The present study describes Philodromus paiki sp. nov., which was previously misidentified as P. fuscomarginatus (De Geer, 1778), P. poecilus (Thorell, 1872), and P. spinitarsis Simon, 1895 in Korea, as a new species with diagnosis, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs. Additionally, P. spinitarsis is also described to correct previous misidentifications of Korean records of the species.

A male Spheropistha melanosoma Yaginuma, 1957 from Korea in the family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 is described with measurements and morphological photos of the diagnostic characteristics. This species was collected with a sweep net around arable lands in a mountainous mixed forest during the investigation of spider fauna on Ulleungdo Island in 2019.

Two species of the genus Oxytate L. Koch, 1878 have been recorded in Korea to date. The spider fauna was surveyed in the mountainous terrain of Mt. Hallasan National Park in 2019. A female of Oxytate lobia sp. nov. was collected with a sweep net between shrubs in mixed forests during a seasonal spider survey and is described with measurements, morphological illustrations, and a diagnosis. The new species can be easily distinguished from similar species within the genus by the long copulatory duct conjugated with a spermatheca, a pair of triangular pits at the bottom, and no ditches.

Two linyphiid spiders, Saitonia kawaguchikonis Saito & Ono, 2001 and Asthenargus niphonius Saito & Ono, 2001 were confirmed from Korea for the first time. Males of S. kawaguchikonis and a female of A. niphonius were collected with pitfall traps in a leaf litter of mixed forests in three National Parks (Hallyeohaesang National Park, Mt. Naejangsan, and Mt. Sobaeksan) during the seasonal surveys for the spider fauna in mountainous terrain from 2018 to 2020. These two species were formerly known from China and Japan, or only from Japan, respectively. The present study describes these two species with measurements, morphological illustrations, and a distribution map. This report adds the genus Asthenargus Simon & Fage, 1922 from Korea to the Korean spider fauna for the first time.

The spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an economically damaging pest that feeds on most thin-skinned fruits. In this study, we sequenced portions of the mitochondrial (mt) COI and ND4 genes from a total of 195 individuals collected mainly from Korea. A total of 139 haplotypes were obtained from the concatenated COI and ND4 sequences. A dataset combining GenBank sequences with our own data identified a total of 94 worldwide COI haplotypes with a maximum sequence divergence of 5.433% (32 bp). A rough estimate of genetic diversity in each country showed higher diversity in ancestral distributional ranges, but the invasion over Asian countries seems to have been substantial because haplotype diversity was only 2.35-3.97-fold lower in the USA, Canada, and Italy than that in the populations ancestral ranges.

In order to understand evolutionary characteristics of gene rearrangement in Lepidoptera, we collected all available complete mitogenome (mitogenome) sequences registered in GenBank (274 mitogenomes from 44 families in 23 superfamilies as of August 6, 2015). It turned up six rearrangements that differ from the arrangement of ancestral insects, including that of the gelechioid Mesophleps albilinella that we sequenced in this study. The M. albilinella mitogenome has a unique gene arrangement among the Gelechioidea: ARNESF (the underline signifies an inverted gene) at the ND3 and ND5 junction, as opposed to the ARNSEF that is found in ancestral insects. Most of the rearrangements can be explained by the tandem duplication-random loss model, but inversion, which requires recombination, is also found in two cases, including M. albilinella. Excluding the MIQ rearrangement at the A+T-rich region and ND2 junction, which is found in nearly all Ditrysia, most of the remaining rearrangements found in Lepidoptera appear to be independently derived in that they are automorphic at several taxonomic scales. Current mitogenomic data are limited, particularly for congeneric data. Thus, future research focused on congenerics could clarify evolutionary independency at the generic level also.

