To determine the optimum water temperature (a temperature which minimizes metabolic activities and stress in fish) for long distance transportation of red-spotted grouper (Epinephelus akaara), by evaluating the behavior, survival and physiological and hematological responses to variable water temperature conditions (9, 12, 15, 18 and 21℃) for 48 hours. Fish exposed to 9℃ died at 48 hours exposure, but those exposed to 12, 15, 18 and 21℃ treatment groups all survived. Fish in the 15, 18 and 21℃ exposure groups exhibited normal swimming, while those exposed to 12℃ were observed to be stationary at the bottom of the tank. The plasma cortisol and glucose concentration were higher in fish exposed to 12℃ than at other temperature conditions. The fish in the 12 and 15℃ groups had significantly higher hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) than those in the 18 and 21℃ groups (P<0.05). Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), NH3 and osmolality showed a pattern similar to the levels of plasma cortisol, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total protein did not significantly vary among the experimental groups. These results indicate that the optimum water temperature for long distance transportation of the red-spotted grouper is 15℃.

급격한 수온의 변화는 어류의 생리학적인 측면에서 스트레스를 유발한다. 본 연구에서는 넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus)로부터 각 수온별(9, 12, 15, 18 및 21℃) 조건에 따라 24 및 48시간 동 안 노출시킨 후에, 혈액생리학적 분석, 스트레스 단백질로 알려진 Hsp70 mRNA 발현 및 산소 소비량을 조사하였다. 혈액학적 분석에서 hematocrit (Ht) 및 hemoglobin (Hb), 혈장 코티졸 및 글루코스의 변화, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 및 alanine aminotransferase (ALT), NH3, 삼 투질농도(osmolality) 및 총단백질(total protein, TP)은 9℃ 및 12℃에서 다른 수온별 실험구에 비 해 대부분의 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다. Hsp70 mRNA 발현은 9℃ 및 12℃에서 다른 실험구에 비해 높은 발현량을 확인하였고, 산소소비량은 9℃ 및 12℃에서 21℃에 비해 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 넙치 종자의 장거리 수송을 위한 수온자료로 활용할 수 있다

Mold is one of the important bio-aerosols affecting human health in the indoor environment. To manage mold contamination, it is necessary to use an appropriate method for its detection and enumeration. Recently, the impaction method of ISO 16000-18 has been established as one of methods to detect and enumerate molds in air. To investigate the general use of the impaction method for mold detection in domestic indoor environments, the suitability of the method was assessed using different antibiotics, media and air samplers. All of the three antibiotics tested - ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin - showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony formation on MEA and DG-18 media, without inhibiting mold growth. Of these three antibiotics, ampicillin was the most effective. There was no statistical difference between MEA and DG-18 media in the measurement of mold concentration. The formation of discriminative colony morphology was more apparent in DG-18 media. No significant difference in the measurement of mold concentration was found between Andersen samplers and MAS- 100NT samplers, which are two major samplers introduced in Korea.

In this study, we investigated the concentrations of PM10 and CO2 in public transportation vehicles (express bus, train, KTX, and subway) reported by previous indoor air quality (IAQ) surveys carried out from 2005 to 2013 in Korea. The number of valid data for PM10 was 566 and for CO2 was 579, and all data were classified according to whether it was collected during rush-hour or non rush-hour. PM10 and CO2 concentrations in subway cabin during the rush-hour were 1.3 and 1.45 times higher, respectively, than those of non rush-hour (p<0.05) in terms of geometric mean value. PM10 and CO2 concentration of express bus and train during the rush-hour also were 1.23 times higher than those of non rush-hour with relatively weak correlations (p=0.246). Among all PM10 concentrations, 16.9% and 3.8% of PM10 concentrations exceeded the IAQ guidelines (200 μg/m3 for non-rush hour and 250 μg/m3 for rush-hour), respectively. In terms of CO2 concentrations, 10.5% and 3.0% of them exceeded the IAQ guidelines (2,500 ppm for non rush-hour and 3,000 ppm for rush-hour), respectively. As a result, concentrations of PM10 and CO2 were estimated to be dominantly influenced by the operation characteristics of public transportation, such as degree of congestion and type of vehicle. In order to improve the IAQ of public transportation vehicles, specific air purification and ventilation systems are needed, depending on the characteristics of public transportation vehicles.

