This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oyster shell by-product (OSB) on the characteristics of Hanwoo cow manure and emitted gases. For the treated groups, 0.5% and 1% OSB were applied to 200 g of Hanwoo cow manure in a container box with three replications each per group with a group without OSB (0%) as a control group. All samples were stored at room temperature to analyze pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and gas emissions (NH3 and H2S) from Hanwoo manure on 0, 2, 4, and 8 days. No group exhibited a significant (p>0.05) effect on VBN, acetate, and propionate values during the 8 days. On day 0, pH increased by 1% OSB application, but no effects on the other days. Iso-butyrate concentration increased (p<0.05) on day 0 by OSB application, but deceased (p<0.05) on day 8. The NH3 gas emission on day 2 decreased (p<0.05) in all treatments applied OSB. However, either NH3 or H2S gases in all treatments were below 0.25 ppm on days 4 and 8, which were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments. Thus, this lab study indicated that the inclusion of OSB application in Hanwoo cow manure had a beneficial effect on NH3 gas emission, but no longer than for 2 days.

본 연구는 미네랄 첨가제가 한우사 바닥에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험은 경남 진주시 소재 한우 번식우 농장에서 실시하였다. 우방당 미네랄 첨가제를 5 ㎏ 첨가하였으며, 시험구로는 무첨가구(CON); bentonite 시험구(BN); illite 시험구(IL); 및 fly-ash 시험구(FA)로 두었다. 각각의 시험구로 4개의 우방을 이용하였으며, 우방당 5마리 한우 암소를 공시하였다. 미네랄 첨가제를 처리한 후 각 우방당 5곳에서 0, 7, 14, 21 및 28일에 우분을 채취하였다. 샘플은 건물, 발효특성, 미생물 성상 및 가스 발생량 분석에 이용되었다. 전 기간 동안 건물과 acetate 함량은 미네랄 첨가제에 의한 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 무첨가구에서 7, 14 및 28일에 유기물 함량은 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 조회분 함량은 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). IL 시험구에서는 14, 21 및 28일에 총 질소 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), IL, BN 및 FA 시험구에서는 각각 14, 21 및 28일에 무첨가구보다 대장균이 낮았다(p<0.05). FA 시험구에서는 28일에 살모넬라 수가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). IL 시험구에서는 28일에 암모니아 발생량이 가장 높았고 (p<0.05), 황화수소는 전기간 동안 검출되지 않았다. 28일간 결과값을 평균하였을 때, 무첨가구에서 유기물 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 조회분 함량이 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). IL 시험구에서 총 질소 함량이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), BN 시험구는 ㏗가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 대장균 수는 IL 시험구에서 가장 낮았고(p<0.05), 살모넬라 수는 무첨가구 보다 IL과 FA 시험구에서 더 낮았다(p<0.05). 따라서, 본 연구에서 광물질 첨가제는 분 중 가스 발생량에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 병원성 미생물인 대장균은 illite와 fly-ash 처리 시에 억제되는 효과가 있었다.

본 연구는 이탈리안 라이그라스 원형베일 사일리지 조제에 있어서 원료작물의 수분함량과 베일러 챔버의 압력에 따른 사일리지의 사료가치와 발효품질의 변화를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 수확 후 1일(고수분), 2일(중수분) 및 4일간(저수분) 각각 예건하여 서로 다른 수분함량의 이탈리안 라이그라스를 베일러 챔버 압력이 115, 130 및 145 bar로 설정된 베일러로 원형베일 사일리지를 조제하여 60일간 저장하였다. 베일 사일리지의 무게는 고수분 처리구에서 높게 나타났고, 건물중은 저수분 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 베일러 압력에 따른 사일리지의 무게는 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 압력이 증가할수록 건물중은 증가하였다. 수분함량과 베일러 압력에 따른 사일리지의 NDF, ADF, CP 및 CF는 처리 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, RFV (relative feed value)는 고수분 저압력 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. Lactic acid는 고수분-고압력 처리구가 가장 높았으며, 저수분-중압력 처리구에서 가장 낮게 나타내었다. Butyric acid는 베일러 압력에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, 예건기간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 사일리지 pH는 고수분 처리구가 중수분과 저수분 처리구에 비해 낮게 나타났으나, 베일러 압력에 따른 차이는 없었다. 이러한 결과는 이탈리안 라이그라스 원형베일 사일리지 조제 시 조사료의 수분함량과 베일러 챔버의 압력이 사일리지의 발효품질에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인임을 나타내는 것이다.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of feed types (powder vs. pellet) from potato by-product containing glycoalkaloid on rumen fermentation with different rumen pH (low vs. high) using in vitro technique. Rumen fluid was collected from two cannulated Hanwoo heifers before morning feeding (high rumen pH at 6.71) and 3 h after feeding (low rumen pH at 6.20). A 0.5 gram of powder or pellet from potato by-product was incubated in the rumen buffer for 48 h at 39℃. Four replications for each treatment were used along with two blanks. Pellet had higher (p<0.05) the immediately degradable fraction, the fractional degradation rate, and the lag phase than those of powder. However, feed type had no effects on the potentially degradable fraction and the total degradable fraction. In fermentation characteristics, powder had higher (p<0.05) concentrations of ammonia-N, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and acetate than those of pellet. In addition, a high rumen pH had higher (p<0.05) concentrations of ammonia-N and acetate, but lower (p<0.05) total VFA concentration than those of a low rumen pH. The interaction effects between feed type and rumen pH were found on the total degradable fraction and concentrations of ammonia-N, total VFA, and acetate. The present study concluded that generally feed type had no effects on rumen degradation kinetics, but potato by-product in the powder form is recommended due to produce higher fermentation characteristics than in the pellet form.

