본 논문에서는 지진하중을 받는 사장교의 진동제어 기법 개발을 위해 제공된 벤치마크 사장교에 복합제어 기법을 적용하였다. 이 벤치마크 문제는 2003년 완공 예정으로 미국 Missouri 주에 건설중인 Cape Girardeau 교를 대상 구조물로 고려하였다. Cape Girardeau 교는 New Madrid 지진구역에 위치하고 Mississippi 강을 횡단하는 주요 교량이라는 점 때문에 설계 단계에서부터 내진 문제를 중요하게 고려하였다. 벤치마크 문제에는 사장교의 상세한 설계도면에 기초해 교량의 복잡한 거동을 나타낼 수 있는 3자원 선형모델과 각 제어기법의 성능을 평가하기 위한 18개의 평가기준이 제시되어 있다. 본 연구에서 적용한 복합제어 기법은 지진하중으로 인해 구조물에 발생되는 하중을 줄이기 위한 수동제어 기법과 상판변위와 같은 구조물의 응답을 추가적으로 제어하기 위한 능동제어 기법이 결합된 제어 방법이다. 수동제어 장지로는 납고무받침을 사용하였고 Bouc-Wen 모델을 사용하여 비선형 거동을 고려 할 수 있도륵 모델링 하였다. 능동제어 장치로는 이상적인 hydraulic actuators 가 사용되었으며 제어 알고리듬은 H_2/LQG 를 적용하였다. 수치해석 결과 제안방법의 성능은 수동제어 방법에 비해 매우 효과적이며, 능동제어 방법에 비해서는 약간 좋은 제어성능을 나타내었다. 복합제어 방법은 수동제어 부분 때문에 능동제어 방법에 비해 보다 신뢰할 수 있는 제어 방법이다. 따라서 제안된 제어방법은 지진하중을 받는 사장교의 제어를 위해 효과적으로 사용될 수 있다.

본 논문에서는 총복근윷 갖는 비비례 감쇠 시스템의 고유치 해석 방법읍 χn 안하였다. 2 치‘ 고유치 문제의 행웰 즈5 합잘 통한 선형 방정식에 수정뭔 Newton-Raphson 기법파 고유벡터의 직i1l성을 적용히여 저1 안방법 의 암고려츰을 유도하였따. 벡터 반꽉법 EE.는 부분공간 딴복법과 같은 기존의 반복법어1 셔는 수렘성을 향상시 키기 워해 띤위법옳 적용하였으며， 이 값이 시스템의 고유치에 근사하케 되면 행펼분해 과정에서 득이성이 받생한다， 그러나 제안방법은 구하고자 하논 고유치가 중복근이 이년 정우에， 변위값이 시스템으] 고유치 열지 리도 ’향상 정최성윷 유지하며， 이것윤 해석적으로 증명하였다‘ 제얀방법은 수정된 N ewton-Raphson 기볍을 이용하기 때문에 초기값을 필요로 한다 제 안방법의 초기값으로는 반복법의 중간젤과니 근사법의 결괴블 사 용할 수 있다. 이를 방법중 Lanczos 방법이 가장 효율적으로 좋은 초기값을 제꽁하기 때푼에 Lanczos 방법 의 결괴룹 저1 안방법의 초기값으로 사용하였다， 지1 안빙법의 효율성윷 중벙하기 위하여 두가지 예제 구조불에 대해 해석시간 및 수렴성윷 가장 많이 사용하고 었는 부분공간 반복법과 Lanczos 방법의 결과와 비교하였따，

Slow seedling growth rate and nodulation failure of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited its good establishment to pastures. The experiment was done to determine the effect of removal of cotyledon and unifoliolate on the shoot, root growth,

우리는 생활주변에서 파이프의 사용올 혼히 볼 수 있다. 그 만큼 파이프의 소요량은 우리 생활에서 엄청난 양이라 할 수 있는데 그것이 기폰 재료로는 콘크리트나 철강제품이 대부분올 차지하고 있다. 요즈음 대체 재료로써 복합재료가 여러 산업 분야에서 각광을 받고 있다. 처음 항공분야에서 사용이 시작되어 제품의 우수성 뿐 아니라 그 값이 점차 낮아짐에 따라 여려 분야에서 사용되고 있다. 복합재 료는 내구성， 내열성， 내부식성 둥 다른 어느 재료보다 좋은 성질을 가지고 있으며 특히 중량이 가볍 다 파이프 매설 공사에 있어서 운반비의 비중은 전체 공사비에 약 20-40% 에 달할 만큼 크다. 따라서 복합재료의 선돼은 그 비용을 감소시킬 수 있을 뿐 아니라 내구성， 내열성 동 복합재료의 여러가지 우 수성을 동시에 가질 수 었다. 그리고 재료의 발달이 가속되고 있어 앞으로 유용성은 더욱 커질 것이다. 지하얘설 파이프로써 반경에 비해 두께가 앓은 관인 경우 큰 변형이 발생활 것이다. 따라서 기하학 적 비선형성을 고려하여야 한다. 이를 위해 변형 후의 형상에 대해 평형방정식을 세웠으며 이를 Galerkín’ s method 에 의해 풀었다. 하중 조건은 파이프가 땅속에 묻히게 되므로 수직하중은 매설 깊이에 비례 하며 수평하중은 수평변위에 비례하게 가정하였다. 복합재료로 만들어진 파이프는 충 (layer) 수와 fiber 방향둥에 따라 강성이 틀려지며 또한 흙의 종류와 발생되는 변위에 따라 파이프-흙간의 상호작용이 달라진다. 본 연구에서는 복합재료로 만들어진 파이프가 지하에 매설된 경우 기하학적 비선형성올 고 려한 해석방법올 제시하며 파이프 강성에 미치는 여러 인자에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 결과가 유한요소법 에 의해 검증되었다.