The Gelechioidea is the second most species-rich group of Lepidoptera, but only limited number of mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences is available. Thus, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of a gelechioid Hieromantis kurokoi (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) to use the data for future study for the higher phylogeny of Ditrysia in Lepidoptera. The arrangement of the genome was identical to typical one found in Ditrysia (trnM-trnI-trnQ) (underline for inverted gene). The COI began with CGA, which has been designated as the start codon for majority of lepidopteran species, whereas other protein-coding genes (PCGs) began with the typical ATN codon. The 360-bp long A+T-rich region harbored the conserved sequence blocks Phylogenetic analysis using the 13 PCGs both by Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum-likelihood (ML) methods indicated that H. kurokoi belonging to the family Stathmopodidae grouped together with within-familial species Atrijuglans hetaohei with the highest nodal support (BI, 1.0; ML, 100%).

The purpose of this study was designed to identify the health care condition aggressively to urban and semi-urban seniors and to inform the importance of prevention prior to treatment for better old age. A total of 200 seniors who were over the age of 65 and lived specific area of Seoul and Daeboo-island Ansan-city, from 7 September to 4 October 2012, and used self-developed questionnaire. The result of relevance analysis for oral health care demands shows that seniors from Ansan-city had higher dental prosthesis demands(the average 4.43) than seniors from Seoul(3.96) and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.01). Analysis of the correlation between items represented positive(+) relation in all items and same age distribution. Dental prosthesis has high correlation in every items, but fluorine treatment has low correlation relatively. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was slightly high, R=0.356(35.6%). However daily activity, oral heath care and anxiety times showed statistical significances. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between urban area and semi-urban area. Therefore, authorities need to offer oral health education.

Spider community was surveyed at Nakdonggang River which is the longest river (525 km and 23,384 km2) located East-south part of Korea. Nakdonggang river is developing for water management and environmental conservation including restoration of river ecosystem under “The Four-River Restoration Project”. Sampling was made 3 occasions from June to August in 2009. Eight survey sites were selected from both sides of river in Andong, Sangju, Gumi and Seongju prefectures. Spiders were collected with sweep net for on the plants above ground and pitfall traps for on the ground. A total of 94 species of 71 genera in 24 families were identified from 805 collected spiders. Species richness was high in Salticidae (18 species, 19.1%), Araneidae (12 species, 12.8%), Lycosidae (9 species, 9.6%) in order. Wandering spiders (55 species occupied 58.5%, 493 individuals occupied 61.2%) were higher than webbing spiders (39 species occupied 41.5%, 493 individuals occupied 61.2%) in species richness and abundance. Dominant species were Tetragnatha praedonia (Tetragnathidae) and Neoscona adianta (Araneidae) in webbing spiders, and Anahita fauna (Ctenidae), Pirata procurvus (Lycosidae) and Gnaphosa kompirensis (Gnaphosidae) in wandering spiders with abundance. Collectively, most spiders collected from this study were water preferring spiders and showed different community structure compared to other reports from terrestrial spider fauna. Present result will bevaluable to compare the effect of development on the arthropod fauna after completion of the project.

This study was conducted to estimate the control thresholds (CTs) at different larval densities of Oides decempunctatus Billberg (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Campbell early in the vineyard and investigated life cycle. Each stage of O. decempunctatus was sampled 18 times from May to September in 2010~2012. The seasonal occurrence of O. decempunctatus showed the highest peak in mid-late June and mid-late August. Overwintered O. decempunctatus's eggs were hatched from late May to early June. Larva period was from late May to mid July and adults appeared in mid July. The percentage of leaf damage (Y) of Campbell early inoculated by different densities of O. decempunctatus (X, no. of larvae/fruiting mother branch) for six weeks was estimated by Y= 0.498X+2.041 (R2=0.988) during vegetation period. The decreasing rate of soluble solid (Y) after grape harvest of Campbell early damaged by different densities of O. decempunctatus (X) was estimated by Y= - 0.046X+15.3 (R2=0.8543). Based of the relationships between the densities of O. decempunctatus larvae and the index of reducing soluble solid of Campbell early, the number of larvae (2nd to 3rd instar) which decreased less than 15°Bx loss of soluble solid was determined as the injury level of 7/fruiting mother branch.

