Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) cause substantial economic losses on the livestock industry. Therefore, vaccinations have been implemented as the control strategy in endemic countries. However, the potential adverse effects of administering vaccines for both diseases simultaneously have not been thoroughly evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of vaccinating dairy cows with either or both LSD and FMD vaccines on milk production and physiological parameters such as milk temperature, rumination time and body weight. The experimental groups were divided into four according to the injection materials: 1) saline, 2) LSD vaccine, 3) FMD vaccine, and 4) both vaccines. The impact of vaccination on milk yield and physiological parameters was evaluated daily until 12 days post-vaccination, and milk components were analyzed twice, once per week. Among the experimental groups as well as each vaccine group, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed at milk yield, milk components, or milk temperature. This suggests that simultaneous vaccination of LSD and FMD can be administered without adverse effects.

Strains of epiphytic and toxic dinoflagellates were collected from the seawaters surrounding Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands in Korea, and their morphology, molecular phylogeny, and toxicity were analyzed. Each dinoflagellate strain was examined under a microscope for genus-level identification, while species-level confirmation was achieved for Amphidinium operculatum, Ostreopsis sp. (type 1), Protoceratium reticulatum, Coolia canariensis, and C. malayensis through molecular phylogenetic analysis. The genera Gambierdiscus, Heterocapsa, and Prorocentrum were identified based on morphological traits, with Gambierdiscus characterized by a round-flattened shape with distinct thecal plates, Heterocapsa exhibiting a fusiform to oval shape, and Prorocentrum showing an oblong-to-ovate shape. Toxicity assessments for five species involved exposing Artemia salina nauplii to concentration-dependent extracts of the dinoflagellates. At a concentration of 100 ppm, P. reticulatum, A. operculatum, C. canariensis, and Ostreopsis sp. resulted in significant mortality among the nauplii, with survival rates dropping to as low as 0% over a 24-hour period. These findings underscore the potential ecological and toxicological impacts of these species and highlight the necessity for further research to evaluate their behavior under varying environmental conditions. This study marks the first documentation of subtropical epiphytic dinoflagellates in the waters around Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands, encompassing twelve strains from eight epiphytic species. Additionally, we investigated the toxicity of five species, including a toxic planktonic dinoflagellate. The results suggest a potential northeastward shift in their distribution, likely originating from Jeju Island, and being transported by the Tsushima Warm Current through the East Sea. This shift has enabled the successful establishment of populations in these areas under favorable conditions influenced by changes in the oceanic climate.

The AlSi10Mg alloy has garnered significant attention for its application in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), due to its lightweight properties and good printability using L-PBF. However, the low production speed of the L-PBF process is the main bottleneck in the industrial commercialization of L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy parts. Furthermore, while L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy exhibits excellent mechanical properties, the properties are often over-specified compared to the target properties of parts traditionally fabricated by casting. To accelerate production speed in L-PBF, this study investigated the effects of process parameters on the build rate and mechanical properties of the AlSi10Mg alloy. Guidelines are proposed for high-speed additive manufacturing of the AlSi10Mg alloy for use in automotive parts. The results show a significant increase in the build rate, exceeding the conventional build rate by a factor of 3.6 times or more, while the L-PBF AlSi10Mg alloy met the specifications for automotive prototype parts. This strategy can be expected to offer significant cost advantages while maintaining acceptable mechanical properties of topology-optimized parts used in the automobile industry.

Considering the various health problems associated with obesity in dogs, including renal diseases, joint disorders, and skin diseases, effective management strategies and guidelines are urgently needed. This situation has led to a growing demand for veterinary medications aimed at addressing obesity in dogs. However, the field faces a significant hurdle due to the absence of standardized guidelines for assessing the effectiveness of these anti-obesity medications in dogs. In response to this gap, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) in Korea has made a crucial step by introducing clinical trial guidelines to evaluate the efficacy of treatments for canine obesity, specifically aimed at approving veterinary medicinal products. The guidelines outlined the selection criteria for target dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency within the control and treated groups. Treatment efficacy is subsequently evaluated by physical examination, body fat reduction, and biochemical indicators. In addition, the guidelines cover dosage and administration, monitoring after dosing, and statistical analysis. By doing so, this guideline not only highlights the significance of the APQA’s initiative in improving the care of obese dogs but also provides practical insights to enhance the standardization and effectiveness of clinical trials in veterinary medicine.

