This research study was conducted to explore the association between consumer attitudes and adoption of mobile payment in South Africa. Students of University of Witwatersrand were interviewed to identify their attitudes regarding usefulness, ease of use and risk. The results revealed majority of consumers found mobile payment systems as convenient and saved significant amount of time. Consumer perception of usefulness was found to be significantly associated with adoption. Perceived risk was weakly associated with adoption and perceived ease of use was not associated with adoption. However, introduction of income to moderate the effects of perceived ease of use led to significant positive association with adoption. Similarly when awareness was introduced to moderate the influence of perceived risk, the interaction had a significant positive association with adoption. The outcome of study resulted in improve understanding of consumer adoption of MPS in South Africa.

Worldwide, more than 1/3 of all e-commerce transactions in business-to-consumer industries are nowadays executed via mobile devices (Criteo, 2015). Despite its increasing importance, it can be noted that mobile commerce does not seem to “take-off” equally across diverse goods and services contexts. We observe, for instance, that mobile commerce is quite common in service industries for purchasing tickets (e.g., for flights, public transportation, and sport events), while it is less common for services such as financial products. Balasubramanian et al. (2002) addressed this issue and proposed that contexts of m-commerce differ from each other with regard to several characteristics. For example, they propose that location sensitivity (among other characteristics) differs for various m-commerce applications, and that this characteristic may impact acceptance of m-commerce across industries. It may be that acceptance of m-commerce is higher in some industries since use of location sensitive data is appreciated by customers, while it is not valued in other purchasing contexts. Against this background, we propose that examining (1) risk perception related to mobile commerce and (2) different types of mobile commerce applications are essential for gaining a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of differing relevance of m-commerce across industries. In particular, our study acknowledges the differential roles of the financial, performance, and security facets of risk. In addition, we assume that the role of value and risk dimensions differs subject to three mobile commerce application characteristics which are location sensitivity, time criticality, and extent of control. Based on a dataset of 800 respondents, results of our models demonstrate that especially security risk can act as a critical inhibitor of acceptance. The extent to which performance risk and financial risk impact perceived usefulness was found to be moderated by the three contextual characteristics. From a managerial perspective, results show which factors should deliberately be considered in the development of m-commerce applications, and in which different application contexts they matter.

The unique benefits offered by mobile shopping services have created new value propositions that motivate consumers choosing the mobile shopping channel over other channels. Consumers use the mobile shopping channel in different situational contexts regardless temporal and spatial constraints. The situational motivations using mobile shopping services are from consumer expectations of the benefits they can obtain in a specific situation, driving consumers to use the services again in the situation. Drawing upon assimilation-contrast theory (LaTour & Peat, 1979) and the notion of compatibility in Perceived Characteristics of Innovation (PCI) framework (Rogers, 1995), consumers tend to compare consumption experiences to their internalized standards (e.g., expectations, performance norms) for subsequent evaluations (LaTour & Peat, 1979). When consumer experience of using the product/service is consistent with their internalized standards, consumers will perceive the product or service is compatible, fulfilling their needs and values. Thus, once compatibility of the product or service is determined, consumer continued intention to use the product or service could be increased. By applying this conceptual framework to consumer mobile shopping behavior, this study examined the different sets of situational motivations (i.e., variety seeking, information in planned, time pressure, pleasure in bargain) of mobile shopping and how the different motivational factors may increase compatibility of mobile shopping services and further lead continued intention to use the services. A total 305 completed responses were collected via online. The sample consisted of slightly more female (52.1%) than males (47.9%); ages ranging from 19 to 63. The two steps of structural equation modeling were used to validate measurement model and to test hypotheses using Amos 22.0.The measurement model was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, showing a good fit to the data (χ2 = 294.218 with 103 df at p-value .000, CFI of .926, and RMSEA of .078). The fit statistics of the structural model indicated a good fit to the data (χ2 = 317.925 with 107 df at p-value .000, CFI of .919, and RMSEA of .081). The study found that variety seeking (Г = .942, t = 5.254, p-value < .001) and time pressure (Г = .205, t = 1.970, p-value= .049) motivations were positively related with mobile shopping compatibility and the compatibility had positive effect on continued intention to use mobile shopping services (β = .836, t = 14.362, p-value < .001). This study results suggest that variety seeking and time sensitive consumers perceive that mobile shopping channel fulfills their needs. This study also found that these specific motivations could increase the degree of mobile shopping channel compatibility, resulting in continued intention to use the mobile shopping channel. The findings of this study enable academics and retailers to understand consumer situational motivations in using the mobile shopping channel and serve to help retailers develop mobile shopping services and apps meeting consumer needs in different situations.

This research was conducted in order to examine the effects of user socio-demographics and recently introduced streamlined technology readiness index TRI 2.0 (Parasuraman & Colby, 2015) on mobile device use in B2B digital services. Mobile adoption has been studied from a consumer perspective, but to the best of the authors’ knowledge, very few studies explore mobile use in B2B markets. Mobile marketing is becoming a strategic effort in companies, as digital services not only in B2C but also in B2B sector are getting increasingly mobile (Leeflang, Verhoef, Dahlström & Freundt 2014). This raises an interest to better understand the characteristics of those mobile enthusiasts who primarily use B2B services via a mobile device rather than via a personal computer. The study tests hypotheses with a large data set of 2,306 business customers of which around 10 percent represent these innovative mobile enthusiasts. Technology readiness is an individual’s propensity to embrace and use new technologies for accomplishing goals in home life and at work (Parasuraman & Colby, 2015; Parasuraman, 2000). Parasuraman and Colby (2015) recently introduced an updated version of the original Technology Readiness Index (TRI 1.0) scale called TRI 2.0 to better match with the recent changes in the technology environment. At the same time they streamlined the scale to a compact 16-item version so that it is easier for researchers to adopt it as a part of research questionnaires. Likewise the original scale, TRI 2.0 consists of four dimensions: optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. Optimism and innovativeness are motivators of technology adoption while discomfort and insecurity are inhibitors of technology readiness, and these motivator and inhibitor feelings can exist simultaneously (Parasuraman & Colby, 2015). Optimism is a general positive view of technology containing a belief that technology offers individuals with increased control, flexibility and efficiency in their lives. Innovativeness refers to a tendency to be a pioneer and thought leader in adopting new technologies. Discomfort reflects a perception of being overwhelmed by technology and lacking control over it. Moreover, insecurity reflects distrust and general skepticism towards technology, and includes concerns about the potential harmful consequences of it. As individuals differ in their propensity to adopt new technologies (Rogers, 1995), the authors propose that technology readiness influences mobile device use of B2B customers: H1: Optimism has a positive effect on mobile device use of B2B digital services. H2: Innovativeness has a positive effect on mobile device use of B2B digital services. H3: Insecurity has a negative effect on mobile device use of B2B digital services. H4: Discomfort has a negative effect on mobile device use of B2B digital services. The earlier literature argues that socio-demographic factors such as gender (Venkatesh & Morris, 2000; Chong, Chan & Ooi, 2012), age (Venkatesh, Thong & Xu, 2012; Chong et al., 2012; Kongaut & Bohlin 2016), education (Agarwal & Prasad, 1999; Chong et al., 2012; Puspitasari & Ishii 2016) and occupation (Okazaki, 2006) influence technology adoption behavior in general, and mobile adoption in particular. For example, men are nearly twice as likely as women to adopt mobile banking, and age is a negative determinant (Laukkanen, 2016). Higher educated use mobile devices more for utilitarian purposes, while lower educated use mobile devices more for entertainment (Chong et al., 2012). Moreover, research suggests that occupational factors influence mobile use (Okazaki, 2006). The authors hypothesize: H5: Males are more likely than females to use mobile device for B2B digital services. H6: Age has a negative effect on the use mobile device for B2B digital services. H7: Customers with higher education level have a higher likelihood for using mobile device for B2B digital services than customers with lower education level. H8: Occupation has an effect on the use mobile device for B2B digital services. The study tests hypotheses with a data collected among B2B customers of four large Finnish companies, all representing different industry fields. The large sample (n=2306) consists of procurement decision-makers all experienced with using B2B digital services. The sample shows that over 90 percent of the B2B customers are still using a computer (laptop or desktop computer) as their primary access device for digital services in their work. The sample divides between females and males in proportion to 46 and 54 percent respectively. University degree represents a majority with 42 percent, while only 2,7 percent of the respondents have a comprehensive or elementary school education. Over half of the sample represent top management or middle management with 24,6 and 28,4 percent respectively, while 9 percent are entrepreneurs, 21,2 percent represent experts, and 16,7 percent are officials or employess. Mean age of the respondents is 51,6 years, ranging from 18 to 81 years. The study uses logistic regression analysis with backward stepwise method in which the dependent variable is a dichotomous binary variable indicating the respondent’s primary access device for B2B digital services with 0=computer and 1=mobile device. As for the independent variables, the study measures individual’s technology propensity with recently introduced 16-item TRI 2.0 scale from Parasuraman and Colby (2015) using a five-point Likert scale ranging from Strongly disagree=1 to Strongly agree=5. The authors used confirmatory factor analysis to verify the theory-driven factor structure of the TRI 2.0 scale, i.e. optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. The analysis show that the measurement model for the TRI 2.0 scale provides an adequate fit and standardized regression estimates for all measure items exceed 0.60 (p<0.001) except for one item in discomfort (β=0.516) and one item in insecurity (β=0.480). After removing these two items the model shows an excellent fit with χ2=478.033 (df=71; p<0.001), CFI=0.965, RMSEA=0.050. Moreover, discriminant validity is supported, as the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) value of each construct is greater than the correlations between the constructs (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). In addition, composite reliability values vary from 0.726 to 0.852 supporting convergent validity of the TRI 2.0 factors (Table 1). Thereafter, the factor scores of the latent factors showing sufficient internal consistency were imputed to create composite measures. These composite measures were used as independent variables in the logistic regression model. With regards to socio-demographic variables, age is measured as a continuous variable, while gender, education, and occupation are categorical independent variables in the model. The results of the logistic regression analysis show that innovativeness, insecurity, age, and occupation are statistically significant predictors of mobile device use in B2B services, supporting hypotheses H2, H3, H6, H8. The stepwise analysis procedure removed optimism (p=0.860), education (p=0.789), gender (p=0.339), and discomfort (p=0.159) from the model as they proved to be non-significant predictors of mobile device use. The results indicate that occupation is the strongest predictor for mobile device use in B2B digital services so that the top management has the greatest likelihood as the odds ratios of middle management, experts, and officials/employees are 0.610, 0.282, and 0.178 respectively. This means that, for example, the odds of the top management using mobile device as their primary channel for B2B digital services are 1.64 (1/0.610) times greater than the odds of the middle management, and 5.62 (1/0.178) times greater than the odds of the officials/employees. Interestingly the β-value for the entrepreneurs is positive indicating that their likelihood for mobile device use is even greater than the likelihood of the top management. However, the p-value (0.913) indicates that the difference is not statistically significant. With regards to age of the B2B customer, the results indicate a negative relationship with mobile device use. The odds ratio [Exp(β)=0.979] claims that the odds of a B2B customer to use mobile device as the primary channel for digital services decrease by 2 percent for each additional year of age. Regarding the TRI 2.0 constructs, the results show that innovativeness is a highly significant positive predictor for mobile device use, while perceived insecurity has a negative effect (Table 2). Literature suggests that B2B customers increasingly use mobile devices but yet little is known about those individuals most enthusiastic in using B2B digital services via a mobile device. Thus, the current study attempts to better understand those mobile enthusiasts who among the first have adopted mobile devices as their primary method to access B2B digital services. The results suggest that occupation is the most significant predictor of mobile use among B2B customers, implying that top managers are among the most likely to adopt and use mobile device for business services. Moreover, younger B2B customers use mobile devices more eagerly as the results suggest the likelihood for mobile device use degreases by 2 percent with every added year of age. The results further imply that out of the four TRI 2.0 dimensions innovativeness and insecurity influence in the mobile device use of B2B customers, innovativeness positively and insecurity negatively as the theory proposes. Innovativeness represents individual’s tendency to be a pioneer and thought leader in terms of technology adoption, while insecurity stems from the general skepticism and distrust of technology. These results imply that B2B customers who mainly access B2B digital services via a mobile device are open minded towards the possibilities new technologies can provide for them. Moreover, it appears that those B2B customers still accessing digital services primarily via a computer are more skeptical than mobile users towards technology in general. Compared to the use of mobile devices for individual purposes, business related use is more functional in nature, and thus, mobile devices and technologies must be convenient to use, offer real benefits for example in forms of mobility and portability, and be reliable in order for B2B customers to use them. Interestingly, our results do not support the effects of generally positive attitudes towards technology reflecting optimism, or discomfort of using technologies to influence mobile use among B2B customers. In addition, there are organizational factors (e.g. voluntariness of use) that the authors omit in the current study. These may limit the findings. Mobility will be a key driver in the ongoing digital revolution of marketing and sales. Understanding online behavior of mobile enthusiasts assists B2B marketing and sales leaders to plan and implement more effective mobile marketing strategies. Rogers (1995) has shown that the majority will follow the early adopters, and the adaptation cycle has even shortened during the last years (Downes & Nunes, 2014). Thus, mobile devices are evidently becoming the primary method in accessing B2B digital services.

Mobile banking has been continuously increasing worldwide. A number of studies have been examined on the mobile banking adoption intention (Kim et al., 2007; Sripalawat et al., 2010; Bhatiasevi, 2015; Baptista, 2015). However, most of those studies have been confined to Western countries and the developed Asian countries such as China (Ball et al, 2004; Chitty, 2012), Thus, there were only few of researches on continuance usage intention towards mobile banking in Thailand. Then, an investigation of the factors affecting users’ continuance intention should be studied to fulfill this gap. It is interesting to examine users’ continuance intention towards mobile banking and identify factors that would affect them. In addition, the adoption rate of mobile banking in Thailand is still underused than expected (Sripalawat et al., 2010). Hence, users’ continuance usage is a critical for long-term improvement of mobile banking. Consequently, continuance intention has become an essential topic of study in the mobile banking research area. The purpose is to study the impact of risk and trust on continuance intention towards mobile banking in Thailand and generate a meaningful understanding of the users’ continuance intention towards mobile banking. Mobile Banking is in a form of electronic banking, which describes all financial transactions through mobile communication technology (Weber and Darbellay, 2010; Chen, 2008; Mallat et al., 2004). Based on Ball et al., (2004) an extend European Customer Satisfaction Index model has been investigated on continuance intention. In this paper, the perceived risk is added for a better explanation of the impact of perceived risk and trust in continuance intention on Thai mobile banking consumers. Continuance intention can be defined as a customer’s intention for repurchasing from the same organization (Edvardsson et al., 2000). Repurchasing products and services from the same organization is a result of value received from one seller is more than other alternatives (Hallowell, 1996). Company can reduce cost and increase profit from customer loyalty. It is because company need to spend five times more than the cost of retaining an existing customer to acquire a new customer (Yap et al., 2012). It is a key factor in order to achieve company success and sustainability over time (Flavian et al., 2006; Keating et al., 2003). Expectations, both of experience and non-experience users can have an “expectation”. Non-experience users can have an “expectations” prior consumption experience from other sources such as advertising, promotion, pricing and word-of-mouth. Patterson et al. (1997) mentioned that expectation has an influence on disconfirmation and associate on satisfaction. Perceived quality is received customization and reliability from product or service. The level that products or services meet customer’s requirements is customization and the level of firm’s providing standard products without deficiencies is reliability. Parasuraman et al., (1988) claimed that a distinctive product quality contributes the differentiation of products and services to overcome competitors. The perceived quality significantly influences on satisfaction (Parasuraman et al., 1996; Kim et al., 2008). In addition, perceived quality is expected to have a positive effect on customer satisfaction (Fornell et al., 1996). Perceived value of a service is the benefits from service quality that customers receive relative to the costs paid by customers (Turkyilmaz et al., 2013). Perceived value is expected positively impact on satisfaction in the ECSI model (Turkyilmaz and Ozkan, 2007). Trust is the belief that a company will complete its commitments without taking benefits from customers (Ranaweera et al., 2005). Mukherjee and Nath (2003) found trust is an antecedent of commitment in online banking. Moreover, Morgan and Hunt (1994) supported trust is a key to successful relationship marketing. Aydin and Ozer (2005) mentioned that building trust is not only perceive good outcomes but also believe that good results will continue. Trust in service providers has a significant impact on continuance intention. It is an antecedent in models concerning to relationships that include loyalty as dependent variables (Schaupp and Be ́langer, 2005; Verhagen et al., 2006). Lack of trust can influence the way in which consumers see banks and financial institutions and in particular consumers’ attitudes to new forms of service delivery via the internet (Zhao et al., 2010). Perceived risk has changed as people have engaged online transactions. In the past, perceived risk was mainly related to fraud or product quality, but presently perceived risk is linked to financial, psychological, physical, or social risks in online transactions (Forsythe and Shi, 2003; Im et al., 2008). There are different types of risks were explored in the previous research about mobile banking and other banking technologies. Firstly, privacy and security were concerned regarding mobile banking among some consumers (Luarn and Lin, 2005). A PIN codes has been used to increase the security. Personal details and financial information became the main concern for mobile banking (Brown et al., 2003), especially among mature consumers (Laukkanen et al., 2007). When customers perceive an uncertainty, they tend to limit their usage or purchase intention Lin (2008). In addition, Wu and Wang (2005) support that risk has a statistically significant effect on intention to use mobile commerce in Taiwan. Satisfaction can be defined as how much customers are satisfied with the products or services of a company, and how well their expectations are met Oliver (1999). Customer satisfaction has been also explained as an overall evaluation of a firm’s post-purchase performance or utilization of a service (Fornell, 1992). Customer satisfaction is generally viewed based on evaluations and expressed some time during the purchase-consumption process. Loyalty and satisfaction are considered in several conceptual. There are a relationship between loyalty and satisfaction (Oliver, 1999). For the methodology, the questionnaire was administered through online included questions measuring the variables based on the extended European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI) model. Both males and females mobile banking consumers aged more than 18 years old living or working in Thailand are focused on this paper. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale and developed from previous mobile banking studies (Parasuraman et al.,1988; Bhattacherjee, 2001, Ball et al., 2003; Chen, 2012; Kang et al., 2012; Kursunluoglu, 2014; Baptista, 2015). The partial least squares path modelling was used to investigate data from questionnaire to test hypotheses and determine the consistency, reliability and construct validity, as well as the relationships among constructs. 403 valid samples were collected after eliminating 153 invalid samples. The majority of respondent uses mobile banking more than 4 times a month as 36 percent. A percentage of 30 of respondents use mobile banking 1-2 times a month. Respondents using mobile banking 3-4 times a month and less than once a month follow with 19.1 percent and 14.6 percent respectively. The results from partial least squares path modelling have shown that the expectation has a significant impact on customer satisfaction. Thai consumers who set expectation on their mind by using their previous experience or word of mouth from their friends will compare the mobile banking service performance to their expectation. They would satisfy the mobile banking if the services meet their expectation. Perceived quality has a significant positive impact on customer satisfaction. Providing good performances with accuracy, unfreezing system contributes customer satisfaction on Thai mobile banking users. Perceived value affects on customer satisfaction. After Thai consumers use the mobile banking service, they would evaluate the benefits receiving from the service relative to the costs paid by customers. If service received was worth with the money paid, Thai consumers would satisfy services. Perceived risk does not have a negative impact on customer satisfaction but it has a significant negative effect on continuance intention. Thais’ satisfaction would not be reduced by perceived risk, whereas Thai users would stop using mobile banking if they feel unsafe and perceive risk. Trust has a significant direct impact on continuance intention towards mobile banking consumers in Thailand. This shows that Thai consumers would keep using mobile banking service since they trust on the mobile banking service providers. The satisfaction is a dominant in continuance intention. Satisfaction has a significant impact on continuance intention. Once users satisfy the mobile banking service, they would like to continue use mobile banking and introduce mobile banking to their friends. In conclusion, satisfaction, trust and perceived risk have an impact on continuance intention towards mobile banking in Thailand. Expectations, perceived quality, perceived value have an indirect impact on continuance intention in using mobile banking for Thai consumers through satisfaction. The satisfaction is a dominant factor of continuance intention usage (Bhattacherjee, 2001a, 2001b; Chen et al., 2012; Lam et al., 2004). Satisfaction on mobile banking can be generated by good quality service, value, and responding customers’ requirement to meet their expectations. Surprisingly, perceived risk has no a negative impact on customer satisfaction, but it has an impact on continuance intention. Trust also leads Thai consumers continue use mobile banking. This study contributes mobile banking service providers to know the impact of risk and trust on continuance intention towards mobile banking in Thailand and generate a meaningful understanding of the users’ continuance intention towards mobile banking. The result can improve the volume and value of mobile banking transaction, and satisfaction. Moreover, mobile banking providers can reduce the challenge and generating a better decision on the future marketing campaign to motivate mobile banking consumer keeps using the services.

This paper presents how Digital Knowledge Ecosystem such as “Govi Nena” (translates as agriculture intelligence) can be used to provide a more effective and practical solution to eliminate the inefficiencies in agricultural markets and achieve higher productivity and price stability. In order to establish the framework to analyze the system, this paper uses a set of hypothetical scenarios faced by value chain actors based on a review of the literature, established knowledge and recent developing country experiences. The scenario analysis reveals that “Govi Nena” enables farmers to make effective production decisions, deepens the level of value chain integration, and enhances the level of welfare for the society as a whole.

South Korea has led the global online game markets successfully in the mobile game platform based social network service with commercialization and showed the potential of the mobile game market. Currently, Korea's game industry is accelerating the global expansion for the mobile game market based on online game technology and mobile infrastructure. However, recently as mobile games attract attention in the mobile business and digital entertainment markets, the competition grows so fast. Cooperation between game developers and publishers have important implications in mobile games as well as online games for competitiveness through selection and concentration. This study was designed to support decision making at the outsourcing for publisher and the development of mobile games with key success factor analysis. The key evaluation factors of the mobile game were extracted through the literature review and expert groups, and then the relative importance between each factor was derived to take advantage of the AHP, Multi-criteria decision method. Differences between the online game and mobile game were analysed in this evaluation process. Also we were able to verify this evaluation model by applying the released mobile game. As a result, accomplishment and gambling in the mobile game was found to be a key factor. Also differentiation factors from online game were social factor, scalability, reliability. Unlike the previous studies which have been focused on online games, this study offers the guideline of the decision making for the business success in the mobile game development and the sourcing, the most important steps in publishing business.

It is very important to calculate natural frequency of the observatory tower correctly because it is keenly affected by wind response vibration due to its large slenderness ratio, weight and small damping ratio. Additionally, suggestion equation of natural frequency being used in the design phase has considerable difference between actual measured value thereby making it inappropriate to be used in the serviceability design of the observatory tower. Therefore, this paper conducted an ambient vibration measuring on 10 observatory towers through mobile-phone application thereby calculating the natural frequency and comparing the result with the domestic and foreign standards and that of the eigen-value analysis. This paper suggested approximate equation of the natural frequency of the observatory tower; T=0.0266H. The square of the corelation coefficient is 0.940, which is high.

Cost for plant survey has been dramatically reduced due to the development of mobile technology to obtain pictures with their GPS coordination. We developed a PlantGPS system consisting of an Android application specialized for collecting plant pictures and their locations using mobile devices, a server-side component for uploading data, and a web-based interface for managing and analyzing data. As examples of application of our PlantGPS system, surveys of “plants in Nangsae (Daksum) Island” and “ferns in Chollipo arboretum” were conducted. Results showed that our PlantGPS system could be used to quickly survey plant distribution in restricted area with reasonable time and effort.

Mobile fish-cage was developed assuming a cage net with an enclosed area, which and estimated the hydrodynamic characteristics of the cage through the model experiment. Flux-shielding plates, installed in the bow were compared with the resistance test carried out by making a hole, bilge keel and stud, and basic block flow rate consisting of the results to a flat surface plate. The experimental results confirmed the improved resistance performance effect of 3~6% in the bilge keel and the stud form. To assess the stability of the fish-cage, evaluation of the stability in accordance with the stability criteria for determining the floating docks had confirmed that it satisfied the static stability performance under operating conditions at sea.

본 연구에서는 야생동물위치추적장치(WT-200)을 이용하여 국내에 월동․번식하는 흰뺨검둥오리 서식지 이용을 파악 하여, 우리나라 수조류 서식지 보호․관리의 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 대상지역은 경기도 복하천과 청미천, 충청남 도 곡교천, 충청북도 병천천, 전라북도 만경강 등 5개 하천과 제주도 용수저수지 1개 저수지로 흰뺨검둥오리 25개체에 위치추적기를 부착하였다. 25개체중 12개체가 국외이동하였으며, 도착지는 중국, 북한, 러시아였다. 평균 이동거리는 683㎞이었으며, 최대 1,238㎞였다. 국내에 잔류한 13개체의 일일 평균이동거리는 1.0±0.89㎞이었으며, 최대 이동거리 는 23.8㎞이었다. 평균 북상일 이전인 월동기의 일일 평균 이동거리는 0.9㎞였으며, 최대 14.6㎞였고, 번식기에는 평균 1.3㎞, 최대 14.4㎞이었다. 흰뺨검둥오리는 국내에서 하천을 가장 많이 이용하였으며, 다음으로 논, 밭 저수지 등의 순이었다. 월동기 동안 하천을 가장 많이 이용하였으며, 번식기에는 논을 가장 많이 이용하였다. 월동기 주간과 야간모두 하천에서 이용률이 가장 높았으나, 논과 밭의 이용률은 주간보다 야간에 높았다. 번식기에는 주간과 야간 모두 논의 이용울이 가장 높았으나, 야간에 하천의 이용률이 증가하였고 밭의 이용률이 감소하였다. 논은 하천은 시기에 따라 흰뺨검둥오리의 이용형태가 다른 경향을 보였으며, 대부분 하천과 인접한 논을 이용하였다.

Species identification, the process of finding the taxon to which a specimen belongs, is a difficult and frustrating task for most biologists but is absolutely fundamental to most biological research. However, proper species identification requires extensive knowledge on the particular taxon, thus can be problematic and confusing for non-professionals. To increase the accuracy of identification, computer-based interactive identification key has been widely used. In order to improve the identification process and promote effective utilization of Korean species, Korean Indigenous Interactive Key System (KIIS) was developed. Moreover, image-based online identification system was developed to broaden the range of users from non-experts to professionals. As the use of mobile device became significant in people’s lives, we further developed mobile web-based identification system.

