Poultry play an important role in meeting the protein demand through the supply of chicken meat and eggs, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from poultry to humans through the food chain. In this study, 716 E. coli isolates were collected from poultry industry in Korea during the period from 2016-2018. Among the cephalosporin antimicrobial, the rate of resistance to first-cephalosporins (cefazolin and cephalexin) was more than 18.0% but secondcephalosporins (cefoxitin and cefuroxime) and four-cephalosporins (cefepime) was less than 10.0%, without any differences based on the poultry. In quinolone antimicrobial, the rate of resistance to nalidixic acid was more than 46.0% in all poultry but ciprofloxacin was more than 44.0% in broiler farm and chicken meat and less than 18.0% in layer farm and egg. In addition, the rate of resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was more than 30.0% without any differences in poultry, but the rate of resistance to amoxicillin - clavulanate, trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole, imipenem and gentamicin was higher in broiler farm and chicken meat than in layer farm and egg. MDR was detected in 120 (60.6%), 113 (79.6%), 80 (37.0%), and 75 (46.9%) isolates from broiler farm, chicken meat, layer farm, and egg, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 54.2% (388/716).

The Maillard reaction is a complex reaction that occurs between carbonyl and amine groups during food pro-cessing and storage. In addition, it produces a large number of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), which have an importantrole in determining food characteristics including aroma, color, flavor, and texture. Importantly, recent studies have beenconducted that the Maillard reaction products and their ferments with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) induced specific biologicalcharacteristics including antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antihypertensive activities as well as improved their physiologicalfeatures such as the heat stability and emulsifying properties. Therefore, we described on new insights for enhanced physi-ologic and biologic functions of MRPs through LAB fermentation.

반수체 육성은 육종연한을 단축시키기 위해 유용한 도구이다. 본 연구는 밀 품종 조기 육성을 위한 반수체 육종 시스템을 개발하기 위해 반수체 육성시 식물생장조절제 처리가 배 배양에 미치는 영향에 대해서 조사한 것이다. 밀 이삭의 제웅 작업을 수행하고 옥수수와 원연교잡한 후 종자결실은 2,4-D 및 2,4,5-T 150 mg/L, dicamba 50 mg/L 처리에서 가장 좋았으며, 배형성은 2,4-D 및 2,4,5-T 100 mg/L, dicamba 50

This study was to set the guidelines of soil chemical components in order to assure the safety and quality ofthe panax ginseng from physiological disorder. The disorder symptoms appeared on the leaf with yellow spot, atrophy, yel-low-brown spot, also showed red skin and rough skin of the root. Occurrence type of physiological disorder in cultivatedfield divided into two types:type I ‘such as, yellow spot’ consist of single disorder symptom; type II ‘such as, yellow spotand yellow-brown spot’ consist of two or more different disorder symptoms. The individual contribution of soil properties tothe occurrence type was as follows ; The yellow spot was affected by Na>NO3-N>salinity (EC) in soil. The same results wasobserved in red skin. Atrophy was affected by NO3-N>salinity (EC)>Ca>Mg. Rough skin was affected by P2O5>pH>Organic material > K. It showed positive associated to P2O5, pH and K, but negative associated to organic matter. Simulta-neous occurrence of two different disorder, including cases which yellow spot and yellow-brown spot, those were affected byNO3-N > salinity (EC) > Na > Mg. In the case of atrophy plus yellow-brown spot, those also were affected by in the order :NO3-N > salinity (EC) > Ca > Mg > Na. Red-rough skin was affected in the order : salinity (EC) > NO3-N > K > Na. Soilchemical components appear to be related to occurrence of physiological disorder, particularly in salinity (EC) and NO3-N.The salinity (EC) and NO3-N were negative related to plant growth. In addition, exchangeable cation capacity play criticalroles in attributing to complex occurrence of physiological disorder.

The purpose of this study was to identify soil physical characteristics as guideline for high yield potential inginseng cultivated field which produced 6 years root. Harvest yields of ginseng to be divided by parent rock was in order ofphyllite and red shale 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ > granite and gneiss·schist 3.0㎏ > basalt 2.6㎏ > porphyry 2.2㎏ in upland and forestsoil. Also, with classified by topography, it was in order of foot slope and alluvial fan 3.2㎏/3.3㎡ > valley 3.0㎏ > low hill2.9㎏ > hill, lave flow and dilluvial terrace 2.8㎏ in survey tilth. Class determination of soil texture, it was in order of sandyloam 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ > loam and silt loam 3.0㎏ > clay loam 2.9㎏ > silt clay loam 2.8㎏ in survey tilth. Slope condition offarming land, in case of sloping (2~7%), it was 3.1㎏/3.3㎡ but deep sloping (15~30%) caused decreasing harvest yield. Indrainage classes (excessively, well and moderately well), there was no significantly different in harvest yields. Relationshipbetween harvest yield and soil series, Production sites as yielding 3.0㎏/3.3㎡ were seven sites, also it was contained 14 soilseries. Production sites as yielding 2.5~3.0㎏/3.3㎡ were eleven sites, it was contained 16 soil series. Production sites asyielding 2.0~2.5㎏/3.3㎡ were 10 sites, it was contained 4 soil series.