In the retail environment where online-shopping malls are growing, offline store are find it difficult to survive simply by selling their products. As a result, offline retailers are trying to find unique services that are appealing to their customers. In such a market environment, marketing strategies that stimulate the five senses other than the sight can be an alternative. Therefore, this research is aimed at observing the effect of the senses on emotion and purchase intention in a fashion retail context. A two by two experimental design (existence vs non-existence of scent x existence vs. nonexistence of eating chocolate) between subjects was used. A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to the four situations, and they were asked to complete the questionnaires about emotion and purchase intention. The survey data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0, and results are as follows. After a two-way ANOVA, we observed a statistically significant effect of the scent service on pleasure and purchase intention the sweet offering service on purchase intention. Moreover, when scents service and sweet offering service were provided at the same time, the highest purchase intention was obtained among other services. In addition, we studied the effects of emotions on purchase intentions, and the pleasant emotions resulting from the services have a positive effect of on purchase intentions.

농가 선호도가 높은 분홍색 비모란 선인장 ‘Yeonbit’는 분홍색 품종 ‘Yeonsi’을 모본으로, 분홍색 ‘Yeonsil’ 품종을 부본으로 하여 2011년에 교배하여 육성된 교배종이다. 종자를 70% C2H5OH와 2% NaOCl로 멸균처리한 후, 100mL 삼각플라스크 0.1% 활성탄이 첨가된 Kyoto 배지에 파종하였다. 발아된 유묘는 기저부를 잘라 기배계대 배양된 어린 삼각주에 접목한 후 동일한 배지가 첨가된 시험관에 치상하였다. 6개월 재배 후 온실로 옮겨서 순화과정을 거쳤으며, 기외에서 매년 접목을 하였으며 총 4번을 접목하여 2013년부터 2015년까지 총 3회에 걸쳐 생육특성을 조사하였다. ‘Yeonbit’ 품종은 편원형 모양과 분홍색 구색을 가지고 있다. 그리고 7~9개, 평균 8.0개의 능(rip), 갈색의 직립형 짧은 가시, 그리고 혹(tubercle)이 돌출된 형태로, 모구가 구성되어 있다. 정식 10개월 후 ‘Yeonbit’ 품종의 구직경은 34.5mm였으며 자구는 모구와 같은 분홍색으로 평균 15.4개가 생성되었다. 2015년 육성계통 평가회에서 ‘Yeonbit’ 품종은 기호도 점수 3.7을 받았다. 2017년 6월 12일에 이 품종은 국립종자원에 등록되었으며 종자산업법에 의해 품종보호(등록번호 6752)를 받게 되었다.

The habitat of the cockroach varies by species. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) lives in human dwellings, while the Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica) lives in a mountainous region. Based on phylogenetic analysis of mtCO I, the two species are closely related to each other and B. germanica is divergent from wild species such as B. nipponica. Their habitats and walking speed differ even though the two species have similar morphology. We hypothesized that habitats might influence walking speed via changes to appendage morphology and enzyme-based physiological differences. We found that phenotype such as appendage length and esterase isozyme expression were clearly different between the two species. These differences might be responsible for the observed difference in walking speed.

The present research investigated copper and cadmium stress-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using annealing control primers (ACP) with the differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Vernal) leaves. Alfalfa leaves were subjected to 250 μM of copper and cadmium treatment for a period of 6 h. A total of 120 ACPs was used. During copper and cadmium treatment, 6 DEGs were found to be up or down regulated. During copper stress treatment, 1 DEG was up-regulated, and 3 novel genes were discovered. Similarly, during cadmium stress treatment, 1 DEG was up-regulated and 5 novel genes were identified. Among all 6 DEGs, DEG-4 was identified as the gene for trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase, DEG-5 was identified as the gene for senescence-associated protein DIN1 and DEG-6 was identified for caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. All the up-regulated genes may play a role in copper and cadmium stress tolerance in alfalfa.