刈取가 알팔파根瘤의 着生 및 發達과 室素固定活性에 미치는 影響을 檢討하기 위하여 圃場實驗에서는 刈取區와 非刈取區로 구분하여 時期別로 Acetylene還元法에 의하여 根瘤의 室素固定活性을 測定하였다. 養液栽培實驗에서는 地上部의 50%와 90%刈取, 花芽의 除法, 根瘤의 50%와 100% 除法등을 組合處理後 알팔파 再生과 根瘤의 着生과 發達에 미치는 影響을 檢討하였다. 1. 圃場實驗에서 根瘤의 무게는 1回刈取後 30%, 2 回刈取後 25%의 減少가 있었고

Background : The organic matter content of land clearing or soil brought from an other place is very low, less than 0.5%. However, the organic matter content of natural habitat soil and leader farmhouse soil was two to three times higher than that of general farmhouse soil. As a result, the yield of Gastrodia elata was higher than that of general farmhouse. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to investigate the yield of G. elata according to the application of green manure crops (GMCs). Methods and Results : This experiment was carried out in a soil with organic matter content of 0.5% in rain shelter greenhouse. The kind of GMCs are corn, Sudan grass, sorghum and oats, and the throughputs per 10 a were 2,000 ㎏, 2,200 ㎏, 1,500 ㎏ and 700 ㎏ of each. The soil preparation was carried out after treated of GMCs at least one month before G. elata was formally planted. As the results of these experiment, organic matter content in soils increased 4 - 5 times compared with before treatment. As a result, the yield of G. elata increased by 21 - 41% in all treatments of GMCs. In addition, there was 2 - 5% more G. elata of good merchantable quality. However, the soil temperature in the summer season period of 2016 (7.1 - 8.31) was 1.2 - 1.6℃ higher than the previous year. The day when the outside temperature was above 30℃ was 41 days. It doubled from the previous year. Soil moisture content showed similar tendency according to treatments. As a result, 20 - 30% of high temperature damage and 20 - 50% of putrefaction occurred, and the total yield also decreased by 20 - 30% compared to normal year. Conclusion : In conclusion, some organic matter is needed for cultivation of G. elata. Therefore, it is considered that it would be better to keep the organic matter content at 2 - 3% when the destination are managed, and to use corn or Sudan grass as the GMCs.

Background : This study was development of moisture tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar. Methods and Results : Segang is developed by the medicinal crop breeding team of National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science(NIHHS), Rural Development Administration(RDA), during the period from 2005 to 2015. The reproduction of Rehmannia glutinosa has been accomplished mainly by vegetative propagation with its seedlings have many variants. The cultivar was selected from seedling of Jihwang 1(check variety). The plant type of Segang is some rising from ground. Regional yield trials conducted at three site from 2014 to 2015. The root yield of Segang was 21.1ton per hectare, which was increased 12% compared with Jihwang 1. Also, Segang has higher catalpol content and dried root ratio compared with Jihwang 1. Conclusion : Segang is a moisture tolerance and high-yielding Rehmannia glutinosa cultivar.

To overcome the risk of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in patients have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to prepare emergency fertility preservation in patients undergoing anticancer treatment, several researchers have reported IVM of oocytes retrieved from ovaries exposed by only hCG priming. However, the maturation rate and the developmental potential of embryos from IVM oocytes are significantly lower than those of oocytes matured in vivo. Here, we investigated the optimal time point for immature oocyte collection at post hCG only injection for in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and blastocyst formation. Immature GV oocytes were collected from 25 days old B6D2F1 female mouse at 12 hr, 14 hr, 16 hr or 24 hr post hCG injection. Oocytes were collected from antral or late secondary follicle by puncturing with 26 G needle. Collected oocytes were cultured in G2 medium with 10% FBS, FSH, estradiol, and hCG for 16 hr in vitro and subjected in vitro fertilization and further embryonic development. To examine follicular maturation, we estimated the numbers of primordial, primary, secondary follicle and antral follicle on ovaries of each time point post hCG. To confirm the optimal time point post hCG injection for collecting immature oocytes, we recovered the oocytes from each time point. There is no difference in the number of oocytes per mice. Oocytes collected at 14 hr post hCG injection were shown higher maturation rate to MII stage and blastocyst formation compare to other three groups (p<0.01). However, there is no difference in the maturation rate on the other three groups. Also, apoptotic signal with TUNEL assay or anti-PARP staining was not change in ovaries from all experimental groups. Granulosa cell proliferation test with anti Ki-67 or anti AMH was not show any difference. According to these results, there are no significant differences in four different time points at 12 hr, 14 hr, 16 hr or 24 hr of collection of immature oocytes in hCG primed mouse. However, oocytes from 14 hr post hCG injection showed higher percentages of maturation rate, in vitro fertilization rate, blastocyst formation.

