중국 랴오닝성 조양시 카좌지역은 자사문화가 농후하고 역사가 유구하며 풍부한 자사광물자원과 심원한 자사역사를 갖고있으며 북방 자사의 대표이기도 하다. 현지의 지역문화는 당대 자사기물의 조형에 중요한 영향을 주었으며 카좌지역의 자사공 예대사는 현지의 우수한 문화유물을 계승한 기초에서 자사기물의 조형면에서 이론과 실천상의 끊임없는 탐색을 하였다. 이것은 오랜 제작공예와 현대조형예술이 완벽하게 결합되여 카좌 지방특색을 띤 자사기물조형을 형성하였다. 비록 카좌자사산업의 발전은 비교적 늦었지만 그 자사산업의 기원은 일찍 홍산문화시기로 거슬러올라갈수 있다. 유구한 역사적배경으로 하여 카좌자사기물의 조형은 일정한 연구가치가 있다. 전체 문장은 주로 두개 방면으로 논술하였다. 제1 부분에서는 카좌지역의 각 시기 자사의 발전배경에 대해 간략하게 소개한다. 제2 부분은 카좌 현지 문화유물이 카좌자사 기물의 조 형에 준 영향을 주요내용으로 한다. 각 시기 당지의 문화유물 을 주요원소로 하여 당대의 카좌자사기물조형에서 응용한 과정을 분석하여 카좌지역의 대표성을 띤 자사기물조형을 형성하였다. 또한 문물의 역사와 조형 방면에 대해 개술하고 조형요소를 응용한 자사기물이 대표하는 의의와 존재가치에 대해 깊이 있는 분석을 진행하였다. 그리고 몽골족을 주체로 한 현지 민족문화가 카좌자사 기물조형에 준 영향을 분석하였으며 몽골족 특유의 옷고름 장식, 민족악기, 건축풍격 등 조형요소를 카좌 당대의 자사기물 조형에 응용하였다. 이는 카좌자사공예의 전시일뿐만아니라 몽골족의 민족특색을 전승하는 중요한 담체로서 자사공예와 민족문화가 완벽하게 융합되었다.

To meet the increased performance and cost requirements of commercial supercapacitor, a N and O self-doped hierarchical porous carbon is fabricated via a green and simple self-activation route utilizing leaves of wild hollyhock as raw materials. Comparing to commercial activated carbon, the reported material exhibits some marked merits, such as simple and green fabrication process, low cost, and superior capacitance performance. The specific surface area of the obtained N and O codoped hierarchical porous carbon arrives 954 m2 g−1, and the content of the self-doped nitrogen and oxygen reaches 2.64 at.% and 7.38 at.%, respectively. The specific capacitance of the obtained material reaches 226 F g− 1 while the specific capacitance of the symmetric supercapacitor arrives 47.3 F g− 1. Meanwhile, more than 90.3% of initial specific capacitance is kept under a current density of 20 A g− 1, and no arresting degradation is observed for capacitance after 5000 times cycle, perfectly demonstrating the excellent cycle and rate capability of the obtained material. The obtained N and O co-doped hierarchical porous carbon are expected to be an ideal substitution for commercial activated carbon.

Environmental issues, especially water and air pollution, are harmful results from an overconsumption of fossil fuels as well as various industrial sewage water discharge. Nowadays, environment friendly purchasing behaviour of consumers has been regarded as an effective method for alleviating environmental problems. Due to concerns about the natural environment, consumers show favourable attitude towards environment friendly products, and as a result, are more likely to purchase green products. However, consumers’ green purchasing behaviour varies across nations and cultures. This study aims to reveal how the endorsement of cultural values influences the green purchasing behaviour of Chinese consumers. As consumers’ lifestyle is deeply rooted in culture values, this study examines the mediating effects of four different dimensions of lifestyle. Meanwhile, environmental knowledge is considered as a moderating variable in order to investigate the relationship between cultural values and green purchasing intention. Data is collected from Chinese consumers. Empirical results reveal that the Chinese cultural values (specifically, the Doctrine of the Mean) is positively associated with green purchasing intention, while leadership and development consciousness play mediating roles. The moderating effects of environmental knowledge are found in the influence of leadership as well as development consciousness on green purchasing intention. The findings of this study have academic contributions and practical implications. Manufacturers and retailers can effectively adapt marketing strategies to cultural peculiarities to increase profitability and competitiveness.

