This research investigated the effects of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) on fruit characteristics and storability of ‘Shine Muscat’ grapes. The objective was to identify effective PGR treatment methods for high-quality production and efficient storage. The characteristics of ‘Shine Muscat’ fruits were more affected by the secondary treatment applied 14 days after full bloom than by the primary treatment applied at full bloom. The fruits treated with thidiazuron (TDZ) in the secondary treatment showed higher weight. However, the forchlorfenuron (CPPU) treated fruits exhibited lower acidity and higher soluble solids content, which led to a higher sugar-to-acid ratio. Additionally, it had higher firmness, contributing to a good texture and a brighter yellow-green skin color, thus indicating better quality. The storage period for ‘Shine Muscat’ varies depending on the storage method: up to 60 days in cold storage and up to 110 days in Controlled Atmosphere (CA) storage. Like other kinds of fruits, CA storage was more effective for long-term storage. Furthermore, considering that the quality characteristics manifested during the prestorage PGR treatment were maintained during CA storage, secondary treatment with CPPU was deemed effective for optimal quality and storage.

In this study, the expression of genes related to fruit ripening was investigated using realtime PCR. The study aimed to determine the effective conditions of calcium compounds (Calcium citrate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, GH-Ca, OS-Ca) and chitosan treatment to extend the shelf-life in the ‘Kumhong’ nectarine and ‘Madoka’ peach fruits. In this study, in the ‘Kumhong’ and ‘Madoka’ fruits, the expression of genes related to cell wall degradation, pectin lyase (PL), polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin methylesterase (PME), was inhibited by calcium, chitosan, or a mixture (Chitosan+CaCl2) treatment. In ‘Madoka’ peach, although the expression of the PG gene was suppressed at pre-harvest Ca and chitosan treatment, the expression of the PL gene was induced at pre- and post-harvest Ca and chitosan treatment compared to the control. The spray of calcium, chitosan itself, or a mixture (Chitosan+ CaCl2) on the trees at the ripening stage and harvested fruits can extend the shelf-life by suppressing the expression of cell wall degrading enzymes genes (PL, PG, PME) in ‘Kumhong’ nectarine and ‘Madoka’ peach tree. These results provide valuable information for the development of technology for the extension of the shelf-life of peach and nectarine fruits.

This study was carried out to verify the effect of increasing the ambient temperature around apple trees by directly blowing warm-air under the slender spindle apple training system using an agricultural warm-air blower and ducts used in plastic house cultivation to develop late frost damage reduction technology during the blooming season. The temperature increase effect around apple trees owing to the operating warm-air blowing ducts was most evident at a height of 30 cm from the ground surface. At this height, the branch ducts made of Oxford fabric and Solartex showed a raised ambient temperature of about 2.6oC and 1.1oC, respectively. However, the temperature rising effect at a height of 130 cm and 230 cm from the ground surface owing to the operating warm-air blowing ducts was not distinct compared to that in the control. The effect of raising ambient temperature around apple trees through the operation of warm-air blowing ducts was found to be greater as the ambient temperature did not severely drop below the freezing temperature. Damage to the central flower in the apple inflorescence at the pink stage was significantly reduced in the warm-air blowing ducts made of Oxford fabric (42.8%) compared to that in the control (73.2%). However, the damage to other flowers except the central one was not significant compared to that in the control. The fruiting rate of the central and other flowers in the apple inflorescence depending on the operating warm-air blowing ducts was significantly increased compared to that in the control. The fruiting rates of central and other flowers depending on the ducts materials, such as Oxford fabric, and Solartex, and that of the control were 38.3%/82.7%, 31.4%/82.7%, and 0.5%/61.1%, respectively. In conclusion, in the case of open-field apple orchards, if the warm-air blowing duct is installed close to the laterals where frost damage mainly occurs in the slender- spindle dense cultivation system, the damage caused by late frost in the vicinity of blooming time can be reduced to some extent.

This study investigated the changes in fruit quality characteristics and how they correlated with the storage conditions and storage period. The firmness of peaches stored in cold storage decreased rapidly after 14 days (13.0 N), but the firmness of peaches stored in CA storage remained high for 28 days (20.9 N). The titratable acidity of peaches stored in cold storage decreased rapidly from 0.23 to 0.26% after 21 days, but there was no change until 7 days for peaches stored in CA storage, and then it decreased to 0.23% after 28 days. The soluble solid content increased significantly as the storage period elapsed under cold storage, but there was no notable difference for CA storage. After 28 days of storage, the weight loss rate of peaches stored in CA storage(8%) was lower than peaches stored in cold storage( 23%). The was significant background color for peaches stored in cold storage after 7 days, and changed to a completely different color after 28 days of storage. As for the correlation between the quality characteristics of peach fruits stored at low temperatures, weight loss rate, sunny side ΔE value, background color lightness, background color redness, and ΔE value showed high correlations, and CA storage showed high correlations with weight loss rate and coloration. In conclusion, according to our study results, 'Kunika' peaches can be stored for 14 days in low-temperature storage and up to 28 days in CA storage, and it is thought that the weight loss rate, firmness, and coloration during storage can be used as factors for quality prediction.

