As the decommissioning of Kori Unit 1 progresses, securing technology for treatment and disposal of radioactive wastes that have not been disposed of so far, such as spent filters, is recognized as an urgent task. In this study, a method of confirming the disposal suitability of spent filters was presented by reviewing the waste characteristics as presented in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The waste characteristics to be satisfied to ensure disposal suitability of waste are largely classified into general requirements, solidification and immobilization requirements, radiological requirements, physical requirements, chemical requirements, and biological requirements. First, the general requirement is to prove that the prohibited waste form has not been introduced into items related to waste form and packaging, and to confirm the suitability of disposal through step-by-step packaging photos, generation information, X-ray inspection, and visual inspection. Second, in the solidification and immobilization requirements, spent filters are non-homogeneous waste, and if the total radioactivity concentration of nuclides with a half-life of more than 20 years is 74,000 Bq·g−1 or more, they must be immobilized. Third, in order to meet the characteristic criteria for nuclides and radioactivity concentration, sampling and scaling factors development are required and based on this, nuclides must be identified and demonstrated to be below the disposal concentration limits. Surface dose rate and surface contamination should be measured in accordance with standardized procedures and disposal suitability should be confirmed through document tests recording the measured values. Fourth, in order to satisfy the physical requirements of the particulate matter and filling rate characteristics, the spent filter must be immobilized, if necessary, thereby ensuring disposal suitability. Meanwhile, free water in the spent filter should be removed through pre-drying and dehydration, and the disposal suitability should be confirmed by applying a test. Fifth, the criteria for chelating agents should be checked for disposal suitability through operation records and component analysis of spent filters, and documents, that can prove harmful substances are removed in advance and no harmful substances are included in the package, should be provided. Lastly, in biological requirements, if the spent filters contain corrosive or infectious substances, they should be removed in advance and disposal suitability should be confirmed by providing documents that can prove that such substances are not included in the package.

This study established a process to ensure the disposal suitability of spent filters stored in the untreated state in Kori unit 1 and presented the following procedures and requirements for confirming the disposal suitability for each process. The process for securing spent filter disposal suitability consists of collecting spent filters, compression, immobilization, analysis and packaging, and storage stages. The requirements for confirming the acceptance criteria for each process are as follows. (1) Collecting: Since the high radioactivity spent filters are being stored in the filter room of Kori unit 1, those are collected by a remote system to minimize the exposure dose of workers due to spent filter handling. In order to satisfy the surface dose rate requirements, spent filters with a surface dose rate of 10 mSv·hr−1 or more are classified and collected, and stored temporary storage place until a separate treatment plan is determined. The checkpoints in this process are the surface dose rate, etc. (2) Compression: The collected spent filters are analyzed gamma nuclides such as Co-60 and Cs-137, using a field-applicable nuclide analyzer, and then applying the scaling factors to determine whether it is disposable. Spent filters whose radioactivity concentration is confirmed to be less than the disposal concentration limit is compressed into compression ratios determined by surface dose rate. The checkpoints in this process are nuclide information, surface dose rate, compression ratio, spent filter loading quantity, etc. (3) Immobilization: A spent filter is a non-homogeneous waste that is immobilized with a proven safety material such as cement if the total radioactivity concentration of nuclides with a half-life of more than 20 years is 74,000 Bq·g−1. Meanwhile, immobilization of inhomogeneous waste can be considered to satisfy disposal criteria such as particulate matter and filling rate. The checkpoints in this process are the immobilizing material, filling rate, etc. (4) Analysis and Packaging: Immobilized drums shall be determined to be 95% or more of the total radioactivity of waste packages by measuring the radioactivity concentration of nuclides using a nuclide analysis device. Finally, measure the surface dose rate and surface contamination of the package, and attach the package label recording the identification number, date, total radioactivity, surface dose rate, and surface contamination information to the packaging container. (5) Storage: Packaging containers are moved to and stored in a temporary waste storage or storage area before disposal.

