This study evaluated the effect of a combination of acetaminophen (AAP), vitamin C (VC) and thioctic acid (TA) on reducing serum cortisol concentrations in mice with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination. For 5 days from 3 days before FMD vaccination to 2 days after vaccination, mice were orally administered with AAP 600 mg/kg feed (n=25, AAPT), combination of AAP 600 mg and VC 200 mg per kg feed (n=25, AVCT) and combination of AAP 600 mg, VC 200 mg and TA 20 mg per kg feed (n=25, AVTT), respectively. From day 1 to day 7 after FMD vaccination, the cortisol concentration of all groups treated with the drug was significantly decreased compared to that of the positive control group with FMD vaccination (p<0.05). In conclusion, the combined treatment of AAP, VC and TA was the most effective in relieving stress from FMD vaccination compared to the single treatment.

This study investigated changes of milk production in dairy cows intramuscularly injected with drugs containing dexamethasone (DXM). Three types of dexamethasone formulations (Bueunde® (DXM 0.5 mg/mL), Dexason INJ.® (DXM 1 mg/mL) and Dexolone-20 inj.® (DXM 1 mg/mL)) were intramuscularly injected into sixteen healthy dairy cows each. Bueunde® was intramuscularly injected into 8 dairy cows with 5 mg (BED-1) and 10 mg (BED-2) of DXM once a day for 3 consecutive days, respectively. Dexason INJ.® was intramuscularly administered once into dairy cows with 20 mg (DXS-1, n=8) and 40 mg (DXS-2, n=8) of DXM, respectively. Dexolone-20 inj.® was intramuscularly injected once into dairy cows with 20 mg (DXS-1, n=8) and 40 mg (DXS-2, n=8) of DXM, respectively. Milk production (MP) of BED-1 and BED-2 significantly decreased during the drug administration and up to 48-hour post-drug treatment. Compared with the MP before drug administration, the MP of DXS-1 and DXL-1 was meaningfully decreased by 36 and 24-hour post-drug administration, respectively, and that in both DXS-2 and DXL-2 significantly decreased until 48-hour post-drug treatment. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the MP temporarily decreased by 48 hours after administration of DXM to dairy cows.

This study compared the immune responses, stress relief and weight gains of needle or needle-free intramuscular and needle-free intradermal vaccination in pigs. When the same amount of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine was administered to pigs, antibody titers at 4 weeks after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination were not significantly different between the needle (IM-S) and needle-free (NM-P250) intramuscularly vaccinated groups, but the weight gain of NM-P250 was significantly increased compared to that of IM-S at 8 weeks after the 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). In addition, serum cortisol concentrations of NM-P250 were considerably decreased compared to those of IM-S on the 5th and 7th day after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). However, the antibody titers of IM-S vaccinated with 2 mL of FMD vaccine were significantly increased compared to those of the needle-free intradermal vaccinated group with 0.5 mL of FMD vaccine at 4 weeks after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). In conclusion, the needle-free intramuscular injection for the FMD vaccination can be chosen for weight gain and stress relief in pigs.

This study examined the overdose toxicity of Super-Neophensan, containing florfenicol and acetaminophen, upon pigs. SNP-3.0 (n=10) was administered at the dosage level of 3 kg/ton feed for 7 consecutive days, which is 3 times the recommended dose based on the guidelines of the manufacturer, and the control group (CON) (n=10) was administered the normal diet without the drug. The body weight, weight gain and feed efficiency in SNP-3.0 treated with the drug for 14 days post-administration showed no significant differences compared with those in CON. In hematological and blood biochemical analyses, all parameters were not affected by over-dosage of the drug. In the same way, there were no significant differences between SNP-3.0 and CON on markers for liver and kidney functions. As no adverse effects were observed with the drug in an overdose oral toxicity test, this study suggests that the drug was identified as a safe agent in pigs administered with three times the recommended dose.

