South Korea has over 38 millions of managed honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies before 2009 years ago, which produce the highest quantity of honey in the Korea; however, almost colony (99%) were collapsed by Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) in South Korea. Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) is the pathogen of A. cerana Sacbrood disease, which poses a serious threat to honeybee A. cerana, and tends to cause bee colony and even the whole apiary collapse. Colony collapse of A. cerana was first reported on the Pyeong-Chang of the South Korea in 2009. Symptoms of KSBV include the rapid transmission of larval stage honeybees (A. cerana), many dead larvae found in the bottom of hive and comb. Honeybees (A. cerana) are a very important species because they provide a number of pollination services for various ecosystems in some provinces (ex. jeon-nam, jeon-buk province). They are also extremely important organisms within human society, both agriculturally and economically. The fact that a direct cause has been determined suggests that colony collapse is a complex problem with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Possible instigators of colony collapse include: wax moth, viral and fungal diseases, increased population, decreased genetic diversity, climate changing and a variety of other factors. The interaction among these potential causes may be resulting in immunity loss for honeybees and the increased likelihood of collapse.

RDA(Rural Development Administration of Agriculture) and YIRI(Yecheon-gun Industrial Insect Research Institute) was development of 3 strains crossbred honey bee(Apis mellifera) for increasing honey production(HP). The overall goal of this research is to improve the honey production of queen honey bees. This will enhance the economic value of the nation’s honey bees for honey production, and hazard resistance. Our main objective of this research is to test of honey bees(A. mellifera) that have increased as well as being good honey producers and resistance of disease in jeon-nam province. The new honey bee(A. mellifera) stock were identified ability of increasing honey production by comparing with rearing practice colony. The new honey bee(A. mellifera) stock can produce more than 30~50% honey(HP; 12.31 kg) comparing with rearing practice colonies(control 1; 8.17 kg, and control 2; 9.53 kg). Furthermore, we are calculated the number of worker bee per colony. Population of worker bee in new honey bee(A. mellifera) stock are 2,849 (colony 1), 8,860 (colony 2) and 10,451 (colony 3), it was more then 1.2~3.7 fold comparing with controls.

Russula compacta, a wild mushroom, belongs to Russulaceae, Russulales of Basidiomycota. This study was conducted to evaluate the free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and anti-α-glucosidase effects from fruiting bodies of R. compacta extracted with methanol and hot water. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging effects, the methanol and hot water extracts showed good scavenging effects comparable with positive control, BHT. The chelating effect of methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom were significantly higher than the positive control, BHT. The reducing power of the methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom were lower than the positive control at the concentrations tested. In the HPLC anaysis of phenolic acids profile of the mushroom extract, 7 phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillin, rutin hydrate, resveratol, quercetin formononetin, and biochanin-A were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited by 1.5-fold with the treatment of methanol extract when compared with the control. In the anti-cholinesterase activity assay, the methanol extract inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) effects by 73.9% and 81.05% at the 1.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug, inhibited the AChE and BChE activities by 97.80% and 81.12%, respectively at the same concentration. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 55.44% and 62.00%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration. From the experimental results, the fruiting bodies of R. compacta contained natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic substances, which might be used for health foods.

Coprinellus miaceus, belongs to Coprinaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for an edible purposes in asian countries. This experiment was initiated to evaluate the free radical scavenging, free radical scavenging, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of C. micaceus fruiting bodies extracted with methanol and hot water. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than positive control, BHT at the concentrations of 0.125-2.0 mg/mL. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities than the positive control, BHT at the 0.125-0.2 mg/mL concentration. In the HPLC analysis of phenolic acids profile of the mushroom fruiting bodies, 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin were detected. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61%. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol extract in a concentration dependent manner. In the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at the 1.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control inhibited the α-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory substances which might be used for promoting human health.

Lentinus giganteus is a edible mushroom cultivated in Asian countries. The present study was initiated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-α-glucosidase, and free radical scavenging activities from fruiting bodies of L. giganteus extracted with methanol and hot water. The free radical scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were 92.26% and 90.17% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration, respectively and comparable with positive control, BHT. The chelating activities of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than the positive control tested. The reducing power of methanol and hot water extracts showed lower activities compared to positive control, BHT. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of hot water extract were 1.56 μg/mg and 24.35 μg/mg, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were significantly inhibited by treatment of methanol and hot water extracts. The methanol extract inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 91.19% at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, whereas galanthamine, the standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80%. The hot water extracts inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities by 78.86% and 80.78%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/mL concentration, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the activities by 89.91% and 81.81%, respectively at the same concentration. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of L. giganteus contain antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-diabetic substances, which can be used for natural health food for promoting human health.

