In response to the expanding landscape of the biotechnology industry and the increasing demand for comprehensive drug development as well as the conduct of preclinical and clinical trials, there is a growing need for employment of diverse animal models, including both small and large animals. The focus of this study was on refining ex vivo culture techniques for bioluminescence imaging following administration of intradermal injections in large animals. To examine the feasibility of our approach, varying concentrations of the rFluc protein were administered to rats and live imaging was employed to validate the corresponding levels of expression. Subsequently, following administration of rFluc to mini-pigs, ex vivo analyses were performed on sample tissues to assess the levels of protein expression across different concentrations. In particular, optimal culturing conditions that facilitated the sustained expression of the protein in samples post-euthanasia were identified. Moreover, by employing small animal imaging devices, we were able to capture clear images of the sample plates, which provided evidence of the successful application of our experimental techniques. The findings from this research represent a significant effort toward refining bioluminescence imaging methods tailored for use with large animal models—an imperative facet of contemporary drug development and biomedical research.

Background: Most non-pharmacological interventions for tension-type headache (TTH) focus on direct intervention in areas associated with headaches, with limited research exploring the indirect effects of interventions utilizing the fascia. Objectives: To investigate the effects of superficial back line (SBL) stretching and head-neck massage interventions on the range of motion (ROM) and neck disability index (NDI) of TTH. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study participants were randomly allocated into three groups: SBL stretching group (n=9), head-neck massage group (n=9), and combined group (n=9). Prior to the intervention, measurements were taken for neck flexion ROM, straight leg raising test (SLRT) ROM, and NDI. The intervention consisted of 30-minute sessions conducted twice a week for 8 weeks. The second measurement took place 4 weeks after the intervention, followed by a third measurement conducted after an additional 4 weeks of intervention. Results: Comparing neck flexion ROM within each group, a significant increase was observed in the SBL stretching group after 8 weeks compared to before the intervention (P<.05). Regarding the comparison of SLRT ROM within each group, a significant increase was noted after 8 weeks compared to before the intervention in the SBL stretching, head-neck massage, and combined groups (P<.05). In terms of the comparison of NDI within each group, a significant decrease was observed in all three group after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: 8-week intervention involving SBL stretching, head-neck massage, and their combined application demonstrated effectiveness in improving neck flexion ROM, SLRT ROM, and the NDI for individuals with TTH.

There are a lot of brand experience in Metaverse. For example, we can participate in Samsung Galaxy Fan party, UC Berkeley graduation class, and even Ralph Lauren store in Metaverse. When the consumers experience such events in Metaverse, they have to use their avatar by making a user name. They have the option of using either their real or fictional name in Metaverse. There are two types of avatar in Metaverse. First, they can use actual self-avatar by using their real name. Second, they can create totally new avatars using made up name. The name is one of the symbols of self. Therefore, we can easily predict that consumer experience with avatar will affect the consumer perception differently. Which type of avatar will then enhance the brand engagement? Results show that the consumer experience with avatars affected brand attitudes differently. Also, the consumer's experience with avatars based on their actual images in the Metaverse affected the positive brand attitude. This study suggests that Metaverse avatars can also let people interact with themselves and with each other in parasocial ways. This study examines the role of avatar in virtual world; consumers experience with avatar can provide useful implications in terms of digital transformation.

Background: Clinical practice guidelines for patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) recommend therapeutic exercise, and recently, interventions for pain neuroscience education (PNE) are also recommended. Objectives: To investigate the effects of aquatic exercise combined with PNE on pain, disability, and fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with CLBP. Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: The 27 participants recruited in this study were randomly allocated as pain neuroscience education combined with aquatic exercise group (PAEG, n=14) and aquatic exercise group (AEG, n=13). Both groups performed aquatic exercise for 50 minutes, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, and only PAEG received additional PNE. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), modified oswestry disability questionnaire (MODQ), and fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) were used as evaluation methods before and after intervention. Results: Statistically significant decrease in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity and work score) before and after intervention in PAEG. However, there were statistically significant changes in NPRS, MODQ and FABQ (physical activity score) before and after intervention in AEG. PAEG and AEG before and after intervention indicated statistically significant differences in MODQ and FABQ (work score). Conclusion: Aquatic exercise combined with PNE improved disability (MODQ) and fear-avoidance beliefs (FABQ) has been shown to have additional benefits. Therefore, combining PNE as a clinical intervention for CLBP patients will enhance the therapeutic effect.