There is much evidence in literature supporting the advantageous benefits resulted from corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006). Among others, consumers’ favorable reactions (e.g., enhanced produce evaluation, purchase intention, brand attitude and relationship) (Brown and Dacin 1997; Klein and Dawar 2004) were widely documented. Importantly, consumers tend to use their perceptions on a company’s CSR performance to infer the characteristics of relevant persons (e.g., self and other consumers) due to the meaning-transferring mechanism (Currás-Pérez et al., 2009; Yoon et al., 2006). Although literature suggests that people do good things in order to feel themselves in a positive light, there is a lack of explicit discussion on the impact of consumers’ participation in CSR programs on their perceptions of self. This is an important issue for designing effective CSR programs which can enhance consumer feelings as well. To bridge the academic gap, this research is aimed to address this question. As brands can be viewed as extended self and brand associations can be transferred into self-definition, good associations related with CSR practices will enhance consumers’ self-perceptions and self-esteem once they engage in CSR-related consumptions. However, many company-specific factors (e.g., product quality) and individual specific factors (e.g., CSR support and beliefs) will vary consumers’ responses to CSR efforts (Sen and Bhattacharya 2001). Similarly, CSR’s impact on self-perceptions may be moderated by significant factors. One of the most important determinants underlying differential customer response to CSR is consumers’ attribution of corporate motives. Consumers may attribute a company’s motivation for engaging in CSR simply as self-serving (e.g., high profit) or other-serving (e.g., engagement in social causes) (Becker-Olsen et al. 2006; Yoon et al. 2006), or further differentiate self-serving motives into strategic and egoistic ones and other-serving motives into value-driven and stakeholders-driven ones (Ellen et al., 2006). We examine the effect of self-serving motive vs. other-serving motive on the linkage of CSR and consumers’ self-perceptions and self-esteem in this research. Further we predict that the relevance of a CSR program with an individual consumer (i.e., self-CSR relevance) interacts with specific corporate motives in enhancing the CSR’s effect on consumers’ self-perceptions and self-esteem. A pilot study was first conducted to examine how CSR performance influences consumers’ perceptions (as well as consumers’ believes on their reference group’s perceptions) on a company’s typical customers’ image and then their purchase intention. In this study, we let respondents play judgers’ role and ask them about the relation of CSR and others’ image. A paper-and-pencil survey on university students was conducted. Three hundred and twenty one copies of questionnaires are sent out and collected in total. After deleting the incomplete ones, 302 valid data points constitute the final sample. The number of female and male respondents is comparable (Male: 49%) with average age of 21.4 year-old. We tested the hypothesized relations through structure equation modeling following Anderson and Gerbing’s (1988) two-step approach. The measurement model has good convergent and discrimiant validity. The structural model testing results indicate that CSR has significant positive impact on people’s perceptions on the image of a company’s typical customers (r=.227, P<.001) and on beliefs of reference group’s perceptions on the image of a company’s typical customers (r=.234, P<.001), which subsequently enhance purchase intention (r=.607, P<.001; r=.149, P<.01). As such, the hypothesized relations are supported. Although consumers’ perceptions on others rather than self-perceptions and self-esteem are investigated in this study, findings provide preliminary support on the notion that a company’s CSR behaviors will be used as significant information to evaluate relevant persons (here are typical customers). In the main experiment study, we ask subjects play actors’ role and further examine the connection of CSR and self-perceptions. Results indicate a significant interactive effect between corporate motive and self-relevance. High self-relevance enlarges the difference of self-evaluations after participation in self-entered CSR programs vs. participation in other-centered CSR programs. This study explicitly examines the impact of consumer participation in CSR-related program on consumer self-perceptions and self-esteem. The findings deepen our understanding on the impact of corporate CSR initiatives on consumer responses, particularly the impact on consumer self-perceptions. It provides important implications for management to provide more effective CSR programs with consumers’ welfare considered.

SRAP (Sequence-related amplified polymorphism) and ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeat) molecualr markers were used to evaluate the levels and patterns of genetic diversity among 45 collections of orchardgrass from four continents. Twenty-one primer combinations were used and 480 bands were produced in SRAP, of which 405(84.38%) were polymorphic. On the other hand, twelve primers were used to generate a total of 116 bands in ISSR, of which 116(87.07%) were polymorphic. The coefficient range of genetic similarity was 0.6248-0.9686 and 0.6116-0.9231 respectively. Based on cluster and principal component analysis on the genetic characteristics, all collections could be divided into four groups and five groups in two markers, respectively. According to the analysis of genetic diversity and relationships, the appropriate strategies for collection and conservation of germplasm resources also were discussed and scientific breeding with far genetic relationship materials in orchardgrass were suggested.

Micro-porous nickel (Ni) with an open cell structure was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The pore size of the micro-porous Ni approximated and . For comparison, porous Ni with a macro-porous structure were also prepared by both powder metallurgy (pore size ) and the traditional chemical vapour deposition method (pore size ). The mechanical properties of the micro-and macro-porous Ni samples were evaluated using compressive tests. Results indicate that the micro-porous Ni samples exhibited significantly enhanced mechanical properties, compared to those of the macro-porous Ni samples.

The long quasi-periodic (several tens of seconds) pulsations were observed at. short decimetric wavelength (1.42 and 2.00 GHz). Here, we introduce the features (about bandwidth, periodicity, amplitude and relative amplitude) of these pulsations, then give the discussion about them.