Socialization agents are an important aspect of a consumer's tool set for determining how they interact with the market environment. These agents are traditionally thought to be members of one's family, peers, and mass media (Bush, Smith, and Martin 1999; John 1999). Research as shown how socialization agents play an important role in marketing research and how they affect attitude formation (Shin, Ross, and Moon, 2015) and brand/store switching behaviors (Shin, Park, and Ross, 2012). Culture defines social norms and forms what are acceptable or even desirable consumption goods within a society (Kaltcheva and Weitz, 2006). Through this definition, one can assume that culture likely has significant influences on a consumer’s shopping motives. Previous researches have attempted to divide culture into dimensions of vertical/horizontal and collectivism/individualism; where vertical individualism is made up of individuals who attempt to stand out from others in their uniqueness via competitive natures, a focus on success and achievements, and acquisition of power; horizontal individualism consists of individuals who tend to shun successful people as boasters and consider values of modesty respectable while retaining their individuality and personal goals apart from comparing to others around them; vertical collectivists are those who recognize a hierarchal form of society and seek to maintain the consistency of traditional authority structures within it; and horizontal collectivists hold views less related to hierarchal recognition and more related to values of equal cooperation with an honest and direct demeanor (Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli, 2006; Kurman and Sriram, 2002; Triandris and Gelfland, 1998). However, the operational items utilized in research surveys, while successful in the west, such as in the U.S., have struggled to stand out and show significance in the Korean society. This research attempts to provide more useful survey items that embrace each aspect of culture type more clearly in order to reach levels of significance and distinