본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 Jersey 암소 56두로부터 조사된 체고 데이터에 대해 성장 모형을 추정하고, 추정된 체고 성장 모형의 모수를 활용하여 우리나라 Jersey 암소의 체고 성장 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 추정된 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy, Logistic 및 Brody 모형의 체고 성장 곡선 함수식은 각각      ,         ,          및       이었다. 추정된 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형의 모수를 이용하여 성장 특성을 분석한 결과 변곡점 월령이 각각 -0.3880, -5.235 및 -0.426월로 성장 기간 중 존재하지 않았다. Gompertz, von Bertalanffy, Logistic 및 Brody 모형에 대한 오차 평균 제곱합은 각각 14.189, 14.083, 14.730 및 14.011로 추정되었으며, 모형 결정 계수는 각각 0.971, 0.972, 0.970 및 0.972로 추정되었 다. 각 모형의 오차 평균 제곱합과 모형 결정 계수의 결과를 종합해보면 Brody 모형이 Jersey 암소의 체고 성장 곡선에 적합도가 좋은 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 우리나라 Jersey 암소 41두로부터 측정된 체중 데이터를 이용해 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형의 성장 곡선을 추정하고, 추정된 성장 곡선의 모수를 활용하여 Jersey 암소의 성장 특성에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 추정된 Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형의 성장 곡선 함수식은 각각    ,         및          이었다. Gompertz, von Bertalanffy 및 Logistic 모형에 대해 변곡점은 각각 10.719, 8.4292 및 14.618 개월로 추정되었고, 변곡점 체중은 각각 208.514, 211.347 및 203.548kg으로 추정되었으며, 최대 증체율은 각각 20.851, 21.192 및 21.993 (kg/월)로 추정되었다. 오차 평균 제곱합과 모형 결정 계수의 결과를 종합해보면 von Bertalanffy, Gompertz 그리고 Logistic 모형 순으로 Jersey 암소 성장 곡선에 적합도가 높은 것으로 판단된다.

A pregnancy diagnosis is an important standard for control of livestock’s reproduction in paricular dairy cattle. High reproductive performance in dairy animals is a essential condition to realize of high life-time production. Pregnancy diagnosis is crucial to shortening the calving interval by enabling the farmer to identify open animals so as to treat or re-breed them at the earliest opportunity. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules which are critically involved in regulating gene expression during both health and disease. This study is sought to establish the feasible of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of early pregnancy in cattle. We applied Illumina small-RNA sequencing to profile miRNAs in plasma samples collected from 12 non-pregnant cows (“open” cows: samples were collected before insemination (non-pregnant state) and after pregnancy check at the indicated time points) on weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Using small RNA sequencing we identified a total of 115 miRNAs that were differentially expressed weeks 16 relative to non-pregnancy (“open” cows). Weeks 8, 12 and 16 of pregnancy commonly showed a distinct increase in circulating levels of miR-221 and miR-320a. Through genome-wide analyses we have successfully profiled plasma miRNA populations associated with pregnancy in cattle. Their application in the field of reproductive biology has opened up opportunities for research communities to look for pregnancy biomarker molecules in dairy cattle.

The purpose of this study is to obtain data on the zones formed by the movement of livestock vehicles and to determine if such areas can be used to establish quarantine activities and quarantine policies for livestock epidemics. For this purpose, this study used mobile data on poultry-related livestock vehicles generated in 2019. InfoMap, a community detection method, was used for regional classification, and the results of the analysis were visualized on a map using GIS. The study results confirmed that the zone of the administrative unit can be classified based on the movement of livestock vehicles. In addition, the zones created by the vehicle movement could be seen to change depending on the purpose and timing of the operation of livestock vehicles. Some areas form relatively stable zones, such as Jeolla-do and Gyeongsang-do, while others change depending on the situation, such as Chungcheong-do, Gyeonggi-do, and Gangwon-do. Further, the zones derived for poultry differed from those derived for cattle and pigs in previous studies.