When the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant begins in earnest, starting with Kori Unit 1, it is necessary to dispose of intermediate-level wastes such as high-dose waste filters and waste resin stored in the power plant, as well as the internal structures of the reactor. However, there are no intermediate-level waste disposal facilities in Korea, and the maintenance of acceptance criteria considering the physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of intermediate-level waste is insufficient. In this paper, in preparation for the establishment of domestic intermediate-level waste treatment/disposal and acceptance standards, the following major foreign countries’ legal and institutional standards for intermediate-level waste are reviewed, and based on this, factors to be considered when establishing domestic intermediate-level waste treatment/disposal standards were derived. First, although the USA does not define and manage intermediate-level wastes separately, low-level wastes were separated into Class A, B, and C, where land disposal is allowed, and GTCC, which does not allow land disposal. However, it was recently confirmed that the position was changed to recognize the possibility of land disposal of GTCC waste under the condition that the dose to inadvertent intruders does not exceed 5 mSv·yr−1 and a barrier against inadvertent intrusion valid for 500 years is installed. Second, Sweden classifies intermediate-level wastes into short-lived and longlived intermediate-level wastes. The maximum dose rate permitted on packages are different for each vault and a silo of the SFR where short-lived wastes; 100 mSv·h−1 or less is disposed of in BMA, 10 mSV·h−1 or less in BTF, 2 mSv·h−1 or less in BLA and 500 mSv·h−1 or less in silo. Meanwhile, a repository for long-lived low and intermediate level waste, SFL, which could contains significant amounts of nuclides with a half-life greater than 31 years, operations are planned to commence in 2045. Third, France also manages short-lived intermediate-level wastes and long-lived intermediatelevel wastes separately, and the short-lived intermediate-level wastes were disposed of together with short-lived low-level wastes at the La Manche and L’Aube repository. France announced the Cigéo Project, a high- and medium-level long-lived waste plan in 2012, and submitted the creation authorization application for in 2021 with the goal of operating a repository in 2025. Finally, the UK defines intermediate-level waste as “waste whose activity level exceeds the upper limit for low-level waste but does not require heating, which is considered in the design of storage or disposal facilities” and established NIREX to provide deep disposal of intermediate-level radioactive waste. In Finland, wastes with radioactive concentrations of 1 MBq/kg to 10 GBq·kg−1 are classified as intermediatelevel wastes, and a repository was constructed and operated in a bedrock of about 110 m underground. Because the domestic classification standard simply classifies intermediate-level waste as waste exceeding the activity level of low-level waste limit, not high-level wastes, it is necessary to establish treatment and disposal standards by subdividing them by dose rate and long-lived radionuclides concentration to safely and efficiently dispose of intermediate-level waste for. Additionally, there is a need to decide whether or not to reflect safety by inadvertent intruders when evaluating the safety of intermediate-level disposal.

This study deals with replacement analysis of deteriorated equipment for improving productivity of production system. Frequent breakdown of the deteriorated equipment causes a situation that reduces productivity such as low product quality, process delay, and repair cost. However, the replacement of new equipment will be required a high initial investment cost, so it is important to analysis the economic feasibility. Therefore, we analyze the effect of the production system due to the aging effect of the equipment and the feasibility of equipment replacement based on the economic analysis. The process flow, working time, logistics movement, etc. are analyzed in order to build the simulation modeling for a ship and land switchboard production system. Using numerical examples, the economic feasibility analysis of equipment replacement through replacement of existing deteriorated equipment and additional arrangement of new facilities is performed.

본 연구에서는 훈제오리 슬라이스에서 Escherichia coli 유통 중 생장 예측을 위한 dynamic model을 개발하였다. E. coli는 2개의 훈제 오리 시료(16.7%) 에서 1.23 log CFU/ g검출되었다. 10-30oC 보관에 따라 E. coli의 μmax는 0.05- 0.36 log CFU/g/h, LPD는 4.39-1.07h, h0 값은 0.24-0.51을 나타내었다. 개발된 모델의 검증은 15oC, 23oC에서 수행 하였다. 모델 검증 결과 RMSE값이 0.130으로 개발된 모델이 다른 온도에 적용하기에 적합하다고 판단하였다. 이 러한 결과는 E. coli로 개발된 모델은 훈제오리 슬라이스에서 E. coli의 변화하는 온도에 따른 생장을 예측하는 데 유용하다.