A study of the tissue depletion of florfenicol (FFC) administered orally to pigs at a dose of 0.05 kg/ton feed for 7 days was performed. Sixteen healthy cross swine were administered with FFC. Four treated animals were arbitrarily selected to be sacrificed 1, 3 and 5 days after the end of treatment. FFC residue concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet photometric detector at 230 nm. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve for florfenicol amine (FFCa) was > 0.997 and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.012 and 0.040 μg/mL, respectively. Recovery rates in swine edible tissues ranged from 79.1 to 93.5%. In the FFC-treated group, FFC residues at 3 days post-treatment were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in muscle, kidney and fat, and those at 5 days post-administration were below the MRLs in all edible tissues. These results suggest that the withdrawal period of FFC after the drug treatment might be 5 days, which is a sufficient amount of time for reduction of the FFC residues below the MRLs in all edible tissues.

This study evaluated the effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) for the reduction of stress and inflammatory response in calves inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Twenty-five calves were divided into five groups of 5 calves. The negative control (NC) did not receive any vaccination or drug treatment. The positive control (PC), GSH-25, GSH-50 and GSH-100 were intramuscularly injected with GSH at concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg / 10 kg body weight (BW), respectively, for 3 days after FMD vaccination. On day 3, 5 and 7 post-treatment, the serum cortisol and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) levels in GSH-50 and GSH-100 were significantly decreased compared with those in PC (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the serum cortisol and TNF-α levels between GSH-100 and NC 3 and 5 days post-treatment, and between GSH-50, GSH-100, and NC 7 days post-treatment. The results from this study suggest that treatment of 50 mg / 10 kg BW GSH for 3 days is useful for the reduction of stress and inflammatory response caused by FMD vaccination in calves.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) damages vital organs and tissues, frequently leading to death in birds, and causes serious economic losses in the poultry industry. In addition, HPAIV can infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of Clean-Zone®, which contains citric acid, malic acid and phosphoric acid, against avian influenza virus (AIV, H9N2) was investigated. Virucidal efficacy was determined by examining the viability of AIV after contact with the disinfectant in the allantoic membrane of chicken embryos. The disinfectant and AIV were reacted under hard water (HW) and organic matter suspension (OM) condition. AIV was inactivated with 200- and 50-fold dilutions of the disinfectant under HW and OM conditions, respectively. As the disinfectant, Clean-Zone®, has a virucidal efficacy against AIV, it can be used to prevent the spread of animal viral diseases.

본 연구는 소의 가식부위(근육, 신장, 간장, 지방) 중에 서 세팔렉신을 효과적으로 정량분석하기 위한 LC-MS/MS 법을 확립하고 이를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 확립된 LC-MS/MS에 대해 특이성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확도 및 정밀도에 대한 검증을 통하여 유효성을 확인하였다. 표준 용액을 이용하여 검량성을 작성한 결과, r2 > 0.999 이상의 직선성을 나타내었으며, 세팔렉신에 대한 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 2~10과 6~30 μg/kg으로 나타났다. 또한, 회 수율은 83.9~106.8%로 나타났으며, 상대표준편차는 2.3~ 14.8%로 나타나 정확성이 우수하였다. 이는 식품의약품안 전처의 잔류동물용의약품 분석법에서 제시한 기준에 모두 적합한 수준이었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 개발된 LCMS/ MS법은 향후 소의 가식부위 중 세팔렉신을 분석하는데 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infects the cells lining the small intestine of a pig and, causes porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). Owing to its highly infectious nature, PEDV has a substantial economic burden, which results in significant morbidity and mortality in piglets. In this study, the virucidal efficacy of a powder disinfectant containing a phosphate compound against PEDV was investigated. Virucidal efficacy was assessed as the infectivity of PEDV toward Vero cells after exposure of the virus to the disinfectant. PEDV was exposed to the disinfectant in the presence of either hard water (HW) or an organic matter suspension (OM). In the HW condition, PEDV was inactivated by 4-fold dilution of the disinfectant. In the presence of OM, the disinfectant showed virucidal activity with a 2-fold dilution. As the disinfectant possessed virucidal activity against PEDV, it should be an effective reagent for limiting the spread of animal viral diseases.