Saliva from the oral cavity was collected from 129 patients with periodontitis and 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were isolated from these samples. The S. aureus isolates were tested for their resistance patterns against 15 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. The percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to ampicillin was the highest (92.6%). In addition, the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to penicillin, oxacillin, cefotetan, cefepime and erythromycin was 90.7%, 11.1%, 11.1%, 9.3% and 5.6%, respectively. However, S. aureus isolates were susceptible to gentamycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin. 96.3% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to antibiotics. Among them, the percentage of two antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 74.1%, the percentage of one antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 5.6%, the percentage of three antibiotic-resistant S. aureus isolates was 3.7% and the percentage of S. aureus isolates resistant to more than 4 antibiotics was 13%. The most common multiple antimicrobial resistance pattern was AM-P. Furthermore, the percentage of methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates was 11.1% and they were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics.

The dental infections have been increased due to the widespread overuse and exposure to antibiotics. One of the well-known pathogens is S. aureus The pathogenic properties of S. aureus is associated with the virulence gene. The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution of virulence gene of S. aureus which may contribute to the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. 54 strains of S. aureus were separated from saliva taken from 129 outpatients diagnosed with periodontitis from Jun. to Dec., 2010 in Seoul. 44 (46.6%) and 13 (31.7%) strains of them were obtained from 88 and 41 outpatients from the S and E dental clinics, respectively. Then, the distribution of virulence gene and genetic diversity were analyzed with the PCR technique. The result of the S. aureus isolates possessed coagulase gene and showed six polymorphism types 390~470 bp (1.8%), 550~633 bp (3.7%), 630~714 bp (9.3%), 715~795 bp (20.4%), 796~876 bp (40.7%) and 877~957 bp(22.2%) due to variable numbers of tandem repeats present within the gene. In this study it will be anticipated that this study can contribute to establish efficiently the countermeasure about the prevention and treatment of antibiotic bacterial infections.

운간초의 분화 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 ‘Kumoma’ 와 ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 두 품종의 생장과 개화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 식물생장억제제 (PGRs) 4종을 처리 하였다. 식물생장억제제 종류와 처리농도는 paclobutrazol (10, 20, 40, 80 mg·L-1), flurprimidol (5, 10, 20, 40mg·L-1), daminozide (500, 1000, 2000, 4000mg·L-1), chlormequat (50, 100, 200, 400 mg·L-1)이고 엽면살포 와 토양관주 방법으로 처리하였다. Paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 처리는 운간초의 두 품종에서 초장과 화경 장을 줄이는데 효과적이었다. ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서, paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 엽면살포와 토양관주 처리방 법은 초장을 각각 12.6, 12.5 cm로, 화경장은 3.4, 3.3 cm로 줄일 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma-Gusa‘ 품종에서 는 paclobutrazol 토양관주는 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 초장은 13.2-10.7 cm, 화경장은 3.9-2.0 cm까지 줄일 수 있었지만 꽃의 수는 대조구와 비교했을 때 현 저하게 감소하여서 20개까지 감소하였다. Flurprimidol 20mg·L-1 스프레이와 토양관주 처리는 두 품종 모두 초장과 화경장을 줄일 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma’ 품종에 서 flurprimidol 10 mg·L-1 스프레이 또는 토양관주 처리는 개화 품질을 향상시킬 수 있었고 대조구와 비 교해 꽃의 수는 44.7개 이상, 출하 일수는 5일 정도 빨리 출하 할 수 있었다. ‘Kumoma-Gusa‘ 품종에서 PGRs처리에 의한 초장 과 화경장 억제효과가 가장 큰 것은 paclobutrazol 80mg·L-1과 flurprimidol 40mg·L-1 이었고 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 스프레이와 토양관주 처리에서 각각, 초장은 10.7, 9.9 cm, 화경장은 2.0, 1.5 cm 로 생장 억제효과가 가장 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 flurprimidol 40 mg·L-1 토양관주 처리에서 출하일수는 농도에 따라 3-13일 정도 대조구보다 늦어졌고 꽃의 수는 15.6개로 가장 적은 것을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 두 품종 모두에서 daminozide 처리는 초장과 화경장 이 줄어들지 않았지만 ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서는 대조구 와 비교했을 때 꽃의 수가 증가하였다. Chlormequat 처리는 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 처리와 비교했 을 때 화경장 감소효과는 작았고 처리 식물의 잎은 다른 처리에 비해 연한 녹색을 보여주었다. 두 품종 모두에서 chlormequat 과 daminozide 처리는 생육과 개화 품질에 효과적으로 영향을 주지는 않았지만 꽃의 수는 모든 처리농도에서 41개 이상을 보여주었고, ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 품종에 chlormequat 토양관주 처리는 최대 꽃의 수 63개를 볼 수 있었다. 이번 결과들은 paclobutrazol 과 flurprimidol 처리가 운간초 분화의 품질 향상을 위한 화경장의 생육을 조 절하는 생장억제제로서 사용 될 수 있음을 보여 주었 고, ‘Kumoma’ 품종에서는 paclobutrazol 40 mg·L-1 스프레이는 생육특성을, flurprimidol 10 mg·L-1 토양관 주 방법은 개화관련 특성의 품질을 향상시키는 생장억 제제의 농도로 추천 될 수 있고, ‘Kumoma-Gusa’ 품종 에서는 flurprimidol 20mg·L-1 스프레이와 flurprimidol 5mg·L-1 토양관주 방법이 운간초 분화의 생육특성과 개 화품질을 향상시키는 생장억제제의 농도로 추천 될 수 있다.

