Habenaria radiata, commonly known as the Egret Flower, is a critically endangered terrestrial orchid facing rapid population decline due to overharvesting in Korea. Asymbiotic seed propagation offers a promising conservation method for this rare species. This study investigates the effects of different nutrient media on the germination and plantlet development of immature seeds of H. radiata, with the goal of establishing optimal propagation conditions. Among four media types, with the highest germination rate (75.6%) observed on OBTSG medium, followed by 1/2 MS, OMM, and OSGM. Protocorm development varied across media, with OBTSG and OMM supporting the most robust growth. A two-step culture method involving OBTSG for germination followed by OMM for plantlet development proved most effective, achieving an 84.4% survival rate. These findings highlight the importance of media composition and transitioning for successful propagation. The results provide a practical protocol for in vitro propagation, contributing to both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts aimed at preserving H. radiata and other endangered terrestrial orchids.

Seeds of some barberry species have embryo with physiological dormancy that requires a cold stratification for germination. Berberis amurensis Rupr. is a native species of Japan, Korea, the Russian far east, and parts of China. This specific plant is important for its edible fruits and rhizomes with high medicine value. This study aimed to determine the effect of stratification on germination and physiological change of B. amurensis. Seeds were placed on sterilized sand medium moistened with distilled water in 9 cm diameter petri dishes and stored at 4 and 25˚C for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Each treatment had 40 seeds per replica, and three repetitions per treatment. Immediately after stratification, total phenolics contents (TPC) was analyzed and seeds incubated at 15/6˚C for 12 weeks. Warm stratification had a significant effect on seed forcing for germination than cold stratification treatment. At 25˚C for 60 days, stratified seed showed highest germination percentage (25.7±4.3%) and germination started in 14 days of the stored period. Whereas TPC was significantly decreased with increasing stored period. Contrastively, cold stratification had no effect on the germination ability. In the same way germination percentage of non-stratified seeds were also zero. The results confirmed that B. amurensis seeds were in a dormant state and warm stratification increased the germination ability by breaking of dormancy.

부추속은 수선화과에 속하며 약 1000여종에 이른다. 좀부 추는 자생 부추속에 속하며 식용이 가능하고 크기가 작아 분 화식물로 적합하다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 좀부추를 분화 소재 로서 개발하기 위하여 식물의 측지성장을 촉진하고 꽃의 품질 을 향상시키기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 좀부추의 구근 을 생장조절제(GA3, BA, 에테폰, TDZ)에 다른 시간(1, 5시 간)동안 침지처리했을 때 식물의 생장과 꽃에 어떤 영향을 주 는지 조사하였다. GA3 처리구는 엽수와 자구의 수가 증가해 증식을 촉진시키는 효과가 있었다. 게다가 GA3는 화수의 증 가와 조기개화를 유도했다. 그러나 엽폭과 화경의 폭은 감소 하였다. 에테폰은 좀부추의 초장과 초폭에서 영향을 주지 않 았으나 1h에서 자구의 수가 증가하였다. 에테폰은 화서 발생 을 억제하여 화경의 수가 감소하였다. BA는 식물의 생장과 개 화 특성에 유의적인 영향을 보이지 않았다. TDZ처리한 식물 은 왜화되고 생육상태가 불량하였으며, 식물을 고사시켰다.

Minuartia laricina (L.) Mattf. is a Korean native plant with high potential as a commercial flowering potted plant due to its compactness and long flowering duration. However, because this plant is a groundcover, it is susceptible to lodging and leggy growth. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of plant growth retardants (PGRs) on the inhibition of stem elongation and flowering characteristics of M. laricina. Commercial products, Trimmit, Cycocel, and B-Nine, were used for the exogenous PGR application of paclobutrazol (PBZ), chlormequat chloride (CCC), and daminozide (DMZ), respectively. Application concentrations were 50 and 100 mg·L-1 for PBZ; 100, 500, and 1,000 mg･L-1 for CCC; and 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg·L-1 for DMZ. Paclobutrazol was the only PGR that inhibited stem elongation. The stem lengths of the plants treated with 50 or 100 mg·L-1 PBZ were 2.2 cm (13%) or 9.8 cm (57%) shorter, respectively, than those of the control. 50 mg·L-1 PBZ retarded stem growth effectively without negatively affecting flowering or other growth parameters, whereas 100 mg·L-1 PBZ caused excessive dwarfing and significantly reduced flowering by 59%. CCC and DMZ applications were ineffective for growth control. Flowering time was accelerated with most PGRs, except for 2,000 mg·L-1 DMZ, reducing the time to flowering by 2–8 days. These results indicate that the stem growth of M. laricina was successfully inhibited with PBZ but not with CCC or DMZ. Thus, we concluded that a single application of 50 mg·L-1 PBZ or similar treatment is effective in miniaturizing M. laricina without causing harm to its growth or aesthetic value, such as the flower number. Additionally, because CCC and DMZ are not persistent in the growing medium, testing multiple application times for these PGRs is crucial.

