This study was conducted to evaluate the forage productivity and feed value of Sasa borealis (S. borealis) using growing black goats(S. borealis) in order to improve the utilization of S. borealis and to help mitigate the problem of reduced plant species diversity caused by S. borealis in Hanlla Mountain. One control and three treatments were made by the level of addition of S. borealis silage to the TMR feed. T1(10%), T2(20%), and T3(30%) treatments showed more daily weight gains than control group. Feed conversion ratio of T2 is 4.4g, which is significantly lower than control(P<0.05). The nitrogen retention in the control, which had relatively high dry matter intake, was 12.5g, which was significantly higher than that of T3. Sasa. borealis silage is considered to be able to use as a forage source for black goats, and if it is fed in an appropriate amount, it is considered that it will help improve livestock productivity, such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio.

This study was conducted to determine the maintenance energy requirements of growing goats in order to establish an appropriate energy benefit system, to reduce feed costs and improve livestock productivity of goat farmers, and to present basic data for detailed specifications afterwards. This experiment was conducted as a group specification test for a total of 3 months, with 32 goats of three months age and conducted by four treatments with different energy levels (T1: NRC+0%, T2: NRC+10%, T3: NRC+20%, and T4: NRC+ 30%). The average daily gain was the highest in the treated with NRC + 10% of the energy level of the experimental diet, and the feed conversion ratio was in the range of 6.3 g to 7.3 g in the group feeding experiment. Although there was no significant difference in digestibility between treatments, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat was higher in T2 treated with NRC + 10% than the other treatments. Through the regression equation of the values of MEI and ADG obtained through the experiment (Y=0.5439X+ 111.51, R2=0.712), the maintenance energy requirement of the goat in the growing period was estimated to be 111.51 kcal/kgBW0.75.

A two-year study was conducted from 2017 to 2018 by the establishment of a test field at Chungju-si and Cheongyang-gun. Plant height, number of leaves, insects and diseases, and fresh and dry matter yields for corn hybrid(‘Kwangpyeongok’) were investigated. Daily average, maximum, and minimum temperature, monthly average temperature, daily precipitation, and sunshine duration during the growing season were investigated. We selected climate-critical factors to corn productivity and conducted an evaluation of vulnerability to climate change from 1999 to 2018 for both regions. In 2018, the dry matter yield of forage corn was 6,475 and 7,511 kg/ha in Chungju and Cheongyang, respectively, which was half of that in 2017. The high temperature and drought phenomenon in the 2018 summer caused the corn yield to be low. As well as temperature, precipitation is an important climatic factor in corn production. As a result of climate impact vulnerability assessment, the vulnerability has increased recently compared to the past. It is anticipated that if the high temperature phenomenon and drought caused by climate change continues, a damage in corn production will occur.

This study was conducted to evaluate the forage production and feed value of Sasa borealis (S. borealis) in Jeju Island in order to improve the utilization of Sasa borealis and to help mitigate the problem of reduced plant species diversity caused by S. borealis in Hanlla Mountain. To investigate the forage production, three quadrat structures were installed in the S. borealis natural community in the middle part of Hanlla Mountain. From May to October 2017, S. borealis in quadrats was cut at a fixed time of each month, and then forage production and regenerated acidity per kg/ha were evaluated. For the evaluation of feed value, compositional analysis was performed on the monthly samples. In vitro digestion experiments were carried out using cannula mounted Hanwoo. In vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility(IVNDFD) and in vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility(IVADFD) were measured after the experiment. Forage production of S. borealis showed relatively good regeneration ability in May and June, but the regeneration ability decreased as the cutting was repeated. In order to use S. borealis as a forage, it is considered efficient to feed black goats with good fiber decomposition or horses good palatability to S. borealis and relatively good digestibility.

The study was conducted to determine effects on forage productivity, feed value, grazing intensity and livestock productivity in growing Korean native female goat grazing in native pasture. Its with average initial body weight of 14.10±3.6kg and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Dry matter content of native pasture was the highest at 33.48 ± 2.56% in June, and the content was significantly increased from spring to autumn (p<0.05). Crude protein was maintained between 11% and 12% on average. Nutrient content was maintained at a certain level in native pasture, but there were differences due to the different types of wild grasses produced in each season. The productivity of forage crops increased from June, but decreased after August and showed a characteristic of grassland where productivity decreased rapidly in spring and autumn. The average grazing intensity are 39 head/ha. Black goat average daily gain was 80.2g/d. The stable weight gain in grazing is that the nutrient requirement of the black goat was met by supplementing the concentrated feed during grazing. study, can be expected that the productivity of livestock can be increased through the proper feeding of supplementary feed and maintenance of grazing intensity