To predict the quality of Fuji apples, this study investigated the characteristics and correlations of their fruit quality according to storage method and storage period. Fuji apples were stored in cold storage at 0oC for 250 days with no treatment, with 1-MCP treatment, and under controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. According to the storage method, the weight loss was the lowest in the CA-treated group (3.43%) until 250 days, and the change in fruit firmness was the least in the 1-MCP group. The titratable acidity remained above 0.2% for 1-MCP and CA storage until 250 days and decreased to 0.1% for cold storage. The principal component analysis showed a difference in quality between the 1-MCP group, CA group, and cold storage group after 200 days of storage. Six types of volatile components were commonly detected in all storage methods, while three types of independent components with a low threshold were detected in 1-MCP. Weight loss, titrable acidity, and firmness were highly correlated with physicochemical quality, and CA storage was judged to be a long-term storage technology that satisfies consumers’ tastes by maintaining excellent flavor and quality.

아시아 주요국으로 ‘Shine Muscat’ 포도를 수출하기 위하여 수출대상국의 농약잔류허용기준(MRL)에 적합하며 안정적이고 우수한 품질의 포도를 생산할 수 있는 포도 병해 방제력을 개발하고자 하였다. 경북 경산과 상주 지역의 간이비가림시설에서 재배되는 ‘Shine Muscat’ 포장에서 수출 대상국에서 허용 된 약제 중에서 포도 재배에 많이 사용되는 살균제를 선발하였고, 재배 기간 동안의 병해 발생을 방제하기 위하여 개화전부터 성숙기까지 10-11회 살포하였다. 2년에 걸쳐 약제를 살포하고 수확 전 병해 발생 여부를 조사하고 수확 후에는 과실의 품질 특성과 잔류 농약을 분석하였다. 갈색무늬병, 노균병, 탄저병이 발생하였으며, 2019년 2번 처리구에서 전체적으로 82% 이상의 방제가를 나타내었다. 과실 품질 특성은 지역별로 약간의 차이를 나타냈고 모든 처리구에서 농약 잔류량은 0.00-0.20 mg/kg 수준으로 주요 수출국의 MRL 이하로 검출되었다. 본 연구에서는 최근 수출량이 증가하는 ‘Shine Muscat’ 포도 재배에 활용할 수 있으며 안전한 수출용 포도를 생산할 수 있는 병해 방제력을 개발하였으며, 국내의 포도 수출 농가에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

대추 탄저병 방제에 적합한 친환경 천연물소재를 선발하기 위하여, 약용식물에서 천연물을 추출하였고, 이를 이용하여 탄저병균에 대한 항균활성과 병 발생에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 기내 항균활성 검정에서 개똥쑥 지상부 추출물과 복숭아 나무 수지 추출물 처리는 각각 15 mm와 17.7 mm의 균사생장 억제존을 나타내 강한 항균활성을 보였으며, 처리 후 96시간이 경과하여도 항균활성을 유지하였다. 추출물의 실내접종 검 정에서 개똥쑥 지상부, 맨드라미 꽃과 잎, 복숭아나무 수지, 질경이 꽃 추출물은 잎 탄저병 방제에 효과적이었다. 과실에서는 개똥쑥 지상부 추출물은 58.3%, 맨드라미 꽃 추출물은 64.2%, 맨드라미 잎 처리는 66.7%의 병발생 억제효과를 보였고, 복숭아나무 수지와 질경이 꽃 추출물 처리에서는 60.1%의 병발생 억제율을 보여, 약용식물 추출물이 대추 탄저병을 효과적으로 억제하였고, 유과기 과실이 변색기에 비하여 병 발생 억제율이 높게 나타났다. 공시 추출물의포트 검정에서, 상처접종과 무상처접종에서 탄저병 발생 억제율이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 공시 약용식물 추출물은 대추나무 탄저병 친환경 방제를 위한 약제 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

We screened 108 cultivars of grapevine (Vitis spp.) for resistance to grape ripe rot, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. We evaluated the resistance to ripe rot of berries and vine leaves from grape cultivars by measuring the lesion size after inoculation with C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. ‘Aki Queen’ (Table grape) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Wine grape) were shown to be moderate resistant against inoculation of C. acutatum both in berries and leaves. ‘Emperatriz’, ‘Honey Red’, ‘Honey Venus’, ‘Izumo Queen’, and ‘Rosario Rosso’ in table grapes, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Chancellor’, ‘Chardonnay Decoupe’, and ‘Ventura’ in wine grapes, were shown to be resistant to C. gloeosporioides both in berries and leaves of them. Grape cultivars were classified into four classes based on its level of resistance to C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The present data for determining ripe rot resistance will be very useful in developing effective disease management strategies in the vineyards and selecting grape genetic resources to be used in disease resistant grape breeding programs.

Crude extracts from several medicinal plants were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against Colletotrichum spp. in grapevines Extracts of sweet wormwood, cockscomb flowers, asian plantain flowers, and peach tree resin showed in vitro antifungal activity on growth of Colletotrichum acutatum. To test inhibition effects of ripe rot development by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, grapevine leaves were sprayed with each extract (500 fold diluted) from sweet wormwood and cockscomb flower and leaves, asian plantain flower and peach tree resin. The crude extracts of medicinal plants displayed remarkable in vivo antimicrobial activities with inhibition of lesion development by 22.5 to 67.5 % in ‘Blanc seedless’ and 2.12 to 53.2% in ‘Thompson seedless’ inoculated with agar block of C. acutatum and by 19.2 to 61.5% in 'Blanc seedless' and 19.6 to 78.3% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevines inoculated with spore suspension of C. acutatum compared with the untreated control. The crude extracts of medicinal plants showed remarkable inhibition of ripe rot by 26 to 64.8 % in ‘Blanc seedless’ and 25.5 to 76.5% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevine leaves inoculated with C. gloeosporioides agar block inoculation and by 23.1 to 61.5% in 'Blanc seedless' and 18.8 to 25% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevine leaves inoculated with C. gloeosporioides spore suspension compared with uninoculated control. These findings indicate that medicinal plant extracts could be used as possible candidates to control ripe rot disease environment friendly in grapevines.

국내야생종인 새머루로부터 내병성 포도품종 육성에 필요한 육종소재와 유용정보를 획득하고자, 포도 새눈무늬병균과 줄기혹병균에 감염된 새머루에서 식물 방어관련유전자의 발현양상을 분석하였다. Thaumatin (TLP), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), chalcone synthesis (CHS), protein kinase regulator (14-3-3) 및 β-glucanase (Glu) 등의 방어관련유전자, leucine reach-repeat (LRR)와 lipoxygenase (LOX) 등의 신호전달관련유전자, polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP)과 같은 세포벽관련 유전자의 발현이 포도 새눈무늬병균 접종에 의해 유도되었다. 포도새눈무늬병균의 포자접종 및 배양여액처리에 의해 WRKYtranscription factor 10 (WRKY), fatty acid elongase (FAE)의 발현이 유도되었으며 proline-rich protein (PRP) 유전자의발현은 억제되었다. 발현이 증가한 15개 유전자 중에서 LRR, LOX, TLP, GST 등은 포도새눈무늬병균 포자현탁액 접종에 의해 발현이 크게 증가하였으나, CHS와 tonoplast intrinsicprotein (TIP)는 배양여액처리에 의해 증가하였다. 포도 줄기혹병균의 접종에 의해 LRR, CLP, LOX, TLP, GPX, 14-3-3,GST, PGIP, FAE, TIP, Glu, WRKY 등은 발현이 증가하였고, CHS와 PRPs는 발현이 억제되었다. 포도 줄기혹병균 접종에 의해 활성산소의 축적 및 분해와 관련된 GPX와 GST는 발현이 크게 증가하였다.

터키는 유럽종 포도의 원산지로 유럽종 포도에서 유래된 다양한 품종들이 있으며, 현재 등록된 품종만도 1,200여종에 이른다. 또한 세계에서 6번째로 포도를 많이 생산하며, 포도 생산에 매우 적합한 토양과 기후 조건을 가지고 있다. 약 48만ha에서 360여 만 톤의 포도를 생산하여 주로 건포도(37%), 생과(30%), 그리고 주스 등의 가공용(30%)으로 소비되며, 포도주 생산에는 3% 정도만이 이용된다. 특히 포도는 터키에서 1인당 소비량이 연간 20 kg 이상을 소비할 정도로 인기가 많으며, 생과용으로 생산되는 주 품종은 ‘술타나’, ‘로자키’와 ‘알폰스라발레’ 등이다. 가장 인기가 좋은 녹황색의 무핵 품종인‘술타나’는 생식과 건포도용으로 모두 이용되고 있다. 주요 포도 재배 지역은 에게해 지역(42%)과 지중해 연안 지역(19%)이나 전국에서 재배되고 있다. 생과 및 양조용 품종의 주요 포도 수형은 VSP식, 울타리식, 덕식 등이 주로 사용되고 있다.