부추속 식물은 수선화과의 다년생 초본으로 약 1000여종에 이른다. 한국에서는 24종의 자생종이 분포하며 유전자원으로서 큰 가치를 지닌 분류군이다. 그러나 자생부추속 식물에 대한 연구는 일부 종에 대하여 한정적으로 이루어지고 있으며, 갯부추, 두메부추, 울릉산마늘과 같이 최근 분류되거나 잘 알려지지 않은 종에 대한 연구는 매우 부족하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 자생부추속 4종(강부추, 한라부추, 갯부추, 산부추)에 대한 온도 및 명암처리에 대한 발아특성을 조사하였다. 발아 특성은 발아율, T50, 평균발아일수, 발아균일도, 발아속도로 평 가하였다. 강부추와 갯부추는 5℃에서 50%이상의 발아율을 보였으나 한라부추와 산부추는 전혀 발아하지 않았다. 갯부추 는 남부지방 해변가, 강부추는 강이나 하천주변에 서식하며 한라부추와 산부추는 주로 산지에 서식하는 것으로 알려져있다. 따라서 이러한 차이는 종별 생육지의 환경조건에 따른 차 이로 추정된다. 5℃에서 강부추의 발아율은 명조건(70.0%)보다 암조건(93.3%)에서 향상되었으며, T50과 평균발아일수도 단축되었다. 한라부추는 15℃에서 암조건이 명조건보다 발아율이 증가하고 15℃와 20℃에서는 T50과 평균발아일수가 단축 되었다. 그에 따라 발아속도도 증가하였으며 발아균일도도 상 승하였다. 갯부추는 5℃에서 발아율은 명조건(70.0%)보다 암 조건(83.3%)에서 상승했고, 15℃에서 T50과 평균발아일수가 단축되었으며 발아속도가 증가하였다. 산부추는 15℃와 20℃ 에서 T50과 평균발아일수가 단축되었으며 발아속도가 증가하 였다. 따라서 상대적으로 낮은 온도 처리구에서 명조건보다 암조건이 일부 발아특성을 향상시켰다. 실험에 사용된 4종의 종자는 대부분 15~25℃에서 90%가 넘는 발아율을 보였으나, 다른 발아특성은 온도와 광에 따른 차이를 보였다. 강부추와 산부추의 T50, 평균발아일수, 발아속도는 20℃와 25℃에서 가 장 향상되었고, 한라부추와 갯부추는 25℃에서 T50과 평균발 아일수가 가장 단축되었으며, 발아속도도 가장 빨랐다. 결론적으로 발아특성을 종합적으로 고려했을 때, 강부추는 광과 관계없이 20~25℃, 한라부추는 광과 관계없이 25℃, 갯부추는 암조건 25℃, 산부추는 명조건 25℃와 암조건 20~25℃를 발아 에 적합한 조건으로 제시하였다.