본 연구는 수수 × 수단그라스 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 적정 수확 시기 및 수확 후 재생과정에서 요구되는 적정 질소 시비 수준을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 포장 실험은 2017부터 2018년까지 실시했으며, 시험구 배치는 난괴법(RCBD)으로 여름 수확 후 질소 추비 수준을 달리하여(0, 50, 100, 150 kg N/ha; 0N, 50N, 100N, 150N) 처리하였다. 재생과정에서 canopy height은 2017년 여름 수확 후(DAT, day after summer harvest treatment) DAT23에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 3.0배, 2018년 DAT26에서 DAT48로 경과함에 따라 약 2.9배 신장하였다. 엽록소 함량은 재생과정 초기 질소 무처리구와 질소처리구간 유의한 차이가 나타났으나, DAT48 이후 처리 간 차이는 없었다. 여름 수확은 2017년 파종 후 61일 뒤, 2018년 파종 후 83일 뒤 각각 이루어졌으며 건물수량은 8.6Mg/ha, 11.0Mg/ha로 차이를 보였다. 생육시기별 2차 수확의 건물수량은 2017년의 경우 생육이 진전됨에 따라 꾸준히 증가하였으며, 2018년에는 DAT76까지 증가하였다. 2017년 DAT107에서 무처리구(9.0Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구(12.3Mg/ha)에서 1.4배 높았으며, 무처리의 수량이 낮았던 2018년 DAT113에서는 무처리구(2.3Mg/ha)에 비해 질소 처리구 (5.6Mg/ha)로 2.5배 높았다. 수확물의 바이오에탄올 품질을 나타내는 바이오에탄올 수율(TEP)는 생육 후기 cellulose와 hemicellulose 비율 감소로 일부 줄어들었으나, 전체적인 TEP변화는 생육시기나 추비수준과 관계없이 5% 이내로 큰 차이는 없었다. 총 바이오에탄올 수량(total TEY)은 2017년 DAT107에서 7,944L/ha, 2018년 DAT76에서 7,163L/ha로 추정되었다. 따라서 TEY를 높이려면 수확물의 단위면적당 건물중을 증가시키는 재배방법이 필요하다. 여름 수확 후 충분한 재생을 위해서 필요한 질소 추비 수준은 100kg N/ha 이상이었으며, 2차 수확은 여름 수확 실시 후 2개월 이상 경과 한 이후 실시해야 한다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on agronomic characteristics and feed values of rye and triticale at Sanchoeng, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows; rye (Secale cereale L., cv. Gogu) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (April 20, May 1 and May 11) in 2016, and triticale (X Triticosecale, cv. Joseong) of sowing (October 15, 25, and November 5) in 2015 and harvesting (May 18, 28, and June 7) in 2016. In rye, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. Crude protein (CP) content and relative feed value (RFV) decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content increased (p<0.05). In triticale, fresh and dry matter (DM) yields increased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date. The CP content decreased (p<0.05) with the delayed-harvesting date, but NDF content and RFV increased (p<0.05). This study concluded that rye sown in the middle of October then harvested in early May, and the triticale sown at the end of October then harvested at the end May are recommended to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