This study was conducted to evaluate the protein requirement for maintenance of fattening Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae). Six male goats with average initial body weight (BW) of 31.78±4.54kg and an average age of 8 months were used in this study. The experiment had a replicated duplicated 3×3 Latin square design for balancing carryover effects. In the course of the experiment, each of Black goats were fed three diets that were formulated to contain T1 (13%), T2 (16%) and T3 (19%) levels of crude protein (CP). A 14-day diet adjustment period was followed by a 5-day collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) of groups fed diets with T2 was 966.67g/d which was higher than group fed diets with T1 and T3 were 925.14g/d and 936.08g/d each. Average daily gains (ADG) of black goats were the highest in T2(167.13g/d) But, there was no significant difference. Dietary protein levels affected the apparent digestibility of CP (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in CP intake among treatments and goats receiving T3, T2, and T1 recorded 181.23, 154.57, and 128.78g CP/d, respectively. This was excepted because CP intake is proportional to CP content of diet, which from highest to lowest was as follows: T3 (19%) > T2 (16%) > T1 (13%). Intercept of the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance indicated that maintenance CP requirement was 1.63g/BW0.75.

‘White UFO’는 모본을 ‘Himalaya’로, 부본을 ‘Wonder King’ 으로 2004년에 교배하여 2007년까지 포장에 심어 관찰하면서 우수 개체를 선발하였다. 선발된 개체는 생장점 배양으로 증 식하여 포장에 심어 3년 동안 생장을 조사하였다. 그 결과 품 질과 수량성 등이 경쟁력이 있다고 인정되어 2007년에 ‘White UFO’로 명명하고 국립종자원에 출원하여 2009년에 등록하였 다. 특성은 내부와 외부설상화는 백색(RHS 155B)이고, 직경은 13cm로 대형종이다. 화심은 검은색이며 화경은 녹색이며 화 경장은 60㎝로 대조 품종인 ‘White Candy’ 보다 5㎝ 더 길어 상품성이 있다. 절화수명은 12.5일로 대조품종과 비슷하다.

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goats. Castrated, male goats (n=10) with average initial body weight (BW) of 23.33±2.15kg and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Grazing goats were supplemented by concentrates with 1.0% of BW. The crude protein content of forage was the highest in October (22.71±0.25%) and there were significantly differences (p<0.05) in monthly comparison. The forage productivity of pasture was the highest from May to June (1718.7±207.5~ 1672.0±422.8 kg/ha) but it was decreased in July (1356.0±103.8 kg/ha) because of drought and summer depression. Average daily gains (ADG) of goats were the highest in June (99.5±6.4 d/g). Grazing intensity was calculated by forage productivity and dry matter intake (DMI) and was the highest in May (65 head/ha). As shown in the results of this research, grazing intensity was suggested to average 39 head/ha from May to October. It is desirable that adequate grazing intensity was maintained by adjusting supplemental feed.

본 연구는 흑염소 사육을 활성화하고 경영의 효율성을 높일 수 있는 산지초지의 활용성 제고를 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 우리나라 흑염소 방목 이용 농가(20호)에 대한 실태조사를 실시하였다. 야초지로 이루어진 방목지의 경우 계절별 초지 생산성이 여름에 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), 봄철과 가을철에는 급격하게 저하되었다. 반면 목초지로 이루어진 방목지의 초지 생산성은 봄철에 가장 높은 생산성을 나타냈으며 가을철에 생산성이 다소 저하(p<0.05)되긴 하였지만, 대체적으로 계절별 생산성의 차이가 야초지 방목지에 비해 완만하여 비교적 안정적인 생산성을 나타내고 있었다. 계절별 방목지 초지의 사료가치 비교 결과 목초지의 경우 계절에 상관없이 안정적인 건물함량을 나타냈고, 야초지는 봄에서 가을로 갈수록 건물함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 조단백질 함량은 목초지의 경우만 가을철에 증가하였고(p<0.05), 야초지의 경우에는 봄에 비해 여름과 가을에 감소하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 목초지의 경우 야초지에 비해 상대적으로 조지방 함량은 높고 조섬유소 함량은 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. 계절에 따른 농장별 흑염소의 일당증체량은 농장별 초지 생산성 및 초지관리 기술에 따라 다양한 차이가 나타났다. 결과적으로 흑염소 사육의 활성화와 경영의 효율을 높이기 위하여 방목 야초지를 우수한 사료가치를 가지고 있을 뿐 아니라 계절별 생산성의 변화도 적은 방목 목초지로 갱신 및 조성을 해 나가야 할 필요성이 있으며, 산지초지의 효율적 이용을 위해서 초지관리 기술의 메뉴얼화와 보급으로 초지 생산성의 개선을 추구할 수 있는 방안이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 시험은 TMR 사료의 물리적유효섬유소(peNDF) 함량 의 차이가 한우 비육거세우의 생산성과 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 TMR 사료내 적정 조사료가치 평가를 위 해 실시하였다. 공시가축은 26개월령의 한우 거세우 12마 리이고, 물리적유효 NDF (peNDF) 함량이 높은 처리구 (High군)과 낮은 처리구(Low군)의 2개 군을 이용하여 출하 시까지 사양실험을 실시하였다. 실험에 사용한 비육후기용 TMR 사료는 물리성 처리를 위해 배합시간을 3분(High)과, 25분(Low)으로 처리하였다. 실험동물은 출하한 후 축산물 품질평가원에서 도체평가를 하였다. 실험기간 중 체중증가 (P<0.05) 및 일당증체량은 High 구에서 높았으며, 유의성은 인정되지 않았으나 도체중 역시 High 구가 414.60±34.28 kg으로 Low 구의 377.80±11.97 kg 보다 높게 나타났다. 육 질등급은 High 구가 평균 1+ 등급이었던 것에 비해 Low 구는 평균 1++ 등급으로 오히려 육질 등급은 Low 구에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. High 구는 채식량과 체내 이용성에 영향을 미쳐 체중 증가와 일당 증체량 및 도체중의 증가를 가져와 생산성은 증가되었으나 등지방두께의 증가 및 육질 등급에서는 다소 저하를 가져오는 것으로 분석되었다. 따 라서 한우 거세 비육우에 있어서도 사료 내의 물리적 유효 섬유 함량은 가축생산성과 도체특성에 영향을 미치고 있기 때문에 그에 대한 적정 함량의 규명이 필요할 것으로 판단 된다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the physical characteristics of total mixed rations (TMR) prepared in Korea for improving productive effectiveness of dairy and beef cattle. The 40 samples of commercial TMR for dairy and beef cattle in 6 municipals were collected and analyzed for chemical composition and physical properties. There were significant regional differences (p<0.05) in dry matter and crude protein contents of TMR for dairy and beef cattle. In roughage value index (RVI), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and physically effective NDF (peNDF)1.18 content, there were no regional differences in TMR for dairy cattle, but there were significant regional differences (p<0.05) in TMR for beef cattle. Thus the results from this study support that because RVI, NDF content, and peNDF content in TMR for dairy and beef cattle exceeded recommended ranges, a little adjustment in TMR for dairy cattle will be necessary to obtain optimal productivity.

This work was conducted to assess the use of Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a technique to analyze nutritional constituents of Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) and corn quickly and accurately, and to apply an NIRS-based indium gallium arsenide array detector, rather than a NIRS-based scanning system, to collect spectra and induce and analyze calibration equations using equipment which is better suited to field application. As a technique to induce calibration equations, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used, and for better accuracy, various mathematical transformations were applied. A multivariate outlier detection method was applied to induce calibration equations, and, as a result, the way of structuring a calibration set significantly affected prediction accuracy. The prediction of nutritional constituents of distillers dried grains with solubles resulted in the following: moisture (R2=0.80), crude protein (R2=0.71), crude fat (R2=0.80), crude fiber (R2=0.32), and crude ash (R2=0.72). All constituents except crude fiber showed good results. The prediction of nutritional constituents of corn resulted in the following: moisture (R2=0.79), crude protein (R2=0.61), crude fat (R2=0.79), crude fiber (R2=0.63), and crude ash (R2=0.75). Therefore, all constituents except for crude fat and crude fiber were predicted for their chemical composition of DDGS and corn through Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

본 시험은 수수× 수단그라스 교잡종 논토양재배 시 품종별 생육특성 및 사료적 가치를 규명하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 공시재료는 추천품종 9품종을 공시하였다. 초장, 엽수, 경의 굵기 및 경경도에 있어서는 Jumbo가 다른 품종에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타냈다(P<0.01). 당도는 P877F > Sweet home > Maxigraze > Green star > Cow pow > G7 순으로높게 나타났으며, 생초수량과 건물수량에 있어서는 생육특성이 좋았던 Jumbo 품종이 각각86,199 kg/ha 및 16,206 kg/ha으로 다른 품종에비하여 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다(P<0.01). 조단백질 함량은 Maxi graze가 6.5%로 가장 높게, 조지방 함량은 Honey chew BMR이 2.1%로가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 그리고 Jumbo와G7 품종은 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 높은 품종으로 나타났다(P<0.01). TDN 함량은 품종 간에유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 무기물 함량은 Cow pow > Turbo gold > Jumbo > Honeychew BMR > G7 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 총구성 아미노산 함량은 Maxi graze > Sweethome > Turbo gold > Honey chew BMR >Jumbo 순으로 높게 나타났다. 단백질 생산량및 지방 생산량은 각각 Turbo gold (814.6 kg/ha)본 시험은 수수× 수단그라스 교잡종 논토양재배 시 품종별 생육특성 및 사료적 가치를 규명하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 공시재료는 추천품종 9품종을 공시하였다. 초장, 엽수, 경의 굵기 및 경경도에 있어서는 Jumbo가 다른 품종에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타냈다(P<0.01). 당도는 P877F > Sweet home > Maxigraze > Green star > Cow pow > G7 순으로높게 나타났으며, 생초수량과 건물수량에 있어서는 생육특성이 좋았던 Jumbo 품종이 각각86,199 kg/ha 및 16,206 kg/ha으로 다른 품종에비하여 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다(P<0.01). 조단백질 함량은 Maxi graze가 6.5%로 가장 높게, 조지방 함량은 Honey chew BMR이 2.1%로가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 그리고 Jumbo와G7 품종은 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 높은 품종으로 나타났다(P<0.01). TDN 함량은 품종 간에유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 무기물 함량은 Cow pow > Turbo gold > Jumbo > Honeychew BMR > G7 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 총구성 아미노산 함량은 Maxi graze > Sweethome > Turbo gold > Honey chew BMR >Jumbo 순으로 높게 나타났다. 단백질 생산량및 지방 생산량은 각각 Turbo gold (814.6 kg/ha) 및 Honey chew BMR (309.8 kg/ha)이 가장 높게나타났으며(P<0.01), 광물질 생산량은 Cowpow 품종이 207.6 kg/ha로서 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 구성 아미노산 생산량과 TDN 생산량은 Sweet home 품종이 각각 592.2 kg/ha 및10,194 kg/ha로 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 이상 결과를 종합해 보면 수수× 수단그라스 교잡종을 논토양에서 재배 시 생육특성 및 각종 영양수량이 다양하게 나타남으로서 품종 선택은이용 목적에 따라 선택 재배하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구는 벼 대체 사료작물인 사일리지용 옥수수를 논토양에 파종하여 조사료를 생산하는데 있어서 생육특성, 화학적 특성, 무기물함량 및 영양수량을 검토하여 논토양에 적합한사일리지용 옥수수 품종을 선발하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험설계는 11품종을 3반복으로 하여 5월 1일 파종하고 8월 24일 수확하였다. 그결과를 보면 초장과 엽수에 있어서는 KPO가다른 품종에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났지만(P<0.01) 암이삭 길이와 둘레는 P32W86이높게 나타났다. 경경도와 암이삭 수는 P32P75가, 착수고 및 녹색도에 있어서는 NC 7117이높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 근계수와 당도에 있어서는 P3394가 높게, 엽장과 엽폭은 각각P31P41과 P32T83이 높게 나타났다. 건물수량에 있어서는 P3156 (19,782 kg) > NC 7117(18,708 kg) > P31N27 (18,093 kg) > KPO (17,772kg) > P32K61 (17,649 kg/ha) 순으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 영양성분 중 조단백질과 조지방은 각각 P32W86과 P31P41에서 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). NDF와 ADF 함량은 각각 KPO와KIO에서 높은 경향치를 보였지만 다른 품종과비교 시 유의적인 차이는 나타내지 않았다. 조섬유 함량은 KIO > KPO > P31P41 > P32W86> P3156 순으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 총광물질 함량은 KPO가 9,775 mg/kg으로서 다른품종에 비하여 가장 높게 P3394는 6,651 mg/kg으로서 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 총 구성아미노산 함량 및 지방산 함량은 각각 P32K61및 KIO가 각각 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 영양수량 중 ha 당 조단백질, 지방산, 구성아미노산 및 TDN 생산량은 각각 P3156이 유의적으로높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 그러나 조지방 및 광물질 수량은 각각 P31P41 및 KPO가 각각 높게나타났다(P<0.01). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 사일리지용 옥수수를 논토양에서 재배 시 생육특성, 사초생산량 및 영양수량을 고려하면 P3156, NC 7117 및 P31N27 품종이 우수한 것으로 생각된다.