Muscle satellite cell (SC) is responsible for postnatal muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. Satellite cell is an im-portant source of multi-potent stem cell process and differentiation into adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblastogenic. The objective of this study was to identify alter of transcriptome during differentiation in porcine satellite cell and to elevated transcriptome at different stages of postnatal development to gain insight into the differences in differ-entiated PSC. We used RNA-seq technique to investigate the transcriptomes during differentiation in pig muscle. Sequence reads were obtained from Illumina HiSeq2000. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) were detected by EdgeR. Gene ontology (GO) terms are powerful tool for unification among representation genes or products. In study of GO biological terms, functional annotation clustering involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, phosphoryla- tion, proteolysis, and cell signaling in differences stage. Taken together, these results would be contributed to a better understanding of muscle biology and processes underlying differentiation. Our results suggest that the source of DEGs could be better understanding of the mechanism of muscle differentiation and transdifferentiation.

Satellite cells were derived from muscular tissue in postnatal pig. Satellite cell is an important to growth and development in animal tissues or organs. However, the progress underlying induced differentiation is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphologic and the transcriptome changes in porcine satellite cell (PSC) treated with insulin, rosiglitazone, or dexamethasone respectively. PSC was obtained from postnatal muscle tissue. In study 1, for study the effect of insulin and FBS on the differentiated satellite cells, cells were cultured at absence or presence of insulin treated with FBS. Total RNA was extracted for determining the expression levels of myo-genic PAX3, PAX7, Myf5, MyoD, and myogenin genes by real-time PCR. Myogenic genes decreased expression levels of mRNA in treated with insulin. In study 2, in order to clarify the relationship between rosiglitazone and lipid in differentiated satellite cells, we further examined the effect of FBS on lipid accumulation in the presence or absence of the rosiglitazone and lipid. Significant differences were observed between rosiglitazone and lipid by FBS. The mRNA of FABP4 and PPARγ increased in rosiglitazone treatment. In study 3, we examined the effect of dexame-thasone on osteogenic differentiation in PSC. The mRNA was increased osteoblasotgenic ALP and ON genes treated with dexamethasone in 2% FBS. Dexamethasone induces osteoblastogenesis in differentiated PSC. Taken together, in differentiated PSCs, FABP4 and PPARγ increased to rosiglitazone. Whereas, no differences to FBS and lipid. These results were not comparable with previous reports. Our results suggest that adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblasto-genic could be isolated from porcine skeletal muscle, and identify culture conditions which optimize proliferation and differentiation formation of PSC.