The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of various microbial and organic additives on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of barley silage. Youngyang barley harvested at 31.5% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 20 L bucket silo for 0, 1, 3, 7, 48, and 100 d in quadruplicates with four additives following: sterile destilled water at 1% of fresh forage (CON); Lactobacillus plantarum at 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (CL); Lactobacillus buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g fresh forage (LB); Fermented Persimmon Extract at 1% of fresh forage (FPE); and Essential Oil at 1% of fresh forage (EO). On 100 d of ensiling, CL and FPE silages had lower (p<0.05) DM than CON silage. Additionally, FPE silage had higher (p<0.05) crude protein than CON silage. All silages with additives, except EO, had higher (p<0.05) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than CON silage. Silage treated with CL, LB, and FPE had lower in vitro DM digestibility than CON silage, and silages treated with LB and FPE had higher in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) on 100 d of ensiling. The PFE silage produced the highest (p<0.05) lactate during ensiling period, while LB silage produced the highest (p<0.05) acetate. All inoculated silages had higher (p<0.05) LAB count than control silage. Only CL silage had higher (p<0.05) yeast count than control silage, while the other silages were not differ compared to CON silage. The aerobic stability was higher (p<0.05) in LB and FPE silages than in CON silage. In conclusion, FPE could be an alternative additive to increase IVNDFD, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of barley silage.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of barn or cycle of grazing on changes of biochemical metabolites in prepartum and changes of milk composition in postpartum of dairy cows. For this purpose, a total of sixteen 25 months old Holstein primiparous dairy cows were allocated in two groups (n=8) with an average body weight of 571.61 ± 35.30 kg (Barn) and 578.10 ± 39.20 kg (Grazing). The study was conducted from June 2018 to October 2018. Results revealed that barn raised dairy cows had a higher increase in their serum albumin and calcium level on day 14 prepartum. However, the level of palmitic acid, saturated fatty acid increased significantly, and the level of fat, oleic acid, γ-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and unsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly in barn raised dairy cow’s milk on day 14 postpartum. There were no significant differences observed with respect to all other biochemical metabolites, fatty acids and minerals between barn raised and cycle grazing dairy cows during prepartum and postpartum. Our study results could serve to a better understanding of barn raised cow with respect to changes of biochemical metabolites in prepartum and changes of milk composition, fatty acids and minerals content in grazing dairy cows in postpartum for estimating their physiological status.

본 연구는 국유림경영제도 중 하나인 공동산림사업의 실태분석을 위해 참여형 산림관리 원칙인 이해 관계자의 참여, 의사결정의 투명성, 행위자와 이해관계자의 책무성을 이용하여 공동산림사업 업무담당자를 대상으로 Likert 5점 척도와 기입식으로 구성된 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과, 이해관계 자 참여(10문항) 항목에서는 다양한 이해관계자가 참여할 수 있는 기회제공이 평균 3.3으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 분쟁 및 갈등 해결 구조 구축이 2.3점으로 가장 낮은 점수를 나타냈다. 투명성(7문항)은 사업에 대한 정보공개가 3.4점, 지역주민을 대상으로 한 정보공유, 교육·홍보활동이 2.7점으로 분석되었으며, 마지막으로 책무성(7문항)에서는 공동사업수행자의 자세한 역할규명 여부가 3.3점, 다양한 이해 관계자와 함께 사업에 대한 내·외부 모니터링 및 평가 여부가 2.7점으로 분석되었다. 참여형 산림관리 지표를 통해 분석된 본 연구결과는 추후 국유림 참여경영의 활성화를 위한 계획수립에 기초자료로써 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

When a train enters a tunnel, a pressure wave is generated. This pressure wave propagates in the tunnel and emits as micro pressure wave at the opposite tunnel exit. This pressure wave could appear as a sound pulse in a particular environment and cause hazardous effects on the environment near the tunnel exit. When planning tunnels, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to reduce the magnitude of the micro pressure wave. In this study, we investigated the existing micro pressure wave management standards and studied the signal processing method and the sound evaluation method which were used in setting the appropriate management standard for the evaluation of the micro pressure wave.