The incidence of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus continues to increase in hospitals and the community all over the world. As the importance of miner surgery in dentistry gets greater recently, the frequency in use of antibiotics has been increasing. Although several cases of acquired infection in oral cavity in dental hospital has been reported, the research on isolation of S. aureus and evaluation of its antibiotic resistance from outpatients in the dental clinic has not been found yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolates. The isolation rate of S. aureus were 41.7% in dental hospital personnel, 60.4% in outpatients and 62% in dental hygiene students. S. aureus which showed resistance to penicillin were 88.6%, ampicillin 88.6%, erythromycin 8.6%, tetracycline 4.3%, oxacillin 4.3%, cefoteten 4.3%. Six strains of S. aureus showed the susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Sixty-four(91.4%) strains were multiple antibiotic resistance. Fifty-two strains(72.8%) resisted to AM-P. and Seven strains(10.0%) resisted to AM-P-E, AM-P-GM, AM-P-TE.

We conducted growth inhibition tests on oral microorganisms using three strains of Lactobacillus spp. which are widely known as their probiotic properties. In these experiments, we measured the number of oral microorganisms after directly contacting lactobacillus with them. In addition, we conducted a similar study using yogurts which are well known as a p robiotic food. I n these yogurts, w e identified t he t ype o f lactobacilli by 1 6s r RN A nucleotide analysis. In o ur study, the growth of most of oral microorganisms were inhibited by lactobacilli, and we also found that yogurts had the highest effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of most of oral microorganisms. The lactobacilli contained in the yogurts were identified as Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus helveticus

Background : Ancanthopanax senticosus Fruits Extracts were studied in order to develop as functional pigment. The extracts were evaluated for physicochemical properties and biological activity. Methods and Results : Ancanthopanax senticosus fruits extracts were extracted by the rate of ethanol and distilled water in 1% citric acid. The extracts were evaluated for physicochemical properties by chromaticity, total sugar content, free sugar content, acidity, total anthocyanin contents. Total sugar and acidity were 0.10 brix and 0.44% respectively. Fructose and glucose were 1.54% and 0.36% respectively. The 60% ethanol extracts showed the highest extraction yield and total anthocyanin content. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 60% and 80% ethanol extracts higher than other extracts. Conclusion : These results suggest that Ancanthopanax senticosus fruits extracts may be useful purple pigment for anti-diabetes activity.