Muscular satellite cell (SC), which is stem cell of postnatal pig, is an important for study of differentiation into adipogenesis, myogenesis, and osteoblastogenesis. In this study, we isolated and examined from pig muscle tissue to determine capacity in proliferate, differentiate, and expression of various genes. Porcine satellite cells (PSC) were isolated from semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 90∼100 days old pigs according to standard conditions. The cell proliferation increased in multi-potent cell by Masson’s, oil red O, and Alizarin red staining respectively. We per-formed the expression levels of differentiation related genes using real-time PCR. We found that the differentiation into adipocyte increased expression levels of both fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and peroxisome proliferator- acti-vated receptor gamma (PPARγ) genes (p<0.01). Myocyte increased the expression levels of the myosin heavy chain (MHC), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), and Myogenic factor 4 (myogenin) (p<0.01). Osteo-blast increased the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.01). Finally, porcine satellite cells were indu-ced to differentiate towards adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblastogenic lineages. Our results suggest that muscle satellite cell in porcine may influence cell fate. Understanding the progression of PSC may lead to improved strat-egies for augmenting meat quality.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pests in various vegetable crops. In Korea, some field populations of A. gossypii especially in greenhouse showed high resistance against neonicotinoids. The imidaclopridresistant strain (IR) selected from one of the greenhouse strains was found to be about 3,800 folds more resistant to imidacloprid, compared to the susceptible strain (S), as judged by LC50 values. To identify differentially expressed genes in IR, an isogenic strain, reverse susceptible strain (IRS) was generated from IR and comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted using total RNAs extracted from both IR and IRS. Also we confirmed protein expression patterns by 2DE and detoxification enzyme over-expression by synergist test. However there was no significant variation among IR, IRS and S. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of seven nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit (alpha 1-5,7 and beta 1) genes from S and IR strain revealed a point mutation causing an arginine to threonine substitution (R81T) in the loop D region of the nAChR beta 1 subunit of the IR. These mechanisms were also reported in M. persicae and this amino acid change confers a vertebrate-like character to the insect nAChR and results in reduced sensitivity to neonicotinoids. Moreover an extra point mutation, L80S (leucine to serine substitution) was also detected nearby R81T mutation in nAChR beta 1 subunit variant. These mutations can be an additive factor in imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii. This is the first report of imidacloprid resistance mechanism in A.gossypii. Further, this would be helpful in managing A. gossypii resistant populations in field.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pest in seed potato and various vegetable cultivation. The imidacloprid-resistant strain (IR) was over 300-fold more resistant to imidacloprid compared to a susceptible strain (S) as judged by LC50 values. A highly imidacloprid-resistant local field population (L) was collected from cucumber at Gangwha island in 4th August 2011. Even though neonicotinoid insecticides especially imidacloprid were sprayed six times during June and July, aphid density was too high to be counted. To identify differentially expressed genes in IR or L, comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted using total RNAs extracted from IR, L and S strains. Futhermore, to search the resistance associated proteins in IR or L, comparative proteome analyses based on 2DE were conducted using total proteins extracted from IR, L and S strains. Few common candidate genes detected among IR and L such as ABC genes. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of six nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit (alpha 1-5, beta 1) genes from IR, L and S strain revealed a point mutation in the loop D region of the nAChR beta 1 subunit of the IR, causing an arginine to threonine substitution (R81T). These mechanisms also reported in Myzus persicae and this amino acid change confers a vertebrate-like character to the insect nAChR and results in reduced sensitivity to neonicotinoids.

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the most serious pest in the cultivation of various vegetables. A highly imidacloprid-resistant field population (CA-L) was collected from cucumber at Gangwha island in 4th August 2011. Even though neonicotinoid insecticides especially imidacloprid were sprayed six times during June and July, aphid density was too high to be counted. IEF and 2DE analyses revealed that general esterase isozyme (pI. 5) in CA-L were dramatically overexpressed and more isozyme spots identified in CA-L compared to susceptible (CA-S) strain. To identify differentially expressed genes in CA-L, comparative transcriptome analyses based on GS-FLX were conducted with total RNA extracted from CA-L, which generated ca. 143 Mb reads. Previously reported, comparative transcriptome analyses performed in imidacloprid resistant (CA-IR) and CA-S. The comparative transcriptome analyses re-investigated after all data sets were combined together. As previously reported, seven ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes were newly identified in A. gossypii, among which only ABCC9 gene was highly expressed in CA-IR and L. These results suggested that ABCC subfamily associated with imidacloprid resistance in A. gossypii.

The traditional use of insects as food continues to be widespread in tropical and subtropical countries and to provide significant nutritional, economic and ecological benefits for rural communities. Specially, Bee brood serves as a food source to humans in many countries although limited data exists concerning its nutrient composition. Bee brood (pupa and larvae) were analyzed for Carbohydrate, Saturated fatty acid, Cholesterol, protein, fat, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Bee brood was high in protein(46.4%～46.73%), fat(18.84%～ 20.75%),carbohydrate(24.66 %～35.79 %), Folic acid(222.30 ㎍/100g), and vitamins. Differentially, folic acid had been contained by high density in pupa of drone. While low in iron, bee brood was a good source of folic acid, and carbohydrate. The fat was composed mostly of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The present data suggest bee brood to be an excellent source of many valuable nutrients including energy, amino acids, many essential minerals, and B-vitamins. These data suggest bee brood could be a valuable source of nutrients to various populations.

Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue is a connective tissue that is interposed between the roots of the teeth and the inner wall of the alveolar bone socket. PDL is always exposed to physiologic mechanical force such as masticatory force and PDL cells play important roles during orthodontic tooth movement by synthesizing and secreting different mediators involved in bone remodeling. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was recently shown to play a significant role in the control of bone formation. In the present study, we applied cyclic tensile stress of 20% elongation to cultured human PDL cells and assessed its impact after six days upon components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. RTPCR analysis showed that Wnt1a, Wnt3a, Wnt10b and the Wnt receptor LRP5 were down-regulated, whereas the Wnt inhibitor DKK1 was up-regulated in response to these stress conditions. In contrast, little change was detected in the mRNA expression of Wnt5a, Wnt7b, Fz1, and LRP6. By western blotting we found decreased expression of the β-catenin and p-GSK-3β proteins. Our results thus show that mechanical stress suppresses the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in PDL cells.

Sacbrood virus(SBV) causes a fatal disease(sacbrood) of honeybee larvae, which fail to pupate, change color and shape, and finally die. The complete nucleotide sequence of SBV has recently been determined, and with these data, we now report a Reverse Transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) test for the direct, rapid, and sensitive detection of these viruses. To detect the SBV infection in Korea, we collect beekeepers from various apiaries, which the RT-PCR technique was used. And we designed SBV specific primers in conserved region of the viral genome in the GenBank database. We confirmed the SBV amplicon using cloning and sequence. Homology between determined sequences of SBV korean strain and published virus sequences were 97% in DNA sequence, and 100% in amino acid sequence. We describe the first time that presence of sacbrood virus(SBV) in Korea honey bee colonies using RT-PCR. We also developed and validated a RT-PCR assay for the detection of SBV in Korea.

Viruses of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. are known to reside at low levels in colonies, typically showing no apparent signs of infection. Chronic paralysis virus(CBPV) is known to induce significant losses in honey bee colonies. The pathology is characterized by clusters of trembling, flightless, crawling bees and by individual bees, sometimes hairless, standing at the hive entrance. A minusstrand-specific RT-PCR was used to assess viral replication. This is the first report on the infection of CBPV in Korea. Using (-)RT-PCR, 27 apiaries in korea were screened for the honeybee viruses, with positive colonies being analysed for viral genetic diversity. We got 550-nt PCR product from CBPV genomic RNA. Nucleotide sequences were aligned to the complete CBPV genomic RNA sequence deposited in the GenBank database and was revealed 96%(AM-CBPV) identity, respectively. Sequence comparison with other CBPV and honeybee virus.

Mortality of honeybees is a serious problem that beekeepers have to face periodically in Korea and worldwide. The presence of RNA viruses, in addition to other pathogens may be one of its possible causes. In this work, we detected Deformed wing virus(DWV), Israle Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Cloudy wing virus(CWV), Kashmir bee virus(KBV), Sacbrood virus(SBV), Chronic bee paralysis virus(CBPV) in samples of korea honeybees with or without Varroa destructor and Nosema apis. The detection of viruses in all provinces, simultaneous co-infection of colonies by several viruses and the fact that 96.3% of the samples were infected with one or more virus, indicates they are widely spread in the region. Using uniplex and multiplex RT-PCR we screened honey bee colonies for the presence of several bee viruses, including DWV, IAPV, BQCV, KBV, CWV, and described the detection of mixed virus infections in bees from these colonies. Conclusively, investigated disease of the bee, and confirmed new virus that lead to bee disease, this is thought by valuable thing as data for development of beekeeping industry such as CCD(Colony Collapse Disorder)'s cause searching examination.