Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are polyphagous, highly invasive pests in which female adults lay eggs under the skin of fruit and larvae damage the fruit. Among them, the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) was first reported in Taiwan and is distributed throughout much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, as well as on the African continent and in the Pacific region. In order to prevent the introduction of pests into country, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has designated them as prohibited pests and is conducting surveillance and investigation on their occurrence. The experimental countries were Taiwan and Vietnam, and statistical analysis was conducted based on the number of B. dorsalis caught by setting up traps for about 8 months. Methly eugenol (ME; 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxy-benzene) is a widely distributed natural plant and is used because it strongly attracts males of B. dorsalis. The experiments aimed to verify the effect of attractant formulations (liquid, solid, wax) and traps (Delta trap, Lynfield trap, Steiner trap) on B. dorsalis.

This paper examines the effects of the mergers and acquisitions (M&A) announcement through social media on the consumer perception of the luxury brand consumption. A M&A is becoming more wide spread in the luxury market. Yet, the academic research examining the M&A in the luxury brand context has been sparse albeit the growing interests. Moreover, previous research has not paid attention to the effect of social media as a vehicle to communicate the M&A deal with consumers although social media is increasingly used by luxury brands in their brand communication these days. We aim to fill the gap in the luxury brand literature by examining how a horizontal M&A announcement delivered through social media would affect the brand loyalty derived from the luxury consumption values. Specifically, our research focuses on the four distinctive luxury brand values, which are symbolic, experiential, economic and quality values as well as the perceived sustainability of the M&A deal. We examine how a M&A announcement would affect these five values which in turn influence the brand loyalty, as well as examining the differential effect of social media and non-social media as a brand communication vehicle. In addition, we examine how the vertically differentiated luxury brand perceptions (i.e. different luxury tiers) between acquiring and acquired brands influence the consumption values and brand loyalty. Using a scenario-based online survey, our results reveal several interesting insights on the luxury brand M&A. First, our results show that use of social media as a communication vehicle has differential effects on how the M&A announcement influences consumption values and brand loyalty, comparing with the non-social media communication vehicle. Second, we find that a M&A announcement via social media has a positive impact on the consumer values. Third, the symbolic and experiential values have a positive influence on the brand loyalty, regardless of the luxury tier difference between brands. Fourth, our results show that the perceived sustainability has a positive impact on the brand loyalty as long as the M&A was completed between brands at different tiers. Fourth, the perceived quality has a positive impact on the brand loyalty only if the brand is acquired by a less prestigious brand. Lastly, economic value has a positive impact on the brand loyalty only if the acquiring brand is of more luxurious. In sum, our paper provides useful insights to both academics as well as practitioners in the luxury brand M&A context.

본 연구에서는 최근 확인된 Neophyllaphis podocarpi Takahashi, 1920를 기반으로 Neophyllaphidinae Takahashi, 1921 아과를 국내 최초로 보고한다. 무시형과 유시형 처녀생식세대의 암컷 사진 및 유시형 산란모, 수컷 형태 정보를 수록하였다.

본 연구에서는 Kaochiaoja arthraxonis (Takahashi, 1921) 종을 기반으로 Kaochiaoja Tao, 1963 속을 국내 최초로 보고한다. 무시형 처녀생 식세대의 암컷 사진 형태 정보를 제시하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the usefulness of Flexible Logistics Strategy for coping with the difficulties that logistics industry encountered in the highly competitive market. We define a logistics network model that reflects the current logistics environment of the metropolitan area and suggest the Flexible Logistics Strategy. We investigate the efficiency of the logistics system by comparing the Flexible Vehicle Strategy with other logistics strategies at the various scenarios that can mirror the real world.

Calaphidinae is one of the most species rich group in Aphididae. However their phylogenetic relationship is poorly understood. In this study, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationship of Calaphidinae and closely related groups to confirm the taxon boundary and ingroup relationship such as tribe and genera. In addition, evolutionary hypothesis of ancestral host-plant relationship was tested. We performed Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of combined 4 mitochondrial (ATP6, COI, COII, CytB) and 1 nuclear (EF1α) sequences. Phylogenetic results suggested that Calaphidinae is not a monophyletic and Saltusaphidinae is nested in Calaphidinae. Phyllaphidinae forms a basal clade as the most primitive group of Calaphidinae. Reconstruction of ancestral host plant of Calaphidinae indicated that Calaphidinae might have evolved on members of Fagales plants.