This study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in a guinea pig model to refine preclinical assessment methods. 24 guinea pigs were divided into four groups for immunohistochemical, histopathological, and molecular analyses, including qRT-PCR and ELISA. The ELISA results revealed significant elevations in interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN- ), and tuberculosis-specific antibodies in vaccinated guinea pigs, particularly γ notable after 6 weeks. Although lung cytokine levels remained unchanged, spleen gene expression showed significant differences in interleukin-17, interleukin-12, interleukin-1β, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 after 6 weeks. Immunohistochemistry revealed peak IL-2 expression at 8 weeks and significant IFN-γ and TNF-α expression at 6 weeks. This study confirmed the effectiveness of BCG vaccine in guinea pigs, providing crucial insights for future tuberculosis vaccine development and standardizing immune response indicators.

최소 사후 경과 시간(PMImin) 측정에 필수적으로 이용되는 것 중 하나가 시식성 곤충의 발육 속도를 정확히 측정한 데이터이다. 법의곤충학(Medicolegal entomology)을 이용한 최소 사후 경과 시간 측정 방법은 과거에 비해 빠르게 발전하고 있지만, 보다 정확한 데이터를 얻기 위해서는 추가적인 기초 데이터 확보가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가장 대표적인 시식성 곤충 중 하나인 연두금파리(Lucilia illustris)를 대상으로 온도에 따른 성장 속도를 측정하였다. 흔히 blow fly 또는 green bottle fly라고도 불리는 연두금파리는 사체에 가장 먼저 나타나는 시식성 파리 중 하나이기 때문에, 해당 종의 유충 성장 속도를 측정하면 최소 사후 경과 시간을 비교적 정확하게 추정하는 것이 가능하다. 실험에 사용된 연두금파리는 5~9월경 대전 유성구 일대에서 성충을 채집하여 종 동정, 사육 및 증식, 예비 실험을 거친 후 본 실험을 진행하였다. 본 실험은 성충 사육 케이지 내에서 교미 및 산란 유도 후 산란된 알을 돼지 생간에 접종하여 유충 사육 전용 챔버에 넣고, 12시간 간격으로 6개체 샘플링하고 추가로 각 령기 변화 시점에 샘플링을 진행하였다. 샘플링된 유충은 길이 측정 및 이미지 촬영을 진행하였다. 16℃, 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 28°C, 31°C, 34°C 7개 온도 조건에서 연두금파리의 성장 속도 측정 실험을 3회 반복하였으며, 산란으로 부터 부화 및 우화까지 시간 등을 포함한 전체 성장 시간 데이터와 유충 몸길이 데이터, 이미지 자료, 샘플링한 유충 액침표본 등을 확보하였다. 16℃, 19°C, 22°C, 25°C, 28°C, 31°C에서 연두금파리의 전체 성장 시간은 각각 792.7±70.2, 441.0±53.3, 366.7±15.1, 288.0±7.2, 255.7±4.0, 260.3±13.2로 측정되었으며, 34°C에서는 3령 이후 성장 하지 못하고 폐사함을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 연두금파리의 성장 과정 데이터와 최소 사후 경과 시간 추정을 위한 지표로서 활용 가능한 데이터를 제공한다.

Division of the risk management, APQA(Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency) is conducting the IRA(Import Risk Assessment) to prevent the introduction of pests when importing foreign agricultural products. In the 2023 IRA, 55 cases of 19 items from 23 countries was analyzed, and fresh avocado(variety: HASS) from the Philippines was concluded in September 2023 and can be imported in accordance with appropriate phytosanitary measures. The main issue in the IRA of fresh avocado fruits from the Philippines was whether HASS variety avocados were host plants of Bactrocera dorsalis. As a result of the risk analysis, B. dorsalis were included in the pest list that needs to be managed by special risk management. As a risk management for B. dorsalis, one trap using methyl-eugenol is installed per 20 ha once a week. After surveying, if the population is more than 2/trap/day, control measures such as adding traps and spraying pesticides are necessary. As equivalence, regionalization, and transparency have been strengthened with the recent entry into force of the mega FTA, a higher level of scientific basis is required. Accordingly, division of the risk management, APQA is working harder to improve its expertise, and we need your cooperation and attention of the IRAs.