This study was initiated to investigate antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities and properties of fruiting bodies, mycelia, and fermentation culture filtrates from Phellinus igniarius. The contents of total phenols and flavonoid of fruit bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrate were 15.35-1.36 mg/g, 10.35-7.85 mg/g, and 8.25-5.36 mg/g. The 1,1- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging abilities of the extracts from the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture filtrates were 90.25-95.60%, 78.82-85.24%, and 76.32-82.50% at 50-400 μg/mL, respectively. The chelating ability of fruiting body extract on ferrous ions was higher than those of mycelia and culture filtrates tested. The anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the fruiting body extract at 400 μg/mg exhibited 91.10% on AChE, which is lower than that of positive control, galanthamine (94.82%). The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the fruiting bodies, mycelia, and culture extract were 85.47%, 78.13%, and 72.49% at 400 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, the fruiting body extract has better anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities than those from mycelia and culture filtrate.

Polyporus umbellatus (Syn. Grifola umbellata) is a sclerotium forming mushroom belongs to family Poly-poraceae of Polyphorales, Basidiomycota. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus have long been used for traditional medicinesin China, Korea and Japan. This study was initiated to obtain the basic data for artificial sclerotial production of P. umbel-latus. Here, we investigated the favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus and its symbiotic fungus Armill-aria mellea. We also evaluate the favorable carbon and nitrogen sources for sclerotial formation in dual culture betweenP. umbellatus and A. mellea. The favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were 20°C and pH 4, whileoptimal conditions for mycelial growth of A. mellea were 25°C and pH 6. The carbon sources for optimal mycelial growthof P. umbellatus were fructose and glucose, while carbon sources for favorable mycelial growth of A. mellea were alsofructose and glucose. The nitrogen sources for favorable mycelial growth P. umbellatus were peptone and yeast extract,while optimal mycelial growth of A. mellea were obtained in peptone and yeast extract. When P. umbellatus and A. melleawere dual cultured on carbon sources, sclerotia were induced on basal media supplemented with glucose, fructose andmaltose at pH 4~6, while nitrogen sources inducing sclerotia were basal media supplemented with peptone and yeastextract for 60 days at 20°C under dark condition.

Ganoderma applanatum is a medicinal mushroom belongs to Ganodermataceae of Polyporales, Basidiomycota. This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-xanthine oxidase activities of G. applanatum fruiting bodies extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activities were performed on reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and ferrous ion chelating activities. In addition to this, polyphenol and flavonoid contents were aslo analyzed. The methanol extract showed the good reducing power of 3.5 at the concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. The scavenging activity of methanol extract of G. applanatum 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radicals was better than those of positive control, BHT and tocopherol. The ferrous ion chelating effect of methanol extract was moe effective than those of positive control, BHT and tocopherol. The antioxidant activities of the G. applanatum were increased with the increasing concentration of the extracts. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of methanol extract of G. applanatum was good as positive control, allopurinol. The anti-inflammatory activity of mushroom extract was measured by carrageenan-induced hind paw edema of albino rat. The injection of 50 mg/kg of methanol and hot water extracts significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema compared with the positive control, indomethacin. The results indicated that fruiting bodies of G. applanatum could be used for natural medicine for anti-inflammatory and anti-xanthine oxidase.

Recently, there had been reports on ethanol fermentation from mono-saccharide and disaccharide by mushroom mycelia. This experiment was conducted to study ethanol production from xylose by mycelila of mushrooms isolated from Korea. The cultures used in this study were obtained from Culture Collection and DNA Bank of Mushrooms in the Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University. The results showed that Neolentinus lepideus, Trametes hirsuta and Cerrena unicolor produced ethanol from xylose contained media. The ethanol concentration produced in the xylose contained media ranged from 2.5∼3.8%. The highest ethanol concentration(3.8%) was obtained from fermentation of xylose by Neolentinus lepideus mycelia. All of the mushroom mycelia used in this study showed a good ability of ethanol fermentation from glucose, fructose, mannose, cellobiose and maltose.

Recently, there had been many reports on ethanol fermentation by mushrooms. This study was initiated to screening of ethanol fermentation by mushroom mycelilal cultures preserved in Culture Collection and DNA Bank of Mushrooms in the Division of Life Sciences, Incheon National University. The experimental results showed that ethanol concentration produced by Cerrena unicolor, Trametes pubescens and Daedalea dickinsii, Microporus vernicipes and Perenniporia fraxinea in the glucose medium ranged from 2.3∼4.7%. The highest ethanol concentration was obtained from fermentation of glucose by Cerrena unicolor (4.7%). Some of the mushrooms used in this study have a good ability to efficiently ferment arabinose, fructose, mannose, cellobiose, maltose and sucrose . The highest ethanol concentration was obtained under semi-aerobic condition compared with aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The media used for ethanol fermentation by T. pubescens and P. fraxinea. contained small amounts of β -D-glucan, which is known to have anti-tumor activity.