Background: Generally, rounded shoulders may occur when an individual habitually takes a relaxed, slouched posture. Although various studies on the round shoulder exist, studies on the effect of improvement of thoracic mobilization on the round shoulder are insufficient. Objectives: To investigate the effect of thoracic mobilization on round shoulders and pulmonary capacities. Design: Randomized controlled trials. Methods: Twenty subjects were randomly allocated into an exercise group (n=10) and a mobilization group (n=10). To quantify the round shoulder before and after the intervention, the distance between the acromion and the table surface was measured, and the pulmonary capacities were also measured. The intervention program was conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. The exercise group performed corrective exercise, and the mobilization group performed both corrective exercise and thoracic mobilization. Results: The round shoulder in both groups was significantly decreased (P<.05), and the pulmonary capacities were significantly improved (P<.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>.05). Conclusion: The combination of corrective exercise with stretching and strengthening exercises led to the improvement of round shoulders and pulmonary capacities, no additional benefits were detected with thoracic mobilization.

Background: Scoliosis can be caused by postural changes. The effects of Schroth exercises and Kinesio taping for scoliosis have been reported independently, but there are few studies on the effects of combining both methods. Objectives: To investigated the effects of Schroth exercises and kinesio taping on the Cobb angle and dynamic balance ability in patients with scoliosis. Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: Participants were divided into the taping (n=3) and non-taping (n=3) groups. Pre-tests for the Cobb angle and dynamic balance were performed prior to the first intervention, and post-tests were performed after the intervention was completed. The non-taping group performed Schroth exercises for a total of 12 35-minute sessions thrice a week for 6 weeks. Meanwhile, in the taping group, Kinesio tape was attached before performing the same exercises and was maintained for 24 hours after the exercises were finished. Results: In the taping group, there was no significant change in the Cobb angle and dynamic balance ability pre- and post-intervention (P>.05). Similarly, there was no significant change in the Cobb angle and dynamic balance ability pre- and post-intervention (P>.05) in the non-taping group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference upon comparing the two groups (P>.05). Conclusion: Kinesio taping combined with Schroth exercises did not give additional benefits in terms of the Cobb angle and dynamic balance ability than that in the application of Schorth exercises alone.

Background: Since chronic ankle instability (CAI) can adversely affect postural control, core stability exercises have been investigated to improve postural control. However, only a few studies have focused on kinetic chain exercises. Objectives: To investigate the effects of open kinetic chain (OKC) and closed kinetic chain (CKC) core stability exercises on static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height in CAI patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The 18 participants enrolled in this study were randomly divided into the OKC group (n=9) and CKC group (n=9). Static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height were measured before and after the intervention. The intervention program comprising OKC or CKC core stability exercises depending on the groups was conducted for 30 min twice a week for 6 weeks in 12 sessions. Results: In the OKC group, static measured with the eyes open or closed and dynamic balance abilities were significantly improved after the intervention (P<.05). In the CKC group, dynamic balance ability was significantly increased (P<.05). A significant difference was observed in static balance ability measured with the eyes open between the two groups (P<.05). Vertical jump height was significantly increased after the intervention in both groups (P<.05). Conclusion: OKC and CKC core stability exercises improve static and dynamic balance abilities and vertical jump height in CAI patients. Specifically, the OKC core stability exercise was more effective in enhancing static balance ability than the CKC core stability exercise.

Background: Although studies on physical motor learning through motor imagery training have been conducted in various fields, studies on its effectiveness are still considered insufficient. Objective: To investigate the effect of motor imagery training and balance training on static balance of asymptomatic adults in their 20s. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: Thirty-six adults in their 20s who passed the tandem stance test were randomized to the motor imagery training group (MIG, n=12), motor imagery with balance training group (MIBG, n=12), and balance training group (BG, n=12). Each group underwent their respective interventions three times a week for four weeks, and changes in static balance were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Trace length was significantly lower in the MIBG than in the MIG and BG (P<.05), and a significant reduction in trace length in the MIBG was observed after the intervention as compared to the baseline (P<.05). Furthermore, a significantly lower velocity was observed in the MIBG than in the MIG and BG (P<.05), and a significant reduction of velocity in the MIBG was more observed after the intervention compared to the baseline (P<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that motor imagery training enhance static balance in healthy college students.

장미와 탑과 같은 예이츠의 주요 상징을 전통적인 십자장미회의 하그레브 제닝의 상징과 비교하면, 장미와 탑의 상징이 십자장미회와 관련이 있다고 추론할 수 있다. 아더왕 기사와 템플 기사단은 십자장미회원이 되었는데 지상의 성배를 찾아 나선다. 본고는 예이츠가 성배와 불멸의 장미를 찾아나선 아더왕 기사의 전통에서 영향을 받은 위대한 마법사임들 보여준다.

