Corrosion-related challenges remain a significant research topic in developing next-generation Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). To gain a deeper understanding of preventing corrosion in MSRs, previous studies have attempted to improve the corrosion resistance of structural alloys by coating surfaces such as alumina coating. To conduct a corrosion test of coating alloys fully immersed in molten salt, it’s important to ensure that the coating application process is carefully carried out. Ideally, coating all sides of the alloy is necessary to avoid gaps like corners of the alloy, while only applying a one-sided coating alloy can lead to galvanic corrosion with the base metals. Using the droplet shape of eutectic salt applied to only one side of the coating alloy would avoid these problems in conventional corrosion immersion tests, as corrosion would occur solely on the coating surface. Although the droplet method for corrosion tests cannot fully replicate corrosion in the MSRs environment, it offers a valuable tool for comparing and evaluating the corrosion resistance of different coating surfaces of alloys. However, the surface area is important due to the effect of diffusion in the corrosion of alloy in molten salt environments, but it is difficult to unify in the case of droplet tests. Therefore, understanding the droplet-alloy properties and corrosion mechanism is needed to accurately predict and analyze these test systems’ behavior highlighting unity for corrosion tests of different coating surfaces of alloys. To analyze the molten salt droplet behavior on various samples, pelletized eutectic NaCl-MgCl2 was prepared as salt and W-, Mo-coating, and base SS316 as samples. At room temperature, the same mass of pelletized eutectic NaCl-MgCl2 was placed on different samples under an argon atmosphere and heated to a eutectic point of 500°C in a furnace. After every hour, the molten droplets were hardened by rapid cooling at room temperature outside the furnace. The mass loss of salts and the contact area of the samples were measured by mass balance and SEM. The shape, surface area to volume ratio, and evaporation of the droplets of NaCl-MgCl2 per each coating sample and hour were analyzed to identify the optimal mass to equalize the contact coating surface of alloys with salts. Furthermore, We also analyzed whether their results reached saturation of corrosion products through ICP-MS. This will be significant research for the uniformity of the liquid-drop shape corrosion test of the coating sample in molten eutectic salts.

Radioactive wastes, including used nuclear fuel and decommissioning wastes, have been treated using molten salts. Electrochemical sensors are one of the options for in-situ process monitoring using molten salts. However, in order to use electrochemical sensors in molten salt, the surface area must be known. This is because the surface area affects the current of the electrode. Previous studies have used a variety of methods to determine the electrode surface area in molten salts. One method of calculating the electrode surface area is to use the reduction current peak difference between electrodes with known length differences. The method is based on the reduction peak and has the benefit of providing long-term in-situ monitoring of surfaces immersed in molten salt. A number of assumptions have been made regarding this method, including that there is no mass transport by migration or convection; the reaction is reversible and limited by diffusion; the chemical activity of the deposit should be unity; and species should follow linear diffusion. For the purpose of overcoming these limitations, a variety of machine learning algorithms were applied to different voltammogram datasets in order to calculate the surface area. Voltammogram datasets were collected from multiarray electrodes, comprising a multiarray holder, two tungsten rods (1 mm diameter) working electrodes, a quasi-reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The multiarray electrode holder was connected to the auto vertical translator, which uses a servo motor, for changing the height of the rod in the molten salts. To make big and diverse data for training machine learning models, various concentrations of corrosion products (Cr, Fe) and fission products (Eu, Sm) in NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic salts were used as electrolyte; electrolyte temperatures were 500, 525, 550, 575, and 600°C. This study will demonstrate the potential of utilizing machine learning based electrochemical in situ monitoring in molten salt processing.

Molten chloride salts are promising candidates as a coolant for Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) because of their low cost, high specific heat transfer, and thermal energy storage capacity. The NaCl- MgCl2 eutectic salts have enormous latent heat (430 kJ/kg) and financial advantage over other types of molten chloride salt. Despite the promise of the NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic salt, problems associated with structural material corrosion in the MSR system remain. The hygroscopicity of NaCl-MgCl2 and high MSRs operating temperature accelerate corrosion within structural alloys. Especially, MgCl2 reacts with H2O in the eutectic salt to produce HCl and Cl2, which are known to further exacerbate corrosion by the chlorination of structural materials. Therefore, several studies have worked to purify impurities associated with MgCl2, such as H2O. Thermal salt purification of NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic salt is one method that reduces HCl and Cl2 gas generation. However, MgO and MgOHCl are generated as the byproduct of thermal purification through a reaction between MgCl2 and H2O. The corrosion behavior of MgO within structural alloys after thermal treatment is not well known. This paper demonstrates corrosion behavior within structural alloy after thermal treatment at various temperature profiles of the NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic salt. According to the temperature range, MgCl2·H2O are separated at 100~200°C, and MgOHCl and HCl begin to occur at 240°C or higher. Finally, MgOHCl produces MgO and HCl at 500°C or higher temperatures. After thermal treatments, the H2O, MgOHCl, and MgO content were measured by Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) to evaluate significant products causing corrosion. The structural materials were analyzed by the Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and using the mass change method to observe the type of localized corrosion, the corrosion rate, and the corrosion layer thickness. This study is possible in that it can reduce economic costs by reducing the essential use of expensive, high-purity molten salts because it is related to a substantial financial cost problem considering the amount of molten salt used in industrial sites.

