materials that can be transformed into layered materials through the insertion of cations. In this study, we synthesized FeSb and MnSb, which are used as base materials for advanced thermoelectric materials. They were confirmed as single-phase materials by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns. Based on electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity of both materials characterized as a function of temperature, the zT values of MnSb and FeSb were calculated to be 0.00119 and 0.00026, respectively. These properties provide a fundamental data for developing layered Zintl-phase materials with alkali/alkaline earth metal insertions.

A poorly known spider, Pholcus kwangkyosanensis Kim & Park, 2009 is redescribed with diagnosis, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs of diagnostic characters. P. kwangkyosanensis is similar in appearance to P. kwanaksanensis Namkung & Kim, 1990, in terms of the shape of the genital organ and body, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by the shape of the cheliceral apophysis, uncus, and procursus in males, as well as the shape of the epigynum and pore plates in females. The specimens of this spider were collected at the type locality (Mt. Gwanggyosan, Suwon), specifically under the bridge on a local stream in an agricultural landscape surrounded by rice fields, upland fields, or horticultural greenhouses.

Spiders play an important role in regulating insect pests in the agricultural ecosystem. The community structure and biodiversity of rice field spiders were surveyed in 5 areas (Anseong, Nonsan, Imsil, Namwon, and Gurye) from 20 May to 30 September, 2021. A total of 5,525 spiders collected were identified as 64 species of 17 families. Species richness and abundance were high in Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae and Linyphiidae. The similarity of rice field spider communities among regions was about 72% and was divided into three groups: the middle inland area, the southern mountainous area, and the southern inland area. Species diversity averaged as 2.55±0.06. On the seasonaliy of The boidiversity tended to increase toward the latter half of cultivation.

이 논문은 직전 연구인 메타버스의 함정을 극복하기 위한 게임화된 동적 습관 형성 모델의 후 속 연구다. 2022년 12월 논문 연구에서는 사용자 참여를 방해할 수 있는 일반적인 함정을 극 복하기 위해 메타버스 공간을 설계하는 데 초점을 맞춘 게이미피케이션 동적 습관 형성 모델 을 제안하였다. 당시 제안했던 4단계 접근법을 통합한 역학 모델은 낮은 상호작용(P4)의 온보 딩 접근법, 기본 상호작용(P3) 온보딩 접근법, 중간 상호작용(P2)의 온보딩 접근법, 높은 상호 작용(P1) 온보딩 접근법의 네 단계로 구성되었으며, 간단한 모델의 개요를 설명한 바 있다. 본 고에서는 4단계의 세부 연구에 집중하였는데, P4-튜토리얼, 시즌 이벤트, 소셜 이벤트 및 모 임, P3-기본 아바타, 가상경제 및 아이템 획득/거래, 소셜경쟁과 리더보드, 도전과 경쟁, 커뮤 니티 강화, P2-아바타 개인화, 사용자 제작 콘텐츠. 보상 메커닉스 강화, 피드백 및 진행 상황 추적, P1-대화형 튜토리얼, 사회적 상호작용, 내러티브 중심 퀘스트, 스토리 기반 업적, 인터 렉티브 스토리 요소 등의 습관형성 증진 방안을 제시하였다. 각 단계는 게이미피케이션 및 게 임디자인 기법과 사용자 중심 디자인 원칙을 통합하여 사용자의 참여를 유도하고, 습관 형성 을 촉진하는 방향에서의 온보딩 접근법을 제시하고자 하였다. 이 논문에서는 게이미피케이션 및 게임디자인 이론과 실무를 바탕으로 각 단계에 대한 예시와 전략을 제공하여 메타버스에서 학습환경을 구현하는 데 도움을 줄 것이다. 다만, ‘게임’과 ‘메타버스’와의 개념과 용어에서의 명확한 구분이 어려운 상황이어서, 게이미피케이션 및 게임디자인 분야의 기초적인 이론과 온 보딩 방법론을 다룰 수 밖에 없었다.

The present study describes Philodromus paiki sp. nov., which was previously misidentified as P. fuscomarginatus (De Geer, 1778), P. poecilus (Thorell, 1872), and P. spinitarsis Simon, 1895 in Korea, as a new species with diagnosis, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs. Additionally, P. spinitarsis is also described to correct previous misidentifications of Korean records of the species.