Opioid receptors have been pharmacologically classified as µ, δ, κ and ε. We have recently reported that the antinociceptive effect of morphine (a µ-opioid receptor agonist), but not that of β-endorphin (a novel µ/ε-opioid receptor agonist), is attenuated by whole body irradiation (WBI). It is unclear at present whether WBI has differential effects on the antinociceptive effects of µ-, δ-, κ- and ε-opioid receptor agonists. In our current experiments, male ICR mice were exposed to WBI (5Gy) from a 60 Co gamma-source and the antinociceptive effects of opioid receptor agonists were assessed two hours later using the hot water (52℃) tail-immersion test. Morphine and D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO), [D-Pen2-D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), trans-3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)- cyclohexyl]¬benzeneacetamide (U50,488H), and β-endorphin were tested as agonists for µ, δ, κ, and ε-opioid receptors, respectively. WBI significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and DAMGO, but increased those of β-endorphin. The antinociceptive effects of DPDPE and U50,488H were not affected by WBI. In addition, to more preciously understand the differential effects of WBI on µ- and ε¬opioid receptor agonists, we assessed pretreatment effects of β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA, a µ-opioid receptor antagonist) or β-endorphin1-27 (β-EP1-27, an ε-opioid receptor antagonist), and found that pretreatment with β-FNA significantly attenuated the antinociceptive effects of morphine and β endorphin by WBI. significantly reversed the β-EP1-27 attenuation of morphine by WBI and significantly attenuated the increased effects of β-endorphin by WBI. The results demonstrate differential sensitivities of opioid receptors to WBI, especially for µ- and ε-opioid receptors.

The attachment and adhesion of RAW 264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells to titanium (Ti) discs with various degrees of roughness was investigated. The attachment, adhesion, and proliferation of these cells were evaluated after 4 hr, 24 hr and 7 day incubations. Both RAW 264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells showed a time-dependant correlation between attachment and adhesion on the surface of the titanium discs. Both types of cells tended to have higher survival rate on these discs as the surface roughness increased. The percentage of adherent inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells was greater than MC3T3-E1 cells at 24 hr, but this was reversed at 7 days in culture. The morphology of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells at 24 hr, determined using a surface emission microscope (SEM), appeared flattened and spread out while inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells were predominantly spherical in shape. The adhesion of both cell types on the titanium discs was dependant on the levels of fibronectin adsorbed on the disc surface, indicating that serum constituents modulate the efficient adhesion of these cells. Our data indicate that the cellular response to the titanium surface is dependent on the types of cells, surface roughness and serum constituents.

배관을 구속시키기 위한 원동형 배관 지지대 (Trunnion Pipe Support) 까 부착된 uß 간의 응-딱해석플 위하 여 유한요소해석을 사용하였다. 해석션파로 부터 얻어진 응역은 두께에 대한 평칸(막응역) 넷 선행 응→박( ""," 힘응력) 으로 분류 되었므며， 분류된 응벽값은 암략에 악한 언차응략겨l 수 (B 1 ) 와 이자응역겨l 수 (C 1 ) ， 보멘트에 의한 일차응력계수 (B" ， Bιr) 와 이차응략셰수 (C객， C!T) 플- 추성하시 위하여 ASME Code 에 성의뭔것파 일치 하게 해석되었다 무차원의 함수로써 응력 세수에 대한 경험식 얀 새만히기 위하여 여서 ~i~ l;'l 의 해삭 2~ 수행하 였다.

본 연구의 목적은 단계적 변화모델의 구성요소 중 행동변화 과정이 다른 구성요소, 즉, 의사결정 균형과 자기효능감에 미치는 영향을 검토하는 것이다. 이를 위해 대학생 남여 374명(남=247, 여=127)을 대상으로 김(2004, 2005)이 개발한 행동변화 과정, 의사결정 균형, 자기효능감 측정척도로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사를 통해 얻어진 자료는 SPSS10.0 프로그램을 이용한 t-test와 중 회귀분석을 통하여 분석하였다. 먼저, 행동변화 과정, 의사결정 균형, 자기효능감은 남자가 여자보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 운동행동변화과정이 의사결정균형, 자기효능감에 미치는 영향은 남자와 여자를 분리해서 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 남자는 운동행동변화과정요인 중 자기강화 및 해방, 반대조건부여, 자기발견, 환경 재평가요인이 운동이득 요인에 긍정적인 영향을 미치지만, 여자는 자기강화 및 해방, 반대조건부여, 환경 재평가 요인이 운동이득 요인에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 반대조건부여 요인은 남 여 모두 운동장애요인에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운동행동변화과정 요인 중 자기효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 요인은 반대조건부여와 자기발견 요인이었으며 이는 남여 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 남자는 자극통제요인이 여자는 환경재평가요인이 자기효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들로부터 “운동행동변화과정은 의사결정과 자기효능감에 영향을 미치지만 그 영향의 경향은 성별에 따라 다르다”라는 결론을 얻었다.

Through the intergeneric hybridization of pear ´apple, 137 seeds were successfully obtained. The average fruit setting showed about 12.0%. Eighty seeds were harvested from the combination of apple ´pear intergeneric crossing with the 6.4% of fruit setti