Cutting reactor pressure vessels (RPV) into acceptable sizes for waste disposal is a key process in dismantling nuclear power plants. In the case of Kori-1, a remote oxyfuel cutting method has been developed by Doosan Heavy Industry & Construction to dismantle RPVs. Cutting radioactive material, such as RPV, generates a large number of fine and ultrafine particles incorporating radioactive isotopes. To minimize radiological exposure of dismantling workers and workplace surface contamination, understanding the characteristics of radioactive aerosols from the cutting process is crucial. However, there is a paucity of knowledge of the by-products of the cutting process. To overcome the limitations, a mock-up RPV cutting experiment was designed and established to investigate the characteristics of fine and ultrafine particles from the remote cutting process of the RPV at the Nuclear Decommissioning Center of Doosan Heavy Industry & Construction. The aerosol measurement system was composed of a cutting system, purification system, sampling system, and measurement device. The cutting system has a shielding tent and oxyfuel cutting torch and remote cutting robot arm. It was designed to prevent fine particle leakage. The shielding tent acts as a cutting chamber and is connected to the purification system. The purification system operates a pressure difference by generating an airflow which delivers aerosols from the cutting system to the purification system. The sampling system was installed at the center of the pipe which connects the shielding tent and purification system and was carefully designed to achieve isokinetic sampling for unbiased sampling. Sampled aerosols were delivered to the measurement device. A high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor (HR-ELPI+, Dekati) is used to measure the size distribution of inhalable aerosols (Aerodynamic diameter: 6 nm to 10 μm) and to collect size classified aerosols. In this work, the mock-up reactor vessel was cut 3 times to measure the number distribution of fine and ultrafine particles and mass distribution of iron, chromium, nickel, and manganese. The number distribution of aerosols showed the bi-modal distribution; two peaks were positioned at 0.01−0.02 μm and 0.04–0.07 μm respectively. The mass distribution of metal elements showed bi-modal and trimodal distribution. Such results could be criteria for filter selection to be used in the filtration system for the cutting process and fundamental data for internal dose assessment for accidents. Future work includes the investigations relationships between the characteristics of the generated aerosols and physicochemical properties of metal elements.

목적 : 실리콘 하이드로겔렌즈의 베이스커브가 피팅상태와 착용감에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안질환이 없고 콘택트렌즈 착용에 문제가 없는 성인 30명(60안, 평균 나이: 21.9±1.5세)를 대상으로 하였다. 두 종류의 베이스커브(8.5 mm와 9.0 mm)를 가진 실리콘 하이드로겔렌즈를 사용하여 경험적 피팅법은 각막의 약주경선의 곡률반경이 7.8 mm보다 스티프하면 8.5 mm 베이스커브로, 7.8 mm보다 플랫하면 9.0 mm 베이스커브로 결정하였고, 시험렌즈 피팅법은 두 개 베이스커브의 콘택트렌즈를 이중맹검법으로 모두 착용 시킨 후 평가하였다. 콘택트렌즈 착용 후 피팅상태는 렌즈의 중심잡기, 순목 시 렌즈움직임, 래그(lag), 푸쉬업검사(push-up test), 케라토미터 마이어상 관찰 결과로 평가하였고, 자각적 착용감은 Likert 5점 척도 설문 조사를 통해 평가하였다. 결과 : 경험적 피팅법의 경우 전체 대상안의 91.67%에서 적합한 피팅상태를 보였으나, 시험렌즈 피팅법을 통해 두 가지 베이스커브의 피팅상태를 비교하면 스티프한 각막에 9.0 mm 베이스커브가 이상적인 경우가 33.33%, 플랫 한 각막에 8.5 mm 베이스커브가 이상적인 경우도 25%로 나타나, 경험적 피팅법을 통해 이상적인 성공률은 71.67% 을 나타냈고, 시험렌즈 피팅법은 100%의 성공률을 보였다. 베이스커브 별 착용감은 대상자의 63.33%가 베이스커 브에 따라 착용감에 차이를 느끼지 않았지만 8.5 mm에서 3.53점, 9.0 mm에서 2.75점으로 8.5 mm 베이스커브 에 대한 만족도가 유의하게 높았고(t=4.528, p<0.001), 플랫 각막군의 27.78%가 8.5 mm 베이스커브에 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 실리콘 하이드로겔렌즈의 베이스커브 선택에 있어서 각막의 곡률반경만을 고려한 경험적 피팅을 하거나 착용자 착용감에만 의존할 경우 부적합한 상태가 나타날 수 있으므로 시험렌즈 피팅을 통한 피팅상태 평가가 중요할 것으로 사료된다.