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

두 종류의 Cronobacter 선택배지(DFI agar, R&F agar) 의 분유 및 건조호박 내 Cronobacter의 선택 분리능을 realtime PCR법과 함께 비교하였다. 분유에서의 Cronobacter 검출률은 세 가지 방법에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나(p < 0.05), 건조호박의 경우 R&F배지와 real-time PCR법이 DFI에서보다 유의적으로 높은 검출률을 보였다 (p < 0.05). 배지 간 선택성에 있어서도, R&F 선택배지는 건조호박에서 DFI에 비해 유의적으로 높은 선택성을 나타냈다(p < 0.05). Real-time PCR 및 R&F배지의 사용은 분유뿐만 아니라, 건조 호박 등의 높은 경쟁세균총을 갖는 영유아식의 원료로 사용될 수 있는 식품군에서도 Cronobacter를 효과적으로 검출할 수 있는 방법으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to know effects of forage cutting height and inoculants application on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profile of barley silage. Barley forage(Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at two different cutting heights(5 vs. 15cm) and applied with or without Lactobacillus plantarum, and ensiled for 0, 2, 7, 28, 49 and 100days. On 0 to 49-d of ensiling, higher cutting height resulted rapid drop (p<0.05) in pH caused by higher lactate content. Crude protein (p<0.01) content of 100-d silage was decreased by inoculation, but increased by higher cutting height. However, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were decreased (p<0.05) by both inoculation and cutting height. In vitro dry matter digestibility was improved by higher cutting height (p=0.01), while yeast and mold counts were reduced (p<0.0001). The C18:3n-3 content in barley silage was decreased (p=0.001) by inoculation, but increased (p=0.034) by higher cutting height. The DNA analysis indicated L. plantarum dominating fermentation in inoculated silages. The results showed that higher cutting height can improve silage quality in terms of increasing crude protein content and digestibility as well as reducing yeast and mold counts in barley silage.

바이오에탄올의 경제적 영향을 분석하기 위하여 시계열 자료를 이용하여 수요함수를 분석한 결과, 통계적으로 의미 있는 모형을 얻을 수 있었다. 추정된 수요 모형에 있어서 바이오에탄올의 수요 탄성치는 탄력적인 것으로 나타났으며, 가솔린과 불완전대체관계를 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 추정된 모형을 바탕으로 수요함수를 재구성하여 가격 변화 시나리오에 따른 물량의 변화를 분석한 결과, 바이오에탄올의 가격이 탄력적인 상황에서 가격을 증가시켰을 때, 상대적으로 큰 폭으로 수요량이 감소하였으나 대체재 가격의 증가로 인해 바이오에탄올의 수요량이 감소하는 것을 상쇄시켜 반대로 바이오에탄올의 수요량이 증가하였다.

이 연구는 산림인증의 효과를 계량적으로 분석하기 위하여 비시장재 평가기법 중 하나 인 선택실험기법을 적용하여 서울시민을 대상으로 무작위 추출법으로 획득한 표본 중 88 부를 분석에 활용하였다. 분석결과, 지불의사에 영향을 미치는 사회경제적 변수 중 성 별, 직업, 학력 등에서 유의수준 5%에서 유의한 것으로 나타났으며 각 속성에 대한 한계 가치를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 목제품에 투영된 산림인증의 경제적 가치는 56,795원으로 분석되었으며, 이는 대상 제품 가격의 14.1% 수준에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다.

The effect of pt-I values of 6.5, 6.0, 5.0, and 4.0 on spore germination of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) was investigated at water activity (a%) values of 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, and 0.90 in a controlled medium at 30°C for 7 days. The best condition for germination of spores of B. cereus was observed at pH 6.5 with aw 0.98. No matter what combination of a and pH is used, a complete inhibition of spore germination was achieved at either a,.. value of 0.90 or pH value of 4.0. Spore germination was also delayed or inhibited at aw 0.98 with pH 4.0, aw 0.96 with pH 5.0, and aw 0.94 with pH 6.5, 6.0, 5.0, or 4.0. The results indicate that the combined inhibitory effects of pH and water activity on the germination of B. cereus spores in controlled medium could be applied to food preservation.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratio on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), fermentation indices and FA profile. Rice bran was mixed with oil sources (cotton seed oil and linseed oil) to make the diets at 0.02, 0.29 and 0.61 of dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio. These diets (0.5g) were placed into the incubation bottles with 40 ml of anaerobic culture medium, which contained rumen fluid and Van Soest medium at 1:2 ratio. Five replicates of each diet and two blanks were incubated at 39℃ for 48 hours. After incubation, the incubated contents were centrifuged. The residues were freeze-dried for DMD and FA analyses. The supernatant was used for pH, NH3-N and volatile fatty acid analyses. The concentrations of lactate (p<0.001) and iso-valerate (p<0.001) decreased linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but acetate concentration (p=0.056) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p=0.005) was increased linearly. The concentrations of n-3, n-6 FA and the ratio of n-3/n-6 FA in residues increased (p<0.001) linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but C18:1n-9 FA concentration was decreased (p<0.001) linearly. With these results, it could affect fermentation characteristics and FA profile of rumen content by dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio.

