Background : Polygala tenuifolia is mainly distributed in Korea and China. It is known to be mainly helpful for brain function and has been used medicinally for a long time. Currently, most of that used in domestic are imported from China. We want to identify the basic characteristics to replace imports and grow into new domestic income crops. Previous studies have examined the storage conditions of seeds and the areas suitable for cultivation. In this study, seed harvesting, germination conditions and seedling production methods are explained. Methods and Results : Seed harvest method - in early June, we have covered the funnel, paper bag and mesh bag. Seed harvested at the end of June were sorted by wind speed of 3.5 m/s – 6.1 m/s and 1 ㎜ - 4 ㎜ mesh size. The germination rate was measured at 20℃ for 10 days. Suit of the germination temperature - the germination rate was measured by 100 seeds, three replicates with a temperature gradient of 15℃ to 35℃ and 2℃ intervals. In order to confirm the conditions for seedling production, the emergence rate was examined at 20℃, 25℃, 30℃ and 35℃ in growth chamber. The seed harvesting method was 1.88 g of mesh bag the highest yield. The best sorting method was 2 ㎜ mesh size and 5.7 m/s wind speed. The germination temperature was the highest at 89.7 - 90.3% at the temperature range of 1 9℃ - 20℃ and the germination rate was decreased to 21.0% at 27℃. The seedling production rate was highest at 20℃. There was no difference in growth according to the pot size, but the survival rate was the highest in 105 size Conclusion : As a result of this study, Polygala tenuifolia was confirmed that harvesting by mesh bag and sorting by size and wind speed were effective for seed quality and yield. The seed germination was observed at relatively low temperature. These results can be used as basic data for cultivation.

Background : Due to changes in climate and cultivation conditions, the growth monitoring is an essential factor in improving crop productivity. With the recent development of image analysis technology incorporating ICT, it has become possible to constantly monitor the crop growth. As a medicinal crop specialized in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, Cnidium officinale Makino was examined for the possibility of growth diagnosis through image analysis for stable production. Methods and Results : The IP camera was installed at 2.5 m height in experiment field. The RGB image of every 06:00 was captured from July 1 to July 30 and used for analysis. The captured images were analyzed using the image analysis tool, Image J. The greeness was estimated by the average value of the green histogram. The canopy size was determined by the color range (red: 0-255, green: mean value-255, blue: 0-255) and was calculated as the ratio of pixels number of the entire image to those of the selected area. The growth temperature during investigation period was measured by Hobo MX2300. High temperature, excess of 28℃, was compared to stress response such as decrement of canopy size. The greeness and the canopy size are respectively represented by the quadratic function greeness = -0.0722GD2 + 6248.9GD – 1e + 08 (GD, growing day; R2 = 0.46) and canopy size = -0.0462GD2 + 3996.7GD – 9e + 07 (R2 = 0.93). From July 11, it began to exceed the growth limit temperature of 28℃, and the canopy size began to decrease from this period. Between the canopy size (C) and the accumulated temperature exceeding 28℃, there was a negative correlation, C = -0.13ATEC + 56.75 (R2 = 0.87) during the decreasing period. Conclusion : Extraction of color information in Cnidium officinale Makino using RGB image should be preceded by standardized setting, but it is considered to be useful tool for analyzing the change of quantitative characteristics over time. In the future, it is necessary to make a comparative study with the actual growth rate in the image diagnosis.

Background : Saliva miltiorrhiza is a perennial medicinal crop of Lamiaceae and has been reported to have various functionalities such as improvement of cardiovascular function and antihypertensive. However, domestic cultivation technique in Korea has not been established yet. Seed production system is required to increase propagation efficiency and to establish breeding basis for stable production. This experiment was carried out to determine the optimal date of the S. miltiorrhiza. Methods and Results : S. miltiorrhiza was seeded in April of 2017 and 2018. The seeds were harvested at 5-day intervals based on the flowering period of 2018. Number of peduncles, flowers, and seeds were investigated at each period. And germination rate was also investigated. The optimum seed harvest time was estimated by relationship between the seed production and days after flowering period (DAF) or cumulative temperature. The flowering rate and amount of seed of 2-years plant was higher than 1-year plant. As DAF increased, number of flowers, fertility rate, and the amount of seeds increased. At 20 DAF, 1-year, and 2-years plant respectively produced 2.2 g and 25.2 g of seed. Seed production (SP) and DAF or accumulated temperature (AT) had a quadratic relation, SP (g) = -0.1052DAF2 + 3.7396DAF - 12.347 (R2 = 0.828) and SP (g) = -0.0002AC2 + 0.1727AC - 9.146 (R2 = 0.853). The maximum amount of seed was estimated to be 20.9 g at 17.8 DAF or 21.3 g at 353℃. The seed germination rate was increased until 20 DAF with 62.0%. The amount of seed and germination rate were decreased at 25 DAF. Conclusion : The seeds of S. miltiorrhiza can be produced the highest amount with high viability on the 18th day after flowering period in 2-years after planting.