The goal of this study was to evaluate effects of various microbial and organic additives on chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of barley silage. Youngyang barley harvested at 31.5% dry matter (DM), and ensiled into 20 L bucket silo for 0, 1, 3, 7, 48, and 100 d in quadruplicates with four additives following: sterile destilled water at 1% of fresh forage (CON); Lactobacillus plantarum at 1.2 x 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (CL); Lactobacillus buchneri at rate of 1.2 x 105 cfu/g fresh forage (LB); Fermented Persimmon Extract at 1% of fresh forage (FPE); and Essential Oil at 1% of fresh forage (EO). On 100 d of ensiling, CL and FPE silages had lower (p<0.05) DM than CON silage. Additionally, FPE silage had higher (p<0.05) crude protein than CON silage. All silages with additives, except EO, had higher (p<0.05) neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than CON silage. Silage treated with CL, LB, and FPE had lower in vitro DM digestibility than CON silage, and silages treated with LB and FPE had higher in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) on 100 d of ensiling. The PFE silage produced the highest (p<0.05) lactate during ensiling period, while LB silage produced the highest (p<0.05) acetate. All inoculated silages had higher (p<0.05) LAB count than control silage. Only CL silage had higher (p<0.05) yeast count than control silage, while the other silages were not differ compared to CON silage. The aerobic stability was higher (p<0.05) in LB and FPE silages than in CON silage. In conclusion, FPE could be an alternative additive to increase IVNDFD, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of barley silage.

This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum×sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum×sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum×sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

This study estimated the effect of sowing and harvesting dates on dry matter (DM) yield and feed value of forage oats at Sancheong, Korea. The forage oats (Darkhorse vs. Highspeed) were used in this experiment. The experimental main plots consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates at 2 seasons as follows: spring oats of sowing (February 25, March 3 and March 13) and harvesting (May 27, June 6 and June 16); and fall oats of sowing (August 15, August 25 and September 4) and harvesting (October 15, October 25 and November 4). On spring oats, Highspeed sown on March 3 and then harvesting on June 6 had the highest (p<0.05) plant length and DM yield. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) in seed of the delayed-harvesting Highspeed. On fall oats, plant length and DM yield with the delayed-harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content of the delayed-harvesting Highspeed decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that the spring oat sown in early March and then harvesting in early June was recommended to increase dry matter and feed value although the fall oat sown in end August and then harvesting in early November was recommended for fall period.

This study was conducted to know effects of forage cutting height and inoculants application on chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and fatty acid profile of barley silage. Barley forage(Yuyeon hybrid) was harvested at two different cutting heights(5 vs. 15cm) and applied with or without Lactobacillus plantarum, and ensiled for 0, 2, 7, 28, 49 and 100days. On 0 to 49-d of ensiling, higher cutting height resulted rapid drop (p<0.05) in pH caused by higher lactate content. Crude protein (p<0.01) content of 100-d silage was decreased by inoculation, but increased by higher cutting height. However, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were decreased (p<0.05) by both inoculation and cutting height. In vitro dry matter digestibility was improved by higher cutting height (p=0.01), while yeast and mold counts were reduced (p<0.0001). The C18:3n-3 content in barley silage was decreased (p=0.001) by inoculation, but increased (p=0.034) by higher cutting height. The DNA analysis indicated L. plantarum dominating fermentation in inoculated silages. The results showed that higher cutting height can improve silage quality in terms of increasing crude protein content and digestibility as well as reducing yeast and mold counts in barley silage.

To improve the environmental management and resources, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of adding oyster shell powder to Hanwoo manure on its characteristics and microbial composition during the storage period. Additives were deposited on top of the manure surface at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1% of oyster shell powder per 200 g of Hanwoo manure in a plastic container with three replicates; however, untreated manure litter served as the control. Manure characteristics (dry matter, organic matter and crude ash) and microbial composition (lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, and E.coli) were evaluated at day 0, 2, 4, and 8. Manure characteristics exhibited an effect on dry matter, organic matter, and crude ash at day 2 and 8 (p<0.05), and not for day 0 and 4 (p>0.05). With the exception of yeast content at day 4 of storage, lactic acid bacteria, yeast, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella, and E.coli exhibited no significant differences in all conditions during the storage period. Conclusively, addition of 1% oyster shell powder to Hanwoo manure resulted in slightly better manure characteristics; however, its microbial composition remained unchanged.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at 39°C for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