The density of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, on greenhouse paprika (Capsicum annuum var. angulosum) were determined by counts of the number of B. tabaci per leaflet in Jinju, Gyeungsangnamdo during 2014. Binomial sampling plans were developed based on the relationship between the mean density per leaf (m) and the proportion of leaf infested with less than T B. tabaci per leaf (PT), according to empirical model (ln(m) = α + β(ln(-ln(1-PT))). T was defined as tally threshold, and set to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (adults) and 1, 3, 5, 7 (pupae) per leaf in this study. Increasing sample size, regardless of tally threshold, had little effects on the precision of the binomial sampling plan. Increasing sample size had little effect on the precision of the estimated mean regardless of tally thresholds. T=1 was chosen as the best tally threshold for estimating densities of B. tabaci adults based on the precision on the model and T=3 was best tally thresholds in B. tabaci pupae. Using the results obtained in the greenhouse, simulated validation of the developed sampling plan by RVSP (Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan) indicated the suitable results.

Local distribution of insect pest population should be changed in near future as well as their host based on climate change scenario. Although well defined insect geographical distribution model is developed and projected its potential establishment in Korea, it has defectiveness without geographical matching of its host, because, in agriculture, insect pest damage is related by host-insect synchrony in time and space. In this study, the possible geographical distributions of two insect species, Corposina sasakii (native species) and light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (possible invasive species), were estimated by CLIMEX simulation under RCP8.5 climate change scenario. Projected farm land suitability of apple trees was obtained from open website of Fruit Research Division, NIHHS, RDA. All the potential geographical distribution maps were overlapped then the spatial synchrony were analyzed by SADIE (spatial analysis with distance indices) , which allows improved interpretation of the spatial synchrony.

파프리카(Capsicum annuum var. angulosum)의 주요해충인 담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci)의 고정 정확도 수준에서 표본조사법(Fixedprecision sampling plan)을 개발하였다. 개발된 표본 조사법은 파프리카 온실의 담배가루이 방제체계 확립을 위해 공간분포분석, 표본추출 정시선 그리고 의사결정법으로 이루어 졌다. 자료 수집은 식물체를 상단(지상으로부터 180-220 cm), 중단(지상으로부터 80-120 cm), 하단(지상으로부터 30-70 cm)로 나누어 각 위치별 3개의 파프리카 잎에서 담배가루이 성충, 번데기를 관찰하고 그 총 수를 기록하였다. 담배가루이 성충은 식물체의 상부에서 움직이고 신초에 주로 산란하며 일정부분이 하단으로 내려오기 때문에 상단과 하단에 많이 분포하였으며, 번데기의 경우 상부에 알을 낳았지만 식물체가 크면서 알을 낳은 잎이 아랫부분이 되고 부화한 유충은 잎 뒤에 고착 상태로 우화까지 움직임이 거의 없기 때문에 중단과 하단에서 많이 분포하였다. 공간분포분석은 Taylor’s power law (TPL)를 이용하였으며, TPL계수의 차이를 공분산분석(ANCOVA)하여 차이가 없는 경우 자료를 통합하여 계산된 새 TPL 상수값을 이용하여 표본추출 정시선을 구하였다. 그리고 담배가루이 성충과 번데기의 방제밀도수준을 2.0마리와 10.0마리로 설정하여 방제의사를 결정하였다. 마지막으로 분석에 사용하지 않은 독립된 자료를 이용하여 개발된 표본추출법의 유효성을 Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan (RVSP) 프로그램으로 평가한 결과 적합한 정확도를 보였다.