Background : It is necessary to develop a diagnostic tool for the precision agriculture according to the change of agriculture environment. In particular, medicinal crops are often cultivated in poor areas such as mountains and valleys, and are susceptible to abnormal climates. Therefore, there is a need for a method that can diagnose the growth easily and with time. We conducted a study to investigate the possibility of remote sensing for 10 species of medicinal crops using unmanned aerial vehicles and multispectral images. Methods and Results : This study was conducted in 0 - 4 times continuously cultivated field with 10 species of medicinal crops (Angelica gigas, A. koreana, A. tenuissiman, A. dahurica, A. acutiloba, A. polymorpha, Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Rhemannia glutinosa). Growth characteristics such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, stem diamanter and number of stems were investigated between July 10 and July 16. The reflectance map of red (660 ㎚) and NIR (790 ㎚) was obtained using a UAV equipped with a multi-spectral sensor and NDVI [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index] was obtained with a Pix4D mapper. As the number of times of continuos cultivation increased, the growth and NDVI tend to decreased. 6 species of Angelica genus were positively correlated with growth characteristics such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and stem diameter and NDVI. Otherwise, there was no significant relationship between growth characteristics and NDVI in Ledebouriella seseloides, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, and Rhemannia glutinosa. This is because the difference in the growth according to time of continuos cultivation was not significant and the canopy structure tended to overlap with the upper and lower leaves. Conclusion : NDVI is widely used as a useful tool for evaluating the canopy productivity and is highly correlated with the above-ground growth characteristics of 6 species of Angelica spp. It is necessary to develop the growth index suitable for the each species and to enhance the validity of growth index by examining the correlation under various cultivation conditions.

Background : Recently demand of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz increased rapidly using a food and cosmetics as an emphasis on well-being. Cultivation tests of Rehmannia glutinosa for new varieties are tested around Geumsan area of Chungnam province. It is different for the soil condition and wether between Chungnam area and Gyeongbuk area. It is needed cultivating tests of new variety region of north Gyeongbuk. Methods and Results : Test variety of Rehmannia glutinosa was Dagang and test place was 918 Banguri Jangsu Yeongju. Planting density of Dagang was 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝ and all seedstocks were disinfected before sowing. Composite fertilizer use 60 ㎏/10 a and press cake use 600 ㎏/10 a on the test field. Black vinyl muching was using for preventing of grass. Leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were no difference in growth among 20 × 20 ㎝, 30 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝. There was no difference in root length, root number root weight between planting distances, and root width was the largest at 30 × 20 ㎝ and 16.3 ㎜, Followed by 20 × 20 ㎝ and 40 × 20 ㎝ in order. Total root weight of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher than other plant density and total income of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higer than others. Roots rot of root was not significant difference among plant density. It was the first test Dagang around north Gyeongbuk area and plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was higher output than 30 × 20 ㎝, 40 × 20 ㎝. Conclusion : Plant density of 20 × 20 ㎝ was selected for cultivating Dagng around north Gyeongbuk area. 20 × 20 ㎝ of cultivating Dagang get a more roots and also increase famers income.

Background : The continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale is a serious problem for the cultivation practices, which is an unelucidated subject. This study is concerned mainly with rhizosphere microbiome and meteological factors on the cause of physiological damage in the continuous cropping of Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : Microbial population and community dynamics was evaluated with metagenomic DNA by IonTorrent PGM. Results of HPLC profiling revealed that metabolic components of symbiotic interaction with Cnidium officinale was not detected in cultivated soils. Proteobacteria groups such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropped fields mainly decreased compared to the first cropped soil. Principle component analysis of bacterial community showed a significantly differentiated vector between first cropping field and continuous cropped fields. Although growth characteristics including height, leaf length, leaf diameter amd stem diameter etc., was not different with continuous cultivation year until mid-July, physiological damage was dramatically started from late July. Yield of Rhizoma in continuous cropped fields significantly decreased compared to first cropped field. Evapotranspiration of Cnidium officinale with lysimeter for summer season was evaluated. It showed high relationship between solar radiation and evapotranspiration with R2 = 0.7778 and 41% of solar radiation converted into evapotranspiration during 16 days. This result imply that evapotranspiration is mainly controlled by radiation energy in clear days. Water and heat cycle through evapotranspiration is suppose to be one of the important factors related with physiological disorder of Cnidium officinale. Conclusion : This result imply that physiological damage resulted from continuous cropping is involved in decrease of Proteobacteria at rhizosphere soils under stressed conditions.

Background : Heat stress induced from high temperature are known to crucially affecting on physiological properties and yield in Cnidium officinale. Methods and Results : The effect of foliar application of mixture including a urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride on high temperature injury of Cnidium officinale. Photosynthesis and leaf temperature in Cnidium officinale were investigated after cultivating for 24 hours at 35℃. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and leaf temperature was analyzed by thermal image. Net photosyntheis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in mixture traetment were 2 times of higher than in control. Water use efficience was not different significantly. Leaf temperature was lower in mixture treatment (25.3℃) than in control (29.0℃). Conclusion : This result show that foliar application of urea, ascorbic acid and calcium chloride was reducing a high temperature injury through a improving photosynthetical capacity and decreasing leaf temperature of Cnidium officinale.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

Background : Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker, Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz and Peucedanum japonicum Thumberg　are a major medicinal plant in north Geungbuk province. Using medicinal plants are impotant it`s ingredient. Dry condition and stroage method are not standard manual. The ingredient variation of dry condition and stroage method were not researched. Methods and Results : Using plant material were cutivated on Gyongsangbukdo Bonghwa area. It were studied ingredient variation after dry and storage condition by HPLC methods. Major ingredient of Angelica gigas Nakai are decurusin, decurusinangelate. Heated air bulk dry get more decursin than natuarl dry and decurusinangelate of natural bulk dry was higher than heated air bulk dry. Major ingredient of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz are imperatorin and isoimperatorin.. Imperatorin of Ostericum koreanum was highest peak on 50℃ heated-air dry after plastic bag sorage and isoimperatorin was highest peak on 40℃ heated-air dry after mountain cultivation. Imperatorin is a major ingredient Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker. Heated air bulk dry get more decursin and decursinangelate than natuarl dry and small heated-air dry. Peucedanol-7o_glucoside is a major ingredient Peucedanum japonicum Thumberg. Natural bulk dry get more peucedanol-7o_glucoside than heated-air bulk dry. Conclusion : Ingredient of Angelica dahurica Bentham et Hooker, Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz are different under various cutivation, drying method, storage. Diffent Ingedients of Angelica gigas Nakai, Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz were not accord it’s optical conditon.

Background : Schizandra chinensis Baillon have five tastes and lately it is using a beverage broadly. Schizandra chinensis is one of the top producing medicinal plant in Korea. Mungyeong of Gyongbuk province produce almost of Schizandra chinensis. Maturity of Schizandra chinensis get 3 years and proliferation of Schizandra chinensis was not a manual. It is needed that a new cultivar has a big fruit and high quality chracteristics using processed food and beverage. Methods and Results : 105 lines of Schizandra chinensis were collected on Mungyeong, Yeongwol, Jinan. It were studied it’ characteristics especially it’s fruit trait. Fruit traits of Schizandra chinensis were researched on fruit length, fruit weight, maturity, number of fruit, male and female ratio, powdery mildew. Fruit length of Schizandra chinensis is relation of fruit weight. It were founded 15 lines of long fruit length. 5 lines were studied high fruit weight and it’s weight were 32 to 41g. Number of fruit has relation with fruit weight and high fruit weight gets many fruits. it’s numer of fruits were 3 to 41. Male and female ratio were very impotant characteristic. High level of female ratio has quantity of fruit. High level of female ratio were founded 2 lines. Finally It was selected 3 good breed lines of Schizandra chinensis. Conclusion : 105 lines of Schizandra chinensis Baillons were collected on Mungyeong, Yeongwol, Jinan. It were founded 15 lines of long fruit length and 5 lines were studied high fruit weight. High level of female ratio were founded 2 lines. 3 good breed lines of Schizandra chinensis were selected.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Schisandra chinensis Baillon were investigated under controlled temperature using growth chamber. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate and transpiration rate was higher in treatment of 25℃. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and PIabs was higher in treatment of 25℃ which reflects the relative reduction state of PSII. But in treatment of 35℃ the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were higher than in treatment of 25℃ which implied that the relative reduction of electron transport at PSI and increasement of photo inhibition at reaction center. Conclusion : This result implies that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis through controlling a photosystem in Schisandra chinensis Baillon.

Most vacuolar proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a proprotein precursor and then transported to vacuoles. In vacuoles, they are converted into the respective mature form. TaVPE1 and TaVPE2 were isolated from the cDNA library that was prepared from the wheat kernels at 16 and 18 days after fertilization (DAF). Additionally, putative TaVPEs (TaVPE3, TaVPE4) were isolated by inverse PCR (IPCR) using GrainGenes database. Each open reading frame (ORF) encodes 495, 497, 495, 456 amino acids, respectively. TaVPEs were closely related in respect to peptide comparisons and their sequence homologies were ranged from 84% to 93%. The TaVPE genes showed various expression patterns in response to exogenous treatment of phytohormones. The transcript of TaVPE1 was detected slightly and steadily after exposure to all phytohormones and the accumulation of TaVPE2 transcript was increased from 24 hours in NaCl treatment. The transcript of TaVPE3 was increased from 48 hours in response to H2O2 and decreased after exogenous application of ABA and salicylic acid. In case of TaVPE4, the transcript of TaVPE4 were weakly detected all time points of each phytohormone treatment.