Topic modeling has been receiving much attention in academic disciplines in recent years. Topic modeling is one of the applications in machine learning and natural language processing. It is a statistical modeling procedure to discover topics in the collection of documents. Recently, there have been many attempts to find out topics in diverse fields of academic research. Although the first Department of Industrial Engineering (I.E.) was established in Hanyang university in 1958, Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers (KIIE) which is truly the most academic society was first founded to contribute to research for I.E. and promote industrial techniques in 1974. Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering (KSIE) was established four years later. However, the research topics for KSIE journal have not been deeply examined up until now. Using topic modeling algorithms, we cautiously aim to detect the research topics of KSIE journal for the first half of the society history, from 1978 to 1999. We made use of titles and abstracts in research papers to find out topics in KSIE journal by conducting four algorithms, LSA, HDP, LDA, and LDA Mallet. Topic analysis results obtained by the algorithms were compared. We tried to show the whole procedure of topic analysis in detail for further practical use in future. We employed visualization techniques by using analysis result obtained from LDA. As a result of thorough analysis of topic modeling, eight major research topics were discovered including Production/Logistics/Inventory, Reliability, Quality, Probability/Statistics, Management Engineering/Industry, Engineering Economy, Human Factor/Safety/Computer/Information Technology, and Heuristics/Optimization.

A diverse group of plant-growth promoting bacteria were isolated in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) media to investigate the plant-growth promoting traits of compounds including indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia, 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylic acid deaminase, siderophore, and hydrogen cyanide. Twenty-one bacterial strains showing positive effects for all the test traits were selected and classified to confirm bacterial diversity in the media habitat. Plant-growth promoting traits of the isolates were also assessed. All strains produced IAA ranging from 20 μg/mL to 250 μg/mL. Most of the isolates produced more than 80% siderophore. Four strains (Pantoea sp., PSB-08, Bacillus sp., PSB-13, Pseudomonas sp., PSB-17, and Enterobacter sp., PSB-21) showed outstanding performances for all the tested traits. In a bioassay of these four strains using mung bean plant, the best growth performances (23.16 cm, 22.98 cm, 2.27 g/plant, and 1.83 g/plant for shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight, respectively) were obtained from the plants co-inoculated with Bacillus sp., PSB-13. The resultant data indicate that button mushroom media have got a diverse group of bacteria with plant growth promoting abilities. Thus, the media could be a good recycling resource for using to an effective bio-fertilizer.

Colon cancer has been considered a leading cause of cancer-associated death. Folic acid is a vitamin necessary for cellular physiological functions and cell viability. However, the association between folic acid intake and colon cancer has been examined in several prospective cohort studies are controversial. This study investigated the effects of folate intake on colon carcinogenesis and oxidative stress in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) institute for cancer research (ICR) mouse model. Thirty male ICR mice (5 weeks old) were divided into the control group and the experimental group supplied 0.03% folic acid via drinking water (50 mL/week/mouse) for 6 weeks. To induce colonic pre-neoplastic lesions, the animals were subcutaneously injected three times weekly with AOM (10 mg/kg body weight), followed by 2% DSS in drinking water for a week. Folic acid supplementation significantly suppressed the total number of aberrant crypt foci and aberrant crypts. Histological image data showed that folic acid supplementation attenuated neoplastic change. In addition, we measured the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration of dry feces samples to identify the effect of folic acid on reactive oxygen accumulation. The folic acid supplementation group had reduced reactive oxygen species levels in dry feces compared to the control group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that folic acid suppresses colon carcinogenesis and oxidative stress in an AOM/DSS mouse model.

Today, energy bars are consumed not only as snacks but also as meal replacement foods. Convenience and nutritional supplementation are the main factors accounting for the increasing use of energy bars. Two hundred Chinese customers who attended the China Fisheries & Seafood Exposition in China, and had no inhibitions about consuming cereal bars were selected. The questionnaire was composed of CATA choices that selected both the reasons for liking and disliking four different types of cereal bars, namely topokki flavor (hot pepper paste), seaweed flavor, kimchi flavor, and ginseng flavor cereal bars with 10% of dried anchovy content produced by BadaOne Co. (Seoul, Korea). The purpose of the study was to investigate Chinese consumer’s attitudes and acceptance of different flavored cereal bars containing protein and calciumrich anchovy. For the selected Chinese customers, the acceptance score for the seaweed flavor was the highest, followed by topokki, red ginseng, and kimchi. The acceptance for the topokki flavor was higher than for seaweed for the attributes of color except for general acceptance, flavor, aroma, and texture. The results of the survey showed that the acceptance of kimchi was the lowest, contrary to earlier predictions. The results of the Check All That Apply (CATA) analysis showed that the reasons for liking the seaweed & anchovy flavor were the most diverse, and there was no reason chosen for disliking this flavor. The reasons for liking this flavor were listed as sweet flavor, healthy, seafood flavor, malty flavor, texture, new/unique, and umami. In the case of topokki and kimchi, the reason for disliking the flavor was umami, and in the case of red ginseng, the ginseng flavor was the reason for both likes and dislikes. CA analysis showed that both the flavor and emotional factors were positive for seaweed & anchovy and topokki, but negative for red ginseng. As a result, seaweed & anchovy flavor, which is familiar to the Chinese people, should be the first cereal bar considered for a launch.