Cryopreservation has become a powerful method of the assisted reproduction technology and supports fertility preservation of cancer and other indication patients. After controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, surplus oocytes and embryos were recommended to store using cryopreservation. Recently, vitrification is replaced with traditional slow freezing protocol, because of improved survival rates and clinical outcomes. Vitrification requires a high concentration of CPAs that may induce significant osmotic and metabolic damage to cells including oocytes even in a short exposure of a few minutes. Generally, MPF plays a crucial role in the cell cycle regulation and maintaining the meiotic arrest of oocytes. In fact, it has been observed to decline in MII ovine oocytes after vitrification and would be suggested that one of the main causes of low fertilization rate and developmental competence derived from cryoinjury during vitrification. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine treatment on the activity of MPF, MAPK level in vitrified/warmed mouse mature eggs. Caffeine, Phosphataseinhibitor, may maintain active form of MPF. We evaluated their survival after warming procedure, fertilization, cleavage, and developmental rates. Ovulated MII eggs were retrieved from 6 weeks old B6D2F1 female mouse at 14hr post hCG injection. Collected MII eggs were maintained in HTF medium containing 10% KSR with or without caffeine for 1hr. Eggs were vitrified in 7.5%EG +7.5%DMSO equilibrium solution, 15%EG + 15%DMSO + 0.5M sucrose vitrification solution with or without caffeine. Also warming solution contained sucrose (0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M, and 0M) with or without caffeine. After warming, eggs were cultured in HTF medium with or without caffeine for 2 hr then fertilized with epididymal sperm in vitro and cultured in KSOM for 5 days to analyze embryonic development. Survival rates were similar in all experimental groups. However, fertilization rate was higher in with caffeine group compare to without caffeine significantly (80% vs. 85%, p<0.05). 2-cell and blastocyst formation were increased in caffeine group (p<0.05). MPF activity and MAP kinase activity were recovered in with caffeine group after vitrification/warming process. In conclusion, Caffeine may maintain MPF and MAPK level in vitrified/warmed MII eggs, and enhance fertilization and further embryonic development.

FLOWERING TIME CONTROL PROTEIN, FPA gene encode RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain protein and plays important roles in flowering time control in Arabidopsis. Floral transition is significant for reproductive products in all flowering plants. However, little is known about the functions of Medicago autonomous pathway gene. We had cloned the FPA gene on Medicago based on the sequence similarity of Arabidopsis FPA sequence. The RT-qPCR analysis of MtFPA expression patterns showed that the MtFPA transcripts accumulated ubiquitously in roots, leaves, stems, flowers, and pods. When fused to the green fluorescence protein, MtPFA-GFP was localized in the nucleus as speckle pattern of protoplast from Arabidopsis. To examine the function of MtFPA, 35S::MtFPA transgenic plants were generated in Arabidopsis late flowering mutant background, fpa-2. Overexpression of MtFPA specifically caused early flowering under long day conditions compared with non-transgenic plants. In MtFPA transgenic lines, AtFLC expression were down-regulated whereas the floral integrators, AtFT and AtSOC1 were up-regulated as compare with control plant. As these results, MtFPA suggest that is a functional ortholog of the Arabidopsis and may play an important role in the regulation of flowering transition in Medicago.

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is a most important aquaculture species in Korea. Like most marine fishes, olive flounders are stomachless at first feeding and aquired gastric function during the metamorphosis, so food was mainly digested by pancreatic enzyme from first feeding to premetamorphosis. However, comprehensive analysis of pancreatic and gastric digestive enzyme of olive flounder at early developmental period is still unclear. In the expression study of pancreatic and gastric digestive enzyme by real-time PCR at early developmental stage, pancreatic enzyme such as chymotrypsinogen 2, preproelastase 2 and 4, pancreatic protein somatomedin-B domain (PPSB) mRNA expression were initiated at first feeding and strongly expressed in the pancreas developmental stage, while gastric digestive enzyme signal was not at all detected during same period. Although, trypsinogens were secreted from pancreas and have similar amino acid sequence, trypsinogen 3 expression induction was detected both pancreas and stomach developmental stage, while trypsinogen 2 expression was significantly increased only post-metamorphosis period. Pepsinogen mRNA expression was only detected at metamorphosis according to stomach differentiation. Lipid digestive enzyme, lipase and intestine fatty acid binding protein 1 (I-FABP 1), were already reached a certain level at beginning of hatching and more increased during early developmental stage and then gradually decreased before metamorphosis. These results suggested that feed ingestion of olive flounder was exclusive charged by pancreatic digestive enyme, lipid digestive enzyme and trypsinogen 3 from first feeding and then fully swiched by gastric digestive enzyme and trypsinogen 2 from metamorphosis period.