When digital media and images are combined, their significant sociocultural impacts can be exercised. Therefore, this study analyzes digital images shown in such trends of digital media compared to the digital fashion from an aesthetic perspective. Research and empirical studies are focused upon to analyze the aesthetic characteristics of digital fashion. Digital Fashion comprehensively refers to fashion design using computers and software, and is considered as “Fashion Design utilizing Digital Technologies” including computer software and hardware perspectives, so that it may be renamed “Digital Fashion.” The esthetic characteristics shown in the Digital Fashion defined above are analyzed according to how media philosophers conceptualize the digital image. First, from the perspective of creation, Digital Fashion Images are technical images produced by computers. Uncanny characteristics expressed through virtual images look more realistic than the actual ones used in experimental works of fashion designers. Such virtuality dynamically expresses various colors and fabric patterns through lights using digital technologies that do not yet exist in cloth form, rather in a non-material form of dynamic virtual imagery. Digital fashion images on monitors express digital fashion designs by shaping virtual images through 3D printing. Second, Digital Fashion Images from the perspective of acceptance are created through deconstruction, while fashion has only been previous viewed visually, Digital Fashion delivers immersions of visual touches as if directly experienced for accepters. Digital Fashion will continuously develop and become more influential as it converges with digital media.

이 논문은 마법사로서 예이츠의 시에 나타난 마법의 상징성에 대해 중점적으로 고찰한다. 연금술의 정수 “철학자의 돌”의 획득을 위해 사라진 여성 원리인 기독교 영지주의의 소피아를 추구하였다. 이를 위해, 달, 무희, 미이라, 비웃음, 죽음, 화살 등의 서로 상반된 두 요소의 평형을 추구하여, “철학자의 돌”을 찾는다. 이렇게 “존재의 합일”을 이루어 불멸성을 달성하는 것임을 역설한다. 특히 비웃음을 통해서, 예이츠는 인간의 죽음을 부정한다. 그리고 사후 영혼은 진정한 창조주로서 달로 상징되는 성모 소피아의 심판을 받아 “다이몬”이 되기까지 죽음과 탄생을 지속한다.

The process of coprecipitation of biocomposite hydroxyapatite/chitosan from aqueous solution at low temperature in alkali environnement was examined. We have shown that initially we have the formation of amorphous octocalcium phosphates and the transferring from OCP to amorphous calcium phosphate , and then from TCP to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite . The transformation of ACP to HAP was inhibited in the presence of chitosan. The result suggests that there is an affinity binding between ACP and chitosan and subsequently blocking the active growth site of ACP.

Glucosinolates of Brassica rapa collection from Korea genebank were measured to determine total glucosinolate content and their variation of diverse glucosinolates; Around 100 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin of Brassica rapa were analysed. The principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the differences among morphotypes using the profiles of 14 glucosinolates identified from the leaves. DMRT test and box plots showed the significant difference between total glucosinolates of subspecies. Most of turnip accessions had higher gluconilates compared to the other type accessions, Chinese cabbage and pak choi. These accessions will be used for GWAS study for glucosinolate. Now they are being finger-printed by genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Among these accession, we selected a turnip accession with high amount of glucosinolate, K0466 and two Chinese cabbage accession with low amount of glucosinolate, K0015 and K0621. To analyse quantitative traits loci (QTL) for glucosinolate synthesis, these three accessions were fixed through microspore culture. Finally, six homozygous lines were selected and were crossed each other to make F1 hybrids. We just harvested F2 seeds and transferred doubled haploid plants to pots. QTL analysis for glucosinolate will be performed these F2 and DH population.

We have identified ATTIRTA1 transposon, a kind of mariner-type DNA transposon from Brassica rapa genome. A total of 811 inverted-terminal repeat, ITR consisting of the both terminal on ATTIRTA1 transposon were found from B. rapa v1.1 sequence. Among them 616 ITR were paired by two in each transposon, indicating three quarters of the transposon exists in original form. Around 10 percentage of the transposon, 82 ITR was located in gene, expecially only in intron. Using these ATTRRTA1, we developed a display system modified from AFLP technique and applied for this system to analyze genetic diversity of Korea Brassica rapa core collection. The collection includes 220 accessions representing the different morphotypes and geographical origin. The analysis of population structure revealed five subgroups and the clustering patterns matched well with their morphological traits. ATTIRTA1 transposon display seems useful marker system for studying genetic relationships. Presently we have profiled the components and contents of glucosinolate in the core collection to analyze genome wide association. This collection will be helpful to identify agriculturally desirable traits from other supspecies.