이 연구는 스마트 온실의 온습도 데이터를 수집하고, 그 환 경 요인들 간의 상관관계를 분석하여 스마트 온실 환경관리의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 스마트팜 시스템이 도입된 토경 방식의 OS 온실과 암면 배지경 방식의 KB 온실을 대 상으로 기온, 근권온도, 상대습도의 항목에서 매일 24시간의 데이터를 수집하였고, 이중 최고와 최저, 일평균, 주간 평균, 야간 평균, 일교차의 여섯 가지로 세분하여 정리한 후 두 온실 간의 차이와 기온과 근권온도의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 장미의 생육적온은 주간, 야간, 일교차는 이며, 근권온도는, 습도 는 95% 미만을 유지하는 것이 좋다. 두 온실의 실제 환경과 장미의 적정 환경 조건을 비교했을 때, 주간 기온은 OS 온실 에서 5개월 간, KB 온실에서 7개월 간 적정 수준(24~27˚C)을 유지하였다. 야간 기온은 두 온실 모두 2개월간 적정 수준 (15~18˚C)을 유지하였고, 일교차는 OS 온실에서 6개월간, B 온실은 9개월 간 적정 수준(약 10˚C)에 근접하였다. 근권온도 는 OS 온실에서 10개월, KB 온실에서 5개월간 적정 수준 (20~25˚C)을 유지한 반면, 상대습도는 두 온실 모두 연중 적정 범위 내에 들었다. 기온과 근권온도의 상관관계를 분석한 결 과, OS 온실은 최고 온도, 평균 온도, 주간 온도, 야간온도에 서는 뚜렷한 상관관계를, 최저온도와 일교차에서는 약한 상관 관계를 보였으며, KB 온실에서는 전 영역에서 매우 강한 직선 적 비례 관계를 보였다. 결론적으로 토경재배를 실시하는 OS 온실이 고설식 암면배지경을 실시하는 KB 온실에 비해 근권 온도가 기온의 영향을 덜 받았으며, 완충능력이 높은 토경재 배에서는 기온의 영향을 덜 받는다고 볼 수 있다.

There is a growing global interest in food choices that could affect health. Consumer food choices are dictated by numerous factors such as attitudes, beliefs, desires and preferences stemming from psychological and physiological attributes. The present study aimed to understand consumers’ internal perceptions about cream soup, cream sauce, and tomato sauce using ZMET (Zaltman’s Metaphor Elicitation Technique). The 9 step ZMET interview process was conducted for a sample of 36 consumers (12 consumers for each sauce). A content analysis of the survey results was carried out. From this, 56 concepts of cream soup were derived, and 15 constructs that met with the agreement of more than one-third of the total sample consumers were extracted. These 15 constructs included ‘Soft’, ‘Recollection’, ‘Familiar’, ‘Warm’, ‘Comfortable’, etc. Similarly, for cream sauce, 67 concepts and 20 constructs ‘Silky’, ‘Warm’, ‘Restaurant’, ‘Family’, ‘Memory’, etc. were deduced. A total of 66 concepts and 20 constructs for tomato sauce ‘Sourness’, ‘Sauce Bottle’, ‘Pleasant’, ‘Ingredient’, ‘Cooking’, etc. were derived. The analysis of consumers’ consensus maps through this study provides a deep and useful understanding of consumers and their latent needs. Also, the results of this study indicate that exploring consumers’ internal perceptions is critical to understanding their healthy food choices. This can be used as basic data for formulating marketing strategies.