법곤충학은 곤충과 관련된 법적 문제를 해결하는 학문으로써, 미국, 유럽, 한국 등 다양한 국가에서 범죄 수사, 사후경과시간 추정 등에 활용되고 있다. 한국은 최근, 법곤충감정실(경찰청) 개소하여 전국의 법곤충 사건을 감정하고 있다. 한국은 짧은 연구역사를 가짐에도 불구하고, 중앙행정기관 산하의 법곤충감정실을 설립, 운영할 수 있는 것은, 그 특이적인 연구역사에서 기인했다. 한국 법곤충 연구는 2004년경부터 시작되었으나, 중앙행정기 관(경찰청, 국립과학수사연구소, 농림축산검역본부)의 투자로 연구개발이 진행되었다. 특히, 한국의 경찰청은 2016-2020년과 2022-2026년, 10년간의 연구과제 발주를 통해 현장 중심의 법곤충 감정 시스템 구축, 비전문가를 위한 형태 및 분자 유전학적 종 동정 기법 개발, 한국형 DB 확보 등을 진행하고 있으며, 법곤충 감정기법의 세계적 인 선도를 목표하고 있다.

The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency conducts a targeted sampling plan and analysis for veterinary drugs within the country every year. Target compounds included tetrachlorvinphos as an organophosphate, diminazene as an anti-infective medication, ketoprofen as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, triclabendazole and clorsulon as flukicides in 2022. These compounds were not included in National Residues Program (NRP), despite their high sales ranking. A total of 94 bovine muscle samples and 20 equine muscle samples were collected from various locations across the country. The analysis of target compounds in muscle was performed using LC-MS/MS coupled with Food code 8.3.1 revised in 2022. A 2 g sample of muscle tissue was extracted using a water: acetonitrile (1:4, v/v) solution, then cleaned up with C18 and hexane saturated with acetonitrile. Compounds were separated with C18 column and mobile phases consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). All analytes exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.992. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of these compounds ranged from 0.21 to 2.79 μg/kg except for diminazene (3.85~6.86 μg/kg). The average recoveries of these analytes were 89.45~129.13% in muscle at spiked level of 10 or 20 μg/kg. Relative standard deviations (%) (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 20% for all target compounds, except for diminazene and triclabendazole, whose intra-day RSD % was slightly higher than 20% in equine muscle. Testing confirmed that all 94 bovine and 20 equine muscle samples from 9 provinces were free from residues of veterinary drugs. Monitoring of compounds not included in the NRP should continue to ensure consumer health and food safety.

This study aims to establish a modified analytical method with sensitivity and reliability for streptomycin (STP) and dihydrostreptomycin (DHS) of residues level in pig tissues, plasma and urine by LC-MS/MS on the basis of previous studies. The mass parameters of quantitative and qualitative ions for STP and DHS were optimized using multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode. The separation of compounds was conducted using BEH Amide column according to material’s characteristics. The analytes in plasma were extracted with only organic solvents. In muscle and kidney, KH2PO4 buffer solution containing 2% CCl3COOH and EDTA-Na was used as extraction solvent. The WCX cartridege was selected as SPE cartridge in considering high recoveries for STP and DHS. The analytes in urine were extracted by organic solvents with acid and addition of EDTA. The limits of detection (LODs) in STP and DHS ranged 0.45~3.66 μg/kg and 0.22~0.78 μg/kg, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 1.35~11.10 μg/kg in STP and 0.66~2.36 μg/kg in DHS. The recoveries (%) were 94.29~104.5% in STP and 92.32~108.45% in DHS except for plasma with lower values (61.45/68.5%, respectively). In the precision evaluation, the coefficient of variation (CV, %) of STP showed <10.50% on intra-day and <18.04% on inter-day. The CV (%) of DHS showed <8.42% on intra-day, whereas <17.98% on inter-day. The modified method is reliable for continuous residual monitoring in pig to ensure food safety for consumer’s health. In addition, this method could be used in study relation to residue depletion and pharmacokinetics of veterinary drug.