흰뺨검둥오리(Anas poecilorhyncha)는 우리나라에 서식 하는 대표적인 수조류로 다양한 유형의 내륙습지와 해안습 지에서 서식하며, 논, 호소, 소택지, 간척지, 하천, 하구, 해 안 등지에서 번식한다. 번식기가 지난 여름철에는 암수 한 쌍이 짝지어 갈대, 줄풀, 창포등이 무성한 습지에서 서식하 며 겨울철 큰무리로 서식한다. 한반도 전역에서 번식하는 흔한 텃새이며, 또한 겨울철 북쪽의 번식 집단이 남하 월동 하는 흔한 겨울철새이다. 최근 전세계적으로 야생조류로부 터 고병원성 조류인플루엔자 바이러스가 분리되고 있는 상 황이며, 조류인플루엔자 발생시기는 야생조류의 이동시기 와 일치하여 조류인플루엔자 전파에 야생조류는 주요 전염 원이라는 인식을 갖게 하고 있다. 국내에서도 청둥오리 및 원앙 등의 야생조류로부터 바이러스가 직접 분리 동정되었 으며, 유전자 염기서열 분석 결과, 국내 양계 농장 발생 바이 러스와 일치하였다. 국내 조류인플루엔자 발생원인 및 질병 전파는 야생조류에 의해 바이러스가 국내로 유입된 후 오염 된 분변에 의해 사람이나 차량에 의해 2차로 유입되는 것으 로 추정되고 있다. 따라서 청둥오리, 흰뺨검둥오리 등 야생 조류의 이동, 분포양상 등에 대해서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 흰뺨검둥오리에 관한 연구는 단일종 자체보다는 철새 도래 지내 수조류 군집 연구시 흰뺨검둥오리 개체수 변동과 흰뺨 검둥오리를 포함한 수조류 군집과 기온, 먹이자원 등 환경 요인과 상관관계 등 다른 수조류와 함께 포괄적으로 일부 수행된 바 있다. 흰뺨검둥오리의 이동에 관한 연구로는 가 락지를 이용한 재포획 연구시 일부 수행되었을 뿐, 흰뺨검 둥오리 단일종에 관한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 야생동물위치추적장치(WT-200)를 이용하여 국내 서식하는 흰뺨검둥오리의 월동기와 번식기를 구분하 고, 주간과 야간의 서식지 이용율을 파악하여 우리나라의 대표적인 텃새 및 겨울철새인 흰뺨검둥오리의 보호관리 및 기타 수조류의 이동 및 행동 등 생태학 연구에 필요한 자료 를 제공하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구는 경기도 이천시 복 하천, 안성시 청미천, 충청남도 아산시 곡교천, 충청북도 진 천군 병천, 전라북도 만경강, 제주도 용수저수지에서 실시 하였다. 복하천과 안성천, 곡교천, 병천, 만경강은 수심이 비교적 낮으며, 유속도 완만하며, 수변부와 제방사이에는 넓은 고수부지가 있다. 주변에는 넓은 농경지가 있으며, 인 근에는 대도시가 위치해있다. 용수저수지는 제주도 서쪽에 위치하고 있는 제주도의 주요한 철새도래지이다. 6개 지역의 수변부에서 Cannon-net을 이용하여 흰뺨검둥 오리를 포획하였다. 포획된 개체는 즉시 새주머니(Bird-back) 에 넣어 10~20분 정도 안정화 시켰으며, 이후 각 개체 무게 를 측정하여 추적 대상 개체를 선별하였다. 비행에 있어 행 동제약을 최소화 할 수 있는 추적기 무게는 5%이하이므로, 야생동물위치추적기 무게가 50g임을 고려하여 추적 대상개 체는 1kg이상의 개체를 대상으로 하였다. 야생동물위치추 적기는 백팩(Back-pack) 형태로 부착하였다. 서식지이용율을 분석하기 위해 흰뺨검둥오리 25개체에 야생동물위치추적기(WT-200)를 부착하였다. 이 중 국외 이동한 12개체의 평균 북상일을 기준으로 나머지 13개체의 북상일 기준 전과 후로 구분하여 서식지 이용율을 분석하였 다. 서식지 이용은 각 좌표를 구글 맵(Google-map)을 이용 하여 하천, 논, 밭, 바다, 저수지, 농수로 등으로 구분하여 파악하였으며, 전체 월동기와 번식기, 주간과 야간으로 구 분하여 서식지 이용율을 파악하였다. 전체 37개체를 대상으로 위치추적한 결과, 평균 189일간 위치추적하였으며, 최대 425일, 최소 70일간 좌표수신이 되 었다. 하루동안 개체별로 1회, 2회, 8회의 좌표수신을 하였 으며, 평균 259회의 좌표를 획득하였고, 최대 598회, 최소 90회를 획득하였다. 국외 이동한 12개체의 평균 북상일은 4월 26일이었으며, 4월 8일부터 5월 28일까지 이동을 하였다. 월동지에서 도착지까지의 평균 직선이동거리는 683.8km였으며 최소 174km, 최대 1,238km를 이동한 것으로 나타났다. 도착지 는 중국 6개체, 러시아 1개체, 북한 5개체였다. 국내에 잔류 한 흰뺨검둥오리 13개체를 대상으로 전체 서식지 이용율을 살펴보면, 하천에서 46.1%를 이용하여 가장 높았으며, 다음 으로 논 34.0%, 밭 11.0%, 저수지 1.8%, 바다 1.8%, 농수로 1.6% 등의 순으로 확인되었다. 평균 북상일을 기준으로 월 동기에는 논이 68.8%로 가장 이용율이 높았으며, 다음으로 논 12.9%, 밭 11.7%, 농수로 3.3%, 저수지 3.2% 등의 순이 었다. 번식기에는 논이 55.2%로 가장 높았으며 다음으로 하천 23.3%, 밭 10.3%. 바다 3.6%, 저수지 0.5% 등의 순이 었다. 주간과 야간으로 구분하여 살펴보면 주간의 월동기에 는 하천이 68.8%로 가장 이용율이 높았으며, 다음으로 논 12.9%, 밭 11.7%, 농수로 3.3% 등의 순이었다. 