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on body weight gain, feed intake, velvet antler yield and economic analysis in elk bulls. A total 14, 2-year old male elks were divided into 2 groups with control or glutathione treatment. Elks were fed concentrate feed at the level of 1.5% relative to body weight (3.1 kg). and allowed to consumed hay as roughage ad libitum. Glutathione was supplemented at the level of 6 mg/kg. Average daily gains (ADG) for 2-years old elks were 234.1± 7 and 247.6±22 kg in control and glutathione fed groups, respectively. Treated group had higher ADG than control (p<0.05). Individual daily DM intakes were 5.34±0.70 and 5.64±0.71 kg in control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. Glutathione-fed group showed an additional intake of 298 g on an average. Production of velvet antlers for elk yearlings was 4,229±720 g and 4,653±960 g in control and glutathione supplemented groups respectively. Analysis of economics efficiency revealed 8% higher revenue index in glutathione supplemented groups. In conclusion, glutathione supplementation showed increase of DM intake and ADG in elk bulls, and could also increase velvet antler production.

We investigated the effect of glutathione supplementation on feed intake, body weight gain, velvet antler yields and economics of elk yearling. Fourteen elk yearlings were divided into 2 groups. Seven yearlings in each group (control and treatment) were fed with 1.5-2.5 percent body weight (%BW) of concentrate feed for elk, voluntary intake of hay as roughage and 6 mg/kg body weight (KBW) of glutathione. The results were as follows. Average daily gain (ADG) for control elk yearlings for first 1.5 month was 0.46 kg, while that of glutathione supplemented was 0.55 kg. Although glutathione fed group had higher ADG compared to control group (p<0.05), ADG after 1.5 month showed no difference. In spring, daily DM intake per elk yearlings was 3.98 and 4.24 kg for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. The statistical differences in feed intake between two groups were not observed. However, feed intake tends to increase in glutathione fed group. Production of velvet antlers for elk yearlings were 911±256 and 1066±357 g for control and glutathione supplemented groups, respectively. Statistical difference between two groups was not observed due to the high variation. In economic analysis, additional 109,110 KRW per head for the cost of glutathione resulted in 2 percent higher revenue index due to the increased antler production. In conclusion, feeding glutathione to elk deers effectively increased DM intake and ADG of elk yearlings. Glutathione supplementation in feed might increase velvet antler production as well as ADG.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine but the aerial parts (flower, flower stalk, leaf) were not used. In this paper, we aimed to determine the content of three compounds [aucubin, catalpol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in different organs of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The flower, flower stalk, leaf, and root of R. glutinosa were harvested in the end of August. The aucubin and catalpol were analyzed by LC/MS, whereas GABA was analyzed by GC/MS. The aucubin content was the highest in the leaf, while catalpol and GABA were the highest in the flower. The aucubin content of in the leaf was 1.43, 0.81, and 1.07 ㎎/g, respectively. The catalpol content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 was 41.06, 28.78 and 37.48 ㎎/g, respectively. The GABA content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 were 0.79, 0.76 and 0.65 ㎎/g, respectively. Conclusions : The contents of aucubin, catalpol, and GABA were higher in leaf and flower than that of root. This study provides the important information of R. glutinosa leaf and flower as a potential supplement.

For a long time, genetic algorithms have been recognized as a new method to solve difficult and complex problems and the performance of genetic algorithms depends on genetic operators, especially crossover operator. Various problems like the traveling salesman problem, the transportation problem or the job shop problem, in logistics engineering can be modeled as a sequencing problem This paper proposes modified genetic crossover operators to be used at various sequencing problems and uses the traveling salesman problem to be applied to a real world problem like the delivery problem and the vehicle routing problem as a benchmark problem Because the proposed operators use parental information as well as network information, they could show better efficiency in performance and computation time than conventional operators.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the removal efficiencies of CODCr and color for the dyeing wastewater by the different dosages of ferrous solution and H2O2 in Fenton process. In the case of H2O2 divided dosage for the Fenton's reagent 7:3 of H2O2 was more effective than 3:7 to remove CODCr and color. The results showed that CODCr was mainly removed by Fenton coagulation, where the ferric ions are formed in the initial step of Fenton reaction. On the other hand color was removed by Fenton oxidation rather than Fenton coagulation. The removal mechanism of CODCr and color was mainly coagulation by ferrous ion, ferric ion and Fenton oxidation. The removal efficiencies were dependent on the ferric ion amount at the beginning of the reaction. However, the final removal efficiency of CODCr and color was in the order of Fenton oxidation, ferric ion coagulation and ferrous ion coagulation. The reason of the highest removal efficiency by Fenton oxidation can be explained by the chain reactions with ferrous solution, ferric ion and hydrogen peroxide.

The main problem of the Korean rice improvement program is narrow genetic background of genepool used as crossing parents. Although some successes have been reported for introduction of genes from the germplasm of distant genetic relationship such as indi