This study aimed to estimate the effect of inoculant application level on chemical composition and bacterial count of fermented chestnut meal (FCM), and its rumen fermentation characteristics. The inoculant contained Lactobacillus acidophilus (1.2 x 1010 cfu/g), Bacillus subtilis (2.1 x 1010 cfu/g), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.3 x 1010 cfu/g). The chestnut meal mixed with molasses, double distilled water, and inoculant at 1 kg, 3 g, 480 mL, and 20 mL ratio for the basal chestnut meal diet. The double distilled water from basal chestnut meal diet was substituted with bacterial inoculant at a level of 0 (Control), 20 (Medium), and 40 mL (High) in the experimental diets. The mixed experimental diets were incubated at 39°C for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. On 7 days of FCM incubation, the contents of crude protein (CP) (quadratic, P=0.043) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.071) decreased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas bacterial count (quadratic, P=0.065) and rumen NH3-N (linear, P=0.063) increased. By increases of inoculant application levels on 14 days of FCM incubation, the increases were found on dry matter (DM) (quadratic, P=0.085), CP (quadratic, P=0.059), acid detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.056), in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002), rumen total volatile fatty acid (VFA) (linear, P=0.057), and rumen iso-butyrate (linear, P=0.054). However, the decreases were found on bacterial count (linear, P=0.002), propionate (linear, P=0.099), and butyrate (quadratic, P=0.082). On 21 days of FCM incubation, in vitro DM digestibility (linear, P=0.002) and total VFA (linear, P=0.001) increased by increases of inoculant application levels, whereas the contents of CP (quadratic, P=0.034) and neutral detergent fiber (quadratic, P=0.047) decreased. These results indicate that the FCM with a medium level of inoculant application and 14 of fermentation had beneficial effects by increasing DM digestibility and rumen total VFA content, without altering bacterial count.

In this study, the effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance, blood metabolites, and meat quality of Hanwoo steer was investigated. A total of 32 Hanwoo steers (15-17 months, average body weight 462±37.9 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% mixed probiotics), with four Hanwoo steers per pen (two replicates per treatments), and reared for 12 months. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Hanwoo steer (P>0.05); however, feed intake decreased linearly with increasing levels of mixed probiotics. Growth hormone and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels responded linearly with increasing levels of dietary mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but not insulin and blood glucose did not. In particular, total cholesterol was significantly lower for the 1% mixed probiotic treatment in comparison with that of the other treatments (P<0.05). The pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), cooking loss, and meat color were influenced by increasing levels of mixed probiotics (P<0.05), but the carcass characteristics and shear force were not. Regarding sensory evaluation, the addition of mixed probiotics resulted in significant difference in meat color, tenderness, aroma, off-flavor, juiciness, and marbling score, but not in overall acceptability. In addition, fatty acid profiles indicated no differences between control and mixed probiotic treatments. In conclusion, mixed probiotic treatment at 1% levels can enhance consumer preferences possibly by reducing cholesterol and TBARS.

This study aimed to estimate the effects of replacing Mushroom By-Product (MBP) with Tofu By-Product (TBP) on the chemical composition, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of Fermented Diets (FDs). The basal diet was formulated using MBP, TBP, rice bran, molasses, and inoculants. The MBP in the basal diet was replaced with TBP at 0, 5, and 10% on Dry Matter (DM) basis for the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fermented at 39°C for 144 h. Chemical composition, pH, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of the FDs were analyzed. With increasing TBP replacement, crude protein content of FDs increased (L, P < 0.001), whereas crude ash content decreased (L, P = 0.002). Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis contents in the TBP-replaced FDs were higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), whereas pH level and mold count were lower (P < 0.05). With increasing TBP replacement, in vitro rumen digestibility of DM (L, P = 0.053) and neutral detergent fiber (L, P = 0.024) increased, wheres rumen pH changed (P = 0.026) quadratically. Rumen total volatile fatty acid (L, P = 0.001) and iso-butyrate contents (Q, P = 0.003) increased with increasing TBP replacement. In conclusion, this study indicates that the replacement of MBP with TBP could improve the quality of FD.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of mixed probiotics on growth performance and fatty acid profiles of Korean native chicken and to provide information regarding producers. Ninety six Korean native chicken (48 males and 48 females, Hanhyup-3-ho) were allocated to 16 wire cages with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 chicks (3 males and 3 females) per wire cage and fed one of four diets containing 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% mixed probiotics for 6 weeks. There were no differences among treatments in growth performance of Korean native chicken. For fatty acid profiles, no statistically differences in each fatty acid, total saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in all treatments. In the present study, irrespective of statistically differences, inclusion of mixed probiotics tended to improve growth performance, reduce saturated fatty acid and increase unsaturated fatty acids in breast muscles from Korean native chicken compared to controls.