번식기에는 논에서 62.7%로 가장 높았고 다음으로 하천 20.4%, 밭 15.4% 등의 순이었다. 월동기 야간에는 논에서 55.4%로 가장 이용율이 높았으며, 다음으로 논 20.9%, 밭 14.9%, 저수지 4.9%, 농수로 3.4% 등의 순이었다. 번식기에는 논 에서 51.7%, 하천 42.3%, 밭 4.4% 등의 순이었다. 흰뺨검둥오리는 겨울철 월동기와 여름철 번식기 동안 주 서식지가 변화하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 하천은 월동 기 동안 중요한 서식지이며, 논은 번식기간 동안 중요한 서 식지인 것으로 확인되었다. 월동기에는 주로 하천을 주서식 지로 이용하여 먹이섭취를 위해 논, 밭 등을 이용하는 것으 로 생각할 수 있으며, 번식기에는 논에서 번식 혹은 서식하 며 하천을 이동하며 서식하는 것으로 추정된다.

As mobile devices are becoming ubiquitous, more users encompassing different are groups are enjoying mobile games. There are two types of mobile games – games mandating a certain type of learning and games not requiring any sophisticated learning such as casual games. In this paper, we first define th the degree of learning and compare the acceptance of these two types of mobile games on two different ages groups, i.e., 2~30 age group and 40~50 age group. For this experiment, we recruited 20 users, 10 users per each group, and each participant responds to our survey after playing 15 games with different degrees of difficulty. Our survey results show that 1) both age groups are more engaged in popular games, 2) 20~50 age group is less engaged in brain-teasing games and social network games, 3) both age groups feel difficult as more learning is required, and 4) 20~30 age group quickly learns new games if those are similar to the games they played before.

In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by mobile cranes. Fatal injury analyses were conducted with several accident cases by the mobile cranes. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. This study proposed a revision of the standard guideline as an accident prevention measures through in-depth analysis of fatal accidents. First, fatality rate per 10,000 persons by the mobiles cranes was 0.57 in 2011. Second, the in-depth analysis of the mobile crane accidents showed that the main factors of the accidents were the overturn of mobile crane, the fracture of connection part between mobile crane boom and rope, the breaking of rope and the misunderstanding over the signal between a mobile crane driver and workers around a mobile crane. Third, the order of high defection of connecting parts was bucket bolt, bracket and extension parts. Fourth, since there were several cases of overturn of mobile crane by itself in the in-depth analysis of the mobile crane, the over slop-proof device was proposed as the main alternative in this study. Fifth, the revision of standards of safety factor that shall be more than 10, of connecting parts of mobile crane was proposed.