Two cryptic species of the black-tailed bamboo aphid, Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke, 1903), are revealed based on DNA barcoding and nymph morphology. Three species, T. arundicolens, T. sp.1 nov. and T. sp.2 nov. have significant genetic differences ranged from 2-8% but, only subtly differing in their nymph morphology. In this study, molecular analyses and morphological comparisons are presented including species keys for alatoid nymphs.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the digital differentiation in social members’ information use via digital devices. Though the attention to the digital differentiation becomes far more increasing, there are only few literatures dealing with quantitative approaches about the digital differentiation. The term ‘digital differentiation’ represents the availability of the information user. It is different from ‘digital divide’ of which the main parameter is accessibility to the information. Once accessibility meets a certain level, availability is considered as a more important factor than accessibility when evaluating the progress of ICT(Information and Communication Technology). We present a model that can describe the digital differentiation phenomenon by using the methodology borrowed from the graph theory, inverse optimization and other established research theory related to digital differentiation. We provide some insights to reduce digital differentiations and therefore our analysis can be used as a guideline for policy maker who desires to mitigate digital differentiations.

Tinocallis Matsumura 속은 전세계 19종이 포함되는 비교적 큰 속이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 라오스에서 바나바 (부채꽃과: 배롱나무속)에 심각한 피해를 주는 알락진딧물 일종, Tinocallis himalayensis Ghosh, Ghosh & Raychaudhuri, 1971를 처음으로 발견하여 보고한다. 유시형 처 녀생식세대의 암컷 형태, 생태 및 피해 사진을 함께 제시하였다.

Generally, in aphid groups, taxonomically deficient characters and high level of morphological plasticity induced by environmental factors make difficulties for species identification. To solve these problems, DNA barcoding has been widely used for rapid and reliable species identification in aphids. The subfamily Calaphidinae is the second largest group in the family Aphididae with about 400 species belong to 59 genera. But so far, no trial of DNA barcoding has been conducted for the subfamily Calaphidinae. In this study, a total of 446 Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences of 76 morphospecies collected in Korea and other countries were analyzed to detect cryptic diversity. In addition, 551 sequences of 74 species from the Genbank and BOLD system were compared with our new dataset. The final dataset consisted of 998 sequences of 115 species. As a results, we propose 12 cryptic species with discussion on morphological and ecological comparisons. Our results suggest that DNA barcoding is effective for precise species identification in this group and contributes to reveal hidden diversity.

The genus Mesocallis Matsumura, 1919 is reviewed from the Korean peninsula. Total of five species are recognized by adding two new and one new unrecorded species to current two recorded species. In this study, diagnosis and illustrations for all five species are presented.

The subgenus Nippocallis (Matsumura, 1917) is one of the 10 subgenera of the genus Tuberculatus Mordvilko, 1894. Originally, this subgenus was regarded as an independent genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina by the distinct morphological features and the host plant association with Castanea (Fagaceae). We performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine whether genus Nippocallis belongs to Tuberculatus group. Molecular analysis of the combined data set of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I COI, Cytochrome B CytB and Elongation Factor I-alpha EF1α indicated that Nippocallis form a sister clade of the genus Myzocallis Passerini, 1860, apart from the genus Tuberculatus. In this contexts, we propose Nippocallis as a separate genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina.

Two new species of the subfamily Greenideinae, Greenidea sp. nov. and Eutricosiphum sp. nov., are newly recognized from Laos on Glochidion fagifolium Bedd. (Malpighiales: Phyllanthaceae) and Quercus sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), respectively. They are described and illustrated in comparison with congeneric species for apterous viviparous females. Greenidea sp. nov.is mainly characterized by relative length of siphunculus and width of same segment, and Eutricosiphum sp. nov. is distinguished by the relative length of ultimate rostral segment and 2nd hind tarsal segment.

On Birches (Betula spp.), more than seventy species of aphids in eighteen genera are recorded worldwide, mostly (> 60%) belonging to ten genera of the subfamily Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In Korea, only seven Birch feeding aphids are recorded. Recently, we recognized two calaphinid species, Calaphis betulaecolens (Fitch, 1851) and Euceraphis betulae (Koch, 1855) as new to the Korean peninsula.

The aphid genus Micromyzodium David, 1958 is newly recognized in the Korean peninsula. This genus is characterized by very long dorsal abdominal hairs, almost 3-4 times as long as basal diameter of antennal segment III. Colonies of two Micromyzodium species; Micromyzodium kuwakuse Uye 1924 and Micromyzodium nipponicum Moritsu 1949 were collected on Fatoua villosa Nakai (Urticales: Moraceae) and Perilla frutescens Britton (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), respectively. In this study, we redescribed, illustrated, and measured for apterous viviparous females of the two species.

