This study developed conductive inks composed of carbon black (CB) and silver nanowires (Ag NWs) for cost-effective screen-printing on fabrics. The Ag NW density within the CB matrix was precisely controlled, achieving tunable electrical conductivity with minimal Ag NW usage. The resulting inks were successfully patterned into shapes such as square grids and circles on textile surfaces, demonstrating excellent conductivity and fidelity. Adding 19.9 wt% Ag NWs reduced sheet resistance by ~92% compared to CB-only inks, highlighting the effectiveness and potential of this hybrid approach for cost-effective, high-performance textile-based electronics. The one-dimensional morphology of Ag NWs facilitated the formation of conductive percolation networks, creating efficient electron pathways within the CB matrix even at low loadings. This work advances the field of CB-based conductive inks and provides a scalable and practical method for producing functional, patterned electronic textiles.

In this study, laser-induced graphene oxide (LIGO) was synthesized through a facile liquid-based process involving the introduction of deionized (DI) water onto polyimide (PI) film and subsequent direct laser irradiation using a CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 μm). The synthesized LIGO was then evaluated as a sensing material for monitoring changes in humidity levels. The synthesis conditions were optimized by precisely controlling the laser scribing speed, leading to the synthesis of LIGO with different structural characteristics and varying oxygen contents. The increased number of oxygen-containing functional groups contributed to the hydrophilic properties of LIGO, resulting in a superior humidity sensing capabilities compared with laser-induced graphene (LIG). The LIGO-based sensors outperformed LIG-based sensors, demonstrating approximately tenfold higher sensing responsivity when detecting changes at each humidity level, along with 1.25 to 1.75 times faster response/recovery times, making LIGO-based sensors more promising for humidity-monitoring applications. This study demonstrated laser ablation in a renewable and natural precursor as an eco-friendly and energy-efficient approach to directly synthesize LIGO with controllable oxidation levels.

Recently, it is demonstrate that the invertebrates have a immune memory, called Immune priming (IP). It was partially studied that the IP is mainly regulated by epigenetic modification. Here, to understand the IP on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production, we investigated larval mortality and time-dependent expression patterns of AMP genes in T. molitor larvae challenged with E. coli (two-times injection with a one-month interval). Interestingly, the results indicate that the higher and faster expression levels of most AMP genes were detected compared to the non-primed T. molitor larvae. Our results may used to improve the understanding of mechanisms of invertebrate immune memory.

Pellino, a highly conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase, is known to mediate ubiquitination of phosphorylated Interleukin-1 receptor-related kinase (IRAK) homologs in Toll signaling pathway. To understand the immunological function of TmPellino, we screened the knockdown efficiency of TmPellino by injecting TmPellino-specific dsRNA into T. molitor larvae. Subsequently, we investigated the larval mortality and the tissue-specific expression patterns of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes against microbial challenges. Interestingly, the results indicate that the expression of many AMP genes was upregulated in the Malpighian tubules of TmPellino-silenced T. molitor larvae. This study may provide basic information to understand how Tmpellino regulates AMPs production in T. molitor.

Tube, an intracellular protein of the Toll-pathway, forms a complex with Pelle and MyD88, and regulates a signal transduction to activate NF-κB in Drosophila. To understand the antimicrobial function of TmTube, the induction patterns of TmTube were investigated at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h-post injection of pathogens into 10th to 12th instar larvae. In addition, we investigated the effects of TmTube RNAi on larval mortality and tissue specific AMP expression in response to microbial challenge. Our results will provide a basic information to elucidate the immunological function of TmTube

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) is known to regulate antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production in mammals. Here, to understand the immunological function of TmTRAF against microbial challenge, the induction patterns of TmTRAF against microbial infection was investigated by qRT-PCR in the whole-body and tissue of young larvae. In addition, the effects of TmTRAF RNAi on larval mortality and expression of 15 AMP genes in response to microbial infection were investigated. Our studies may help to understand the basic role of AMP production.

Pelle, a serine/threonine kinase, is an intracellular component of the Toll pathway and is involved in antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production due to pathogenic infection. It is known that the Pelle phosphorylates Cactus and activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in Drosophila, but it is not studied in Tenebrio molitor. In this study we investigated the tissue-specific expression patterns of the Pelle following pathogenic infection at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours. Additionally, larval mortality and AMP expression against microbial injection were investigated in dsPelle-treated T. molitor larvae. Our results may help to understand the antimicrobial function of TmPelle.

In insects, the glutathione S-transferase is initiated in both the detoxification process and the protection of cellular membranes against oxidative damage. In this study, we identified the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of GST-iso1 and 2 from Tenebrio molitor (TmGST-iso1 and 2). To investigate the expression patterrns of TmGST-iso1 and 2 in response to herbicide, 0.06, 0.6, and 6 ㎍/㎕ of butachlor (FarmHannong, Seoul, South Korea) was challenged into T. molitor larvae, resulting that the TmGST-iso1 were highly induced at 3 and 24 h-post injection. Whereas, the highest expression of TmGST-iso2 was detected at 24 h after treatment. This study may contribute to basic information about the detoxifying activities of T. molitor.

It is well known that the JNK pathway regulates AMP production against pathogenic infection in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Tenebrio molitor hep (Tmhep) is an homolog of MAP kinase kinase in mammals. Here, we investigate the immunological function of Tmhep in responses in microbial infection using RNA interference technology. The results showed that silencing of Tmhep increased the larval mortality against microbial challenge, as well as reduced AMP production compared to the control group (dsEGFP-treated group). Conclusively, Tmhep plays an critical role in antimicrobial defense in T. molitor larvae.