이 연구는 입목축적과 산림관리정책 간의 전이함수(transfer function model)를 도출하기 위한 선행연구로, 입목축적변화를 유도하는 산림사업 간 다중공선성의 문제를 해결하기 위해 주성분 분석을 실시하였다. 분석자료는 9개의 대표적인 산림관리정책에 대해 1977~2008년까지 32년간의 연도별 시계열데이터를 활용하였으며, 분석 결과 추출된 3개의 주성분에 대한 전체 설명력은 91.4％로 상당히 높게 나타났다. 요약된 3개의 성분은 양호한 산림관리·병해충관리·산불발생이라는 새로운 변수명으로 개념화하였다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 청국장을 수집하고 품질 특성을 분석하였으며, 우수한 품질의 청국장 제조를 위한 종균 개발의 기초 자료로 활용하고자 한다. 먼저 국내에서 시판 되는 청국장을 수집하여 분석한 결과, 수분함량은 56.3∼62.1%, 염도는 0.23∼11.51%, 총질소 함량과 아미노태 질소 함량은 각각 5.82∼8.76%, 173.71∼2,700.66 mg%를 나타내었다. 총질소에 대한 아미노태 질소 함량의 비를 나타내는 질소분해율은 2.88∼26.93%를 나타내었다. 수집된 청국장의 최대 히스타민과 티라민 함량은 각각 755.40, 1913.51 mg/kg로 나타냈다. 청국장의 최대 생균수는 9.6 × 109 CFU/g이었다. 이상의 결과로 국내 청국장은 종류가 매우 다양하며 제품마다 풍미와 영양성분이 현저한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 지역마다 다른 품종의 원료대두의 사용 및 균일화·체계화되지 못한 발효공정에 기인한 것이라 사료된다.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the TEMPOⓇ STA automated most probable number (MPN) system for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in comparison with a standard culture method. Artificially inoculated food products with S. aureus - triangle kimbap, sliced spring onion, dried filefish fillet, danpatjuk (sweet red-bean porridge with small rice dumplings)- were tested in this study. Twenty-five grams of each of food samples were added into 225 ㎖ of sterilized phosphate buffered saline in a TEMPOⓇ stomacher bag followed by stomaching for 2 min. One milliliter of the stomached sample was added to a bottle of culture medium. Cards were filled and sealed in the automated filler and then were incubated for 24 h at 37℃. After incubation, the cards were placed in the automated TEMPOⓇ reader and MPN results were generated. For comparison with a culture method, decimal dilutions were prepared from the same homogenized samples described above, transferred onto Baird Parker and Baird Parker-Rabbit Plasma Fibrinogen (BP-RPF) agar plates, and then incubated at 37℃ for 24 h. The performance of TEMPOⓇ STA method is equivalent to the culture method using Baird Parker or BP-RPF agar count plate for the enumeration of S. aureus in foods, eliminating a time-consuming and laborious process.

이 연구는 목재수납장의 잠재적 구매자를 대상으로 소비성향 및 사회․경제적 특성에 따른 산림인증의 인식정도를 파악하기 위해 수행하였다. 총 90부의 설문지 중 유효부수 88부를 분석한 결과, SFM과 FSC 에 대한 전체 응답자의 인식도는 평균 2.25와 2.20(5점 리커트 기준)으로 비교적 낮게 나타났다. 친환경 그룹과 비친환경 그룹의 응답자는 80.7％와 18.2％의 비중을 차지하였으며, 모든 설문항목에 대해 그룹 간 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 각 그룹 내에서 SFM과 FSC를 인식하고 있는 응답자는 친환경 그룹이 약 3 1％, 비친환경 그룹이 5.6％(SFM)와 2.8％(FSC)를 차지하였다. 소비자 유형별 응답자의 사회․경제적 특성은 친환경 그룹의 기혼율과 평균연령 및 월평균 가계소득이 비친환경 그룹에 비해 약 1.3배 이상 높은 것으로 나타났다.