Most traditional genome sequencing projects involving infectious viruses include culturing and purification of the virus. This can present difficulties as an analysis of multiple populations from multiple locations may be required to acquire sufficient amount of high-quality DNA for sequence analysis. The electrophoretic method provides a strategy whereby the genomic DNA sequences of the Korean isolate of Pieris rapae granulovirus (PiraGV-K) were analyzed by purifying it from host DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, thus simplifying sampling and labor time. The genomic DNA of infected P. rapae was embedded in agarose plugs, digested with a restriction nuclease and methylase, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to separate PiraGV-K DNA from the DNA of P. rapae, followed by mapping of fosmid clones of the separated viral DNA. The double-stranded circular genome of PiraGV-K encodes 120 open reading frames (ORFs), covering 92% of the sequenced genome. BLAST and ORF arrangement showed the presence of 78 homologs to other genes in the database. The mean overall amino acid identity of PiraGV-K ORFs was highest with the Chinese isolate of PiraGV (~99%), followed up with Choristoneura occidentalis ORFs at 58%. PiraGV-K ORFs were grouped, according to function, into 10 genes involved in transcription, 11 involved in replication, 25 structural protein genes, and 15 auxiliary genes. Genes for Chitinase (ORF 10) and cathepsin (ORF11), involved in the liquefaction of the host, were found in the genome. The recovery of PiraGV-K DNA genome by pulse-field electrophoretic separation from host genomic DNA had several advantages, compared with its isolation from particles harvested as virions or inclusions from the P. rapae host. We have sequenced and analyzed the 108,658 bp PiraGV-K genome purified by the pulsed field electrophoretic method. The method appears to be applicable to the analysis of genomes of large viruses. The chitinase, identified by PiraGV-K genome sequence, was functionally characterized by quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy.

This study has investigated the effect of isometric contractile force and muscle activity applying sperficial heat according to the time from the biceps brachii muscle. In this study, 20 university students participants without musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. By applying a hot pack 5min, 10min, 20min and 30min respectively. After that measurement are skin temperature, contractile force and muscle activity. Skin temperature of the hot 5 min applied that rapidly changing. Increasing the time it takes to apply a variance has been reduced(p<.001). Isometric contractile force was not statistically significant but highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes and lowest when applying the hot pack 30 minutes(p<.001). Muscle activity and median frequency was highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes. To analyze the above results, it was found that isometric contractile force and muscle activity changed according to the applying time. These result lead us to the conclusion that this study will be more evidence for changes in muscle contraction to apply hot pack on clinic.

The cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP 2A6) regulate many endogenous signaling molecules and drugs. Aryl alkynes such as 2-ethynylnaphthalene are important P450 inhibitors which have been extensively studied as medicines or as an effective chemical probes for profiling mouse liver microsomal P-450. Here we have synthesized indole-based novel P450 inhibitor, 5-ethynyl indole 3, and showed that it has successfully inhibited CYP 2A6 by chemical inhibition reaction. By using HPLC equipped with a photo diode array(PDA) detector, all of the peaks derived from the enzymatic reaction have been characterized.

The shortage of human organs for transplantation has induced the research on the possibility of using animal as porcine. However, pig to human transplantation as known as xeno-transplantation has major problem as immunorejection. Recently, the solutions of pig to human xenotransplantation are commonly mentioned as having a genetically modification which include alpha 1, 3 galatosyl transferase knockout (GTKO) and immune-suppressing gene transgenic model. Unfortunately, the expression level of transgenic gene is very low activity. Therefore, development of gene overexpression system is the most urgent issue. Also, the tissue specific overexpression system is very important. Because most blood vessels are endothelial cells, establishment of the endothelial-specific promoter is attractive candidates for the introduction of suppressing immunorejection. In this study, we focus the ICAM2 promoter which has endothelial-specific regulatory region. To detect the regulatory region of ICAM2 promoter, we cloned 3.7 kb size mini-pig ICAM2 promoter. We conduct serial deletion of 5' flanking region of mini-pig ICAM2 promoter then selected promoter size as 1 kb, 1.5 kb, 2 kb, 2.5 kb, and 3 kb. To analyze promoter activity, luciferase assay system was conducted among these vectors and compare endothelial activity with epithelial cells. The reporter gene assay revealed that ICAM2 promoter has critical activity in endothelial cells (CPAE) and 1 kb size of ICAM2 promoter activity was significantly increased. Taken together, our studies suggest that mini-pig ICMA2 promoter is endothelial cell specific overexpression promoter and among above all size of promoters, 1 kb size promoter is optimal candidate to overcome the vascular immunorejection in pig to human xenotransplantation.