The exotic aphid pest, pomegranate aphid, Aphis punicae Parsserini, 1863 (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is newly recognized in the Korean peninsula. This species is originally distributed throughout the Mediterranean regions, the Middle East, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Turkey. In the major producers of pomegranate such as India and the Mediterranean regions, this species is regarded as one of the most serious insect pests inflicting injury on pomegranate, Punica granatum Linnaeus. By sucking plant sap and excreting honeydew, aphids cause various plant diseases and virus infections which are more likely to occur as population size increases. Aphis punicae infests together commonly with Aphis gosspii Glover, and rarely with Aphis craccivora Koch and Aphis spiraecola Patch on P. granatum in Korea. In this study, we first compared two closely related species, A. gossypii and A. punicae, based on morphometric analysis to confirm their morphological relationships. Second molecular identification using mitochondrial COI barcode region was performed for the aphid samples collected from P. granatum.

In terms of aphid species identification, both host plant association and morphological characteristics are crucial factors. However, aphids in the genus Aphis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) often are cryptic in morphology due to their rapid radiation. Moreover, overlapping host plant species can make difficult situation worse. Three cryptic species Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov. occur together on the Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp. in the overwintering season in Korea. Due to lacking informative morphological characters and host plant sharing, the new species recently has been recognized as a distinct species. In this study, A. rhamnicola sp. nov. on various host plants was compared with the primary host sharing species, A. gossypii and A. glycines, based on morphological and molecular characteristics. In the results, there were significant genetic differences between three species, despite the high similarities in morphology. Our results provide strong evidence for establishing new species, which seems to be a typical heteroecious species that alternates between only primary host, Rhamnus spp., and various secondary hosts. We describe a new species, A. rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for host sharing species in genus Aphis.

The green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), feed consistently and regularly throughout all stages of nymphs and adult. That is, honey dew production (HDP), which indicates a state of feeding, occurs at regular intervals within a given stage, and moving (MV), which interrupts feeding, tends to occur scarcely. We used these behaviors to test whether the sound stimuli acted as a stress in this species. We conducted the playback experiment in which acoustic stimuli with a combination of five frequency (100, 500, 1000, 5000, and 10000 Hz) and three intensity levels (66, 78, 90 dB SPL) were presented to all stages of aphids. Under all acoustic stimuli, HDP occurred less often, and MV occurred more often and longer. The results of two-way multivariate ANOVA showed that the stimulus frequency was a significant factor for variation in aphid behaviors in the playback experiment. However, there was no intensity effect on aphid’s behavior. Based on the electrical penetration graph experiment, aphid feeding was frequently stopped and lasted only for short durations under acoustic stimuli. The results of both experiments demonstrated that the acoustic stimuli were effective in inducing feeding suppression in this species. Thus, the acoustic stimuli may be a stressor in the green peach aphid. Furthermore, the behavioral bioassay employed in this study may be used to assess the effect of various stressors on aphids.

Many polyphagous herbivore insects considered as a single species are indeed comprised of genetically differentiated host related races that utilize several unrelated plant families. Aphis gossypii Glover, one of the extremely polyphagous aphid species, has more than 100 host plants distributed worldwide. In Korea, it takes holocyclic life cycle, with a number of primary hosts, which is unusual for other aphid species. However, former population genetic studies on A. gossypii have dealt with the populations from only a few agricultural host plants. In this study, we hypothesized that different primary host utilization may be restricted for certain host races and this may play a key role of the genetic differentiation in this species. We collected the cotten aphid populations from 36 different host plants, 5 primary and 31 secondary hosts including various wild and non-cultivated plants. To determine population genetic structure, we analyzed genetic differentiation among those populations using 9 microsatellite loci. As results, four genetically distinct clusters were verified. Of the five primary host populations, there were significant gaps in genetic differences between Rhamnus-associated group and Hibiscus-associated group, and the other populations were affinitive with the Hibiscus-associated group. Overall, primary host populations have a higher level of genetic diversity than secondary host populations. Several populations associated with secondary hosts such as spiderwort, madder, and Korean lettuce were considerably differentiated in the result of principle component analysis, which nearly showed the species level difference similar to Aphis glycines Matsumura and Aphis sp. ex Rhamnus. Thus, there could be reproductively isolated by the loss of primary hosts, and might be already speciated from A. gossypii