A fixed-precision level sampling plan was developed for Bemisia tabaci in paprika greenhouses. A sampling plan consisted spatial distribution analysis, sampling stop line and decision making in order to establish B. tabaci control in paprika greenhouses. Sampling was conducted in two independent greenhouses at same time (GH 1, GH 2). The GH 1 and 2 were surveyed every week for 22 consecutive weeks, sampling locations of each greenhouse were 19 for GH 1, 9 for GH 2, respectively. The plants in the both greenhouse were divided top (200cm from the ground), middle (100cm from the ground), bottom (50cm from the ground) and observed B.tabaci’s adults and B.tabaci’s pupae in three paprika leaves at each position and recorded separately. GH 2 data was used to validate of fixed-precision sampling plan which developed by GH 1 data. In this study, spatial distribution analysis was evaluated using Taylor’s power law with the pooled data of the top and bottom (B.tabaci’s adults), the middle and bottom (B.tabaci’s pupae) in a 1-leaf sampling unit. Decision making is evaluated by maximum & minimum of action threshold according to the condition from several reference, and the value decided by the price of the plants. Using the results obtained in greenhouse, result simulated validation of developed sampling plan by RVSP(Resampling Validation for Sampling Plan) was showed reasonable precision level.

The establishment of insect population in certain region is affected by three major characteristics, the host spectrum, the phenological plasticity and the overwintering strategy. The geographical distribution of insect population is directly affected by their successful establishment in local environment, thus, in case of development of potential geographical distribution models, three major characteristics should be considered carefully. In this study, we developed geographical distribution model using CLIMEX system with well-known insect species, Carposina sasakii. Its geographical distribution is limited to northeast Asia including Korea, Japan, China and the Soviet Far East. C. sasakii overwinters as a full-grown larva within spherical and compactly woven larval-cocoons in the soil. We calculated Diapause Index (DI) then incorporated DI into CLIMEX system to simulate Ecoclimatic Index (EI), which stands for ability of establishment in a certain area for further studies of geographical distribution of insect populations which have overwintering strategy in their life history.

Model systems, if applied appropriately, give useful and rapid predictions of the potential distribution and population dynamics of the target species. Insect populations are poikilothermal animal and readily applied to model systems in several ways. Classical insect population models are focused on management purposes, for example, prediction of first occurrence period after cold weather season. Insect populations are distributed neither uniformly nor at random, or they are aggregated in patches, or they form gradients of other kinds of spatial structures which are closely related to their natural resources. Thus, developing insect population models should be considered not only with their physiological development and/or occurrence but also with their spatial distributions including their hosts. In this study, we discuss spatial distribution model of insect population with their host in order to future climate change scenario in Korea.

호열성 미생물을 검토하기 위하여 전국 각지로부터 토양과 두엄을 채취하여 그로부터 호열성 미생물을 분리하였다. 토양과 두엄으로부터 분리된 호열성 미생물 1250여 균주를 선별하였고, 이들을 대상으로 미생물이 생산하는 효소활성을 검토하여 호열성 전분 분해 효소를 생산하는 1주의 미생물을 확인하였다. 확인된 1주의 미생물을 strain 2719라 명명하였다. Strain 2719 균주는 형태학적으로 gram 양성 간균의 특징을 나타냈고, 균주의 표면은 매끄럽지 않았으며, 비교적 다양한 길이를 가지고 있었다. 또한 다른 gram 양성 간균들에 비해서 많은 수의 균사들이 각 균주들 사이에 복잡하게 얽혀있었다. 생화학적 특성을 확인한 결과 catalase 양성, glucose 발효, arabinose 발효, mannitol 발효, casein·gelatin·starch 가수분해의 특징을 가지고 있었으며, 이는 Bacillus sp.로 추정되었다. 생육 pH의 범위는 pH 6-pH 8 범위에서 생육이 가능했으며, 생육 온도의 범위는 50-70oC였다. 16S rDNA sequence 분석결과 Bacillus thermoglucosidasius의 16S rDNA와 99.52%가 일치하였으나, sequence의 일부분이 다른 부분이 있고, 생육 특성에서 약간의 차이를 보였다. 또한 gene bank에 등록되어 있는 균주들의 16S rDNA sequence들과 비교하여도 일치하는 균주는 확인되지 않았다. 이와 같은 실험결과에 따라 2719 균주는 기존에 발표되지는 않았으나, Bacillus thermoglucosidasius와 매우 유사한 균주로 판단되어 Bacillus thermoglucosidasius 2719로 명명하였다.