본 연구는 기존에 절화용으로 개발되지 않았던 벼룩이울타리를 절화로써의 가치와 가능성을 증명함으로써 새로운 관상식물로 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험은 온도, 보존용액, 절화 수명연장제에 따른 절화 벼룩이울타리의 영향을 구명하고자 절화수명, 수분흡수량, 생체중을 조사하였다. 수확 후 절화는 4, 15, 20, 25°C의 온도 조건에 따른 영향력과 1, 3% sucrose 와 8-hydroxqui-noline sulfate(8-HQS) 10, 50, 100mg･L-1 혼 용보존용액, 절화수명연장제 Chrysal와 Floarlife을 처리하였다. 저장 온도에 따른 실험 결과, 절화 벼룩이울타리는 저온 (4°C)에서의 저장에서의 절화수명이 대조구(7.8일)보다 29일 연장되었다. 온도가 낮을수록 절화의 품질과 수명에 가장 효과적이었다. sucrose와 8-HQS의 효과 확인을 위해 가장 낮은 농도의 당과 살균제를 혼용한 1% sucrose+8-HQS 10mg･L-1를 제외한 나머지 3개의 보존용액 대조구(6.5±0.5일)에 비하여 절화수명이 약 2주 연장되었다. 또한, 절화수명연장제 Chrysal 과 Floarlife는 sucrose와 8-HQS의 혼용보존용액과 절화수명에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 한편, 모든 실험 조건에서 수분흡수량과 생체중의 급격한 감소는 절화수명의 단축됨과 연관이 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Recently, polymorphisms reported to be significant association with sperm MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the SNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T inexon 1) as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results,The g.672C>T was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. g.158 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP Also, the SNP was low significantly associated with ALH.Therefore, we suggest that theSNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T in exon 1) may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality.

Estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) is involved in oestrogen-related apoptosis in cell cycle spermatogenesis but their effects have not yet confirmed in pig. Therefore, this study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 126 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.35547A>G) was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p < 0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine ESR2 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the ESR2 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on ESR2 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

An efficient method for in vitro propagation and growth of the wild garlic(Allium ochotense Prokh.) was established. Bulbs of wild garlic were collected from Ullung Island, Korea, and the growth pattern of plantlets on various culture media was observed. High growth of shoot was obtained on LP, NN and N6 medium. The growth media supplemented with 3%(w/v) sucrose was found optimal for shoot growth. After 10 weeks multiple shoots were observed in the plantlets growing on the medium containing 1.0 mg/l of zeatine and 0.1 mg/l NAA. Roots were induced directly at the base of the shoot in all treatments. The medium with 2.0 mg/l of IBA proved to be the best rooting medium. The studies of this kind may be used to develop strategies for large-scale propagation of elite wild garlic.

The microstructure observation of seed surface structure is needed for protocols of breaking dormancy of seeds with physical dormancy. The seeds of Rubus species are surrounded by a thick, hard endocarp; together, the seed and endocarp make up the stone. We evaluate stone characteristics of 18 species of Rubus through optical microscopic observation, and correlate different stone characteristics with endocarp thickness. As a result of stone size comparison, Rubus species were classified as big stones group including R. parvifolius and R. idaeus, small stones group including R. longisepalus var. longisepalus, R. corchorifolius and R. hirsutus, and middle stones group including rest of the species. The result of this study revealed that stone size and the endocarp thickness in Rubus species was various characteristics in each species. Furthermore stone size and stone weight were also well correlated endocarp thickness and result indicated that heavy stones had harder endocarp than lighter one. Thus from the result of this study it can be presumed that only one stone characteristic approach may be sufficient to estimate other characteristics in Rubus.

Hypocreales entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are well-known biological control agents worldwide and have high potential in industrialization. However their thermo-susceptibility limits long-term storage under high temperature conditions and high insecticidal activity after application to target pests. Herein we isolated highly virulent isolates, B. bassiana JEF006 and JEF007 and M. anisopliae JEF003 and 004, and produced in three grains, as substrates for solid cultures, followed by thermotolerance assays to compare the potential of the three substrates. The JEF isolates were exposed to dry and wet heat at 50°C and overall conidia were more stable under dry heat condition rather than wet heat. Of the three grains, Italian millet was superior to the other grains in the production of thermotolerant conidia. Additionally Italian millet did not severely aggregated, which enabled air to penetrate into the substrate well compared to the sorghum and millet. JEF isolates were more thermotolerant when they were kept in oil conditions. The conidia of JEF 007 and 003 wild type and AtMT-based generating random mutants were subjected to SDS-PAGE. A significant relationship between conidial thermotoelrance and detected proteins was observed. This work suggests that Italian millet can be used as an effective substrate to produce more thermotolerant conidia, thus maintaining viability for long times under unfavorable environment and biological activity against target pests.