Porous carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes for supercapacitors were prepared by using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and cucurbituril (CB), which is a macrocyclic compound comprising glycoluril units containing hollow cores. Mixture of PAN and CB in dimethyl sulfoxide was electrospun, and thermally treated to produce CNF electrodes. Their thermal stability, surface morphology, carbon microstructures, and surface porosity were investigated. Electrochemical properties were measured using three-electrode with synthesized CNFs without further treatment as a working electrode and 1 M Na2SO4 as an electrolyte. CNFs derived from PAN and CB exhibited a high specific capacitance of 183.5 F g− 1 and an energy density of 25.4 Wh kg− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1 with stable cyclic stability during 1000 cycles, which is significantly higher than those for CNFs derived from PAN only. This demonstrated that the introduction of CB successfully improved the energy storage performance of CNF electrodes.

부추속은 수선화과에 속하며 약 1000여종에 이른다. 좀부 추는 자생 부추속에 속하며 식용이 가능하고 크기가 작아 분 화식물로 적합하다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 좀부추를 분화 소재 로서 개발하기 위하여 식물의 측지성장을 촉진하고 꽃의 품질 을 향상시키기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 좀부추의 구근 을 생장조절제(GA3, BA, 에테폰, TDZ)에 다른 시간(1, 5시 간)동안 침지처리했을 때 식물의 생장과 꽃에 어떤 영향을 주 는지 조사하였다. GA3 처리구는 엽수와 자구의 수가 증가해 증식을 촉진시키는 효과가 있었다. 게다가 GA3는 화수의 증 가와 조기개화를 유도했다. 그러나 엽폭과 화경의 폭은 감소 하였다. 에테폰은 좀부추의 초장과 초폭에서 영향을 주지 않 았으나 1h에서 자구의 수가 증가하였다. 에테폰은 화서 발생 을 억제하여 화경의 수가 감소하였다. BA는 식물의 생장과 개 화 특성에 유의적인 영향을 보이지 않았다. TDZ처리한 식물 은 왜화되고 생육상태가 불량하였으며, 식물을 고사시켰다.

양돈산업은 돼지고기 내 웅취발생 예방을 위한 방법으 로 수컷 자돈에게 물리적 거세를 관행적으로 실시해왔다. 그러나 동물복지에 대한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 일부 국가 들에서는 고통 최소화 물리적 거세법 권장 또는 대체 방 법에 대해 연구를 수행하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 비거세돈(EM; entire male pigs) 및 거세돈(CM; castrated male pigs)에서 이눌린의 급여가 지방조직 내 웅취물질 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 시험동물 은 총 26두의 3원 교잡돈(EM, n=18; CM, n=8)을 사용하 였다. 시험 처리구는 3% 이눌린의 급여와 비급여를 설정 하여 총 4개 처리구(EM0, EM3, CM0 및 CM3)로 구성하 였다. 웅취분석을 위해 지방조직은 등지방, 목지방 및 삼 겹지방을 수집하였다. 등지방 내 인돌 농도는 EM0에 비 해 CM3에서 감소하였고(p<0.05) 목지방 및 삼겹지방에서 는 처리구간 차이가 없었다. 지방조직 내 평균 인돌 농도 는 EM0에 비해 EM3, CM0 및 CM3에서 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 등지방 내 스카톨 농도는 CM0, CM3에서 EM0 보다 감소하였다(p<0.05). 또한, 목지방 내 스카톨 농도 및 지방조직 내 평균 스카톨 농도는 CM3에서 EM0과 EM3 보다 감소가 확인되었다(p<0.05). 그러나 안드로스테논 농 도는 분석된 지방조직들 모두에서 처리구간 통계적인 차 이가 없다. 이러한 결과들은 이눌린 급여에 의해 비거세 돈의 지방 내 웅취물질 저감에 부분적인 효과를 나타냈 을 뿐만 아니라 거세돈에서도 웅취물질 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤음을 시사한다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 물리적 인 거세가 전면 금지된다면 동물복지형 사양관리 기술개 발의 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 관상가치가 있는 자생 참두메부추와 갯부추를 절화소재로 이용하고자 수행되었다. 실험은 절화가 수확된 직후, gibberellic acid(GA3) 50, 75, 100mg·L-1, silver thiosulfate(STS) 0.1, 0.3, 0.5mM, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate(8-HQS) 25, 50, 100mg·L-1, 그리고 시중에 판매되 고 있는 Chrysal 8mL·L-1, Floralife 10mL·L-1의 보존용액 에 처리되었다. 참두메부추의 절화수명 연장에는 Chrysal 보 존용액 처리가 가장 효과적이었으며 다음으로 75mg·L-1 GA3 처리가 효과적이었다. 한편 8-HQS와 STS는 참두메부추의 절화수명을 단축하고 줄기가 갈변하는 등의 부정적인 영향을 끼쳤다. Chrysal과 더불어 Floralife 보존용액 처리는 절화 참두메부추의 상대 생체중변화율을 높이는데 효과가 있었다. 반면 갯부추는 100mg·L-1 GA3 처리에서 절화수명이 유일하 게 7일까지 연장되었다. GA3 보존용액 처리를 제외한 다른 처리에서 갯부추의 절화수명은 증류수인 대조구보다 비슷하 거나 약간 높은 수준이었다. 절화 갯부추의 수분흡수율은 실 험 초반 100mg·L-1 8-HQS 처리에서, 상대 생체중변화율은 Chrysal 보존용액 처리에서 가장 높게 조사되었으나 두 처 리 모두 절화수명이 유의하게 연장되지 않았다. 갯부추는 100mg·L-1 GA3 처리에서 절화수명을 비롯한 절화품질이 가 장 우수하였다.