In this study, the near-complete genome sequence of the novel reassortant H1N2 influenza A virus strain A/swine/Korea/KS60/2016 is reported. Sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and polymerase basic 2 (PB2) genes were analyzed, revealing that the isolates contain segments from previous Korean swine H1N2 strains. Additionally, the remaining genes of this strain originated from human H1N1 strains in 2009.

Embryonic lethality due to recessive alleles is a major concern in livestock breeding programs. The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animal (OMIA) is a database of reported recessive mutations in livestock that helps breeders to manage the segregation of these mutations in their population. Recessive alleles are lethal in the offspring of two carrier parents; therefore, identifying and eliminating carrier animals are critical for maintaining the breed. Hanwoo cattle is native to the Korean peninsula and is of great economic importance to Korea. Due to geographical constraints and the controlled breeding program with very few proven bulls, if not monitored periodically, the threat of segregation of recessive lethal alleles in the population remains high. Therefore, identifying potential carriers of lethal recessive alleles is critical in Hanwoo. In this regard, we genotyped 17,325 animals using bovine 50K Illumina SNP chip and also sequenced a further 311 animals which was mapped against the bovine reference genome sequence. We then used the OMIA database to identify reported recessive alleles and calculated the allele frequency of these mutations in the population to determine potential lethal alleles carried by the animals.

우간다에서 쌀은 식량, 농가소득 및 안보를 위한 전략적 작물로 목화, 커피, 옥수수에 이어 우간다의 농업 전략 계획 (ASSP)에서 우선순위12개 작물 중 4번째로 선정될 정도로 매우 중요한 작물이다. 쌀은 생산 측면에서 옥수수에 이어 두 번째로 중요한 곡물이다. 최근 우간다에서는 쌀 소비가 빠르게 증가함과 동시에 매년 쌀 수입 또한 비례적으로 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 쌀의 소비 증가는 우간다 쌀 생산량의 90%를 차지하는 소규모 재배 농민들에게 엄청난 경제적 기회를 제공하고 있는데 이는 쌀은 다른 곡물에 비해 상대적으로 훨씬 높은 금액으로 판매되고 이익 또한 높기 때문에 현금 작물로서 벼 재배 면적이 빠르게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 그러나 벼 생산성은 여전히 낮은 수준인데, 이는 주로 수확량이 적은 쌀 품종의 사용, 개선 된 품종의 종자에 대한 농부의 접근 제한, 낙후된 재배 기술, 비료 및 농약 사용이 매우 저조하기 때문이다. 우간다의 쌀 재배 현황과 여건에 대하여 조사한 바는 아래와 같이 정리할 수 있다. 1. 쌀 생산을 위한 기후적 여건: 연평균 강수량은 1,180 mm 정도이고 연평균 기온은18도에서 35도 사이로 벼 재배에 좋은 기후적 여건이다. 2. 주요 재배 지역: 우간다에는 3곳의 주요 벼 재배 중심지역이 있다. 동쪽 지역은 주로 관개시설과 강수에 의존하는 밭 벼를 재배하고 있으며, 북쪽과 중서부 지역은 논벼를 주로 재배하고 있다. 우간다 쌀 생산량의 90%를 차지하는 소규모 재배 농민들은 주로 위의 3지역에서 벼를 생산하고 있다. 3. 벼 생산성에 영향을 미치는 요소들: 제한적 관개시설과 기계화, 그리고 양질의 종자 부족과 낮은 수준의 농업기술 등이 낮은 생산성의 주요 요소들이며, 수확 후 관리 기술과 저 장 시설 부족, 충분하지 못한 재정적 지원 그리고 병해충 등의 요소들이 있다. 4. 주요 벼 품종: 우간다 현지에서 주로 재배되는 벼 품종은 9종으로서 다음과 같다. Namche, Komboka, Kaiso, Wita 9, Basmat 370, IR 64, Supa, Buyu 및 NERICA 품종이다. 5. 농촌진흥청 한-아프리카 농식품 기술협력 협의(KAFACI)를 통해 높은 생산성과 질병 저항성을 목적으로 개발 후 육종 된 두 한국 품종(KAF-172-67과 KAF-304-287)은 우간다에서 등록절차가 진행될 예정이다.