The study investigated whether Korean EFL students' vocabulary used in reading-based writing differed according to writing topic and their reading and writing proficiency. College students enrolled in writing courses (n=95) were asked to write argumentative essays in response to two readings on judging people by appearance (JPA) and disclosing personal information of serious criminals (DPI). These students were divided into high and low proficiency writer groups and into high and low proficiency reader groups according to their writing and reading scores respectively. The students' vocabulary used in writing was then analyzed by VocabProfile, which provided four lexical frequency lists: the first 1000 frequent words (K1) including function words (FW) and content words (CW), the second 1000 frequent words (K2), academic word list (AWL), and off the list words (OLW). The results indicated that the topic JPA produced a higher proportion of K1 and content words, whereas DPI generated more K2 and off the list words. None of the vocabulary profiles, however, significantly differed according to the students’ reading proficiency. In contrast, proficient writers were found to use significantly more K1 and function words than their counterparts. With the topic effect further considered, for JPA, proficient writers used more K1 words and function words whereas less proficient writers used more K2 and off the list words. With regard to DPl, proficient writers were found to use more function words than low proficient writers. Findings are discussed in more detail, along with implications.

This paper investigated Korean heritage learners" acquisition of Korean as a second language. In particular, written narratives of 16 Korean heritage learners were analyzed in order to identify errors and strategies observed in Korean heritage learners" second language writing. The findings of the study indicated that learners" errors were not significantly related to their proficiency levels in the target language. Likewise, no significant differences were observed in errors due to their proficiency levels. However, some differences were noted in several grammatical categories. In case- or tense-related areas, learners with higher proficiency levels were not much more accurate than those with lower proficiency levels. However, in terms of the use of inflectional markers, learners with higher proficiency levels exhibited higher accuracy than lower level learners. With regard to their use of strategies, literal translation, code-switching, and approximation were most frequently observed in their writings. The paper concludes with some implications for teaching Korean as a foreign language.

The purpose of this study was to develop environmentally friendly black dye by comparing Ketapang and Gallnut, that have been traditionally used as a black dye. As a result of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis, Ketapang was characterized by condensed tannin, while Gallnut showed hydrolyzable tannin. Due to the dyeability characteristic analysis, the color fastness of the non-mordant dye was slightly lowered to grades 1-3. In the dry-cleaning fastness test, both non-mordant and iron mordant were excellent, in grade 4-5, and the daylight fastness was excellent grade 3-5 too. The L* values of Ketapang were 26.93 (pre-mordant) and 29.39 (post-mordant), which were higher than those of Gallnut, 41.90 (pre-mordant) and 43.02 (post-mordant), indicating that Ketapang was more easily colored as a black dye than Gallnut.

To effects of sex maturation in olive flounder by regulating long photoperiod, gonadal development and GTH mRNA expression in the pituitary were investigated. Photoperiod was treated natural photoperiod and long photoperiod (15L:9D) conditions from September 2011 to March 2012. The results showed that natural photoperiodic group showed a higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) than long photoperiodic group during the spawning season (March 2012). The histological analysis of ovarian tissue showed that natural photoperiod group of ovaries contained vitellogenic oocytes, but long photoperiod group of ovaries mainly contained perinucleolus staged oocyte and oil-drop staged oocytes. The FSH mRNA of olive flounder, under natural photoperiod group, showed a significantly higher expression but no significant difference under long photoperiod group. The LHβ mRNA showed a significantly higher expression only under natural photoperiod group. These results may suggest that long photoperiodic information regulates secretion of pituitary FSH and LH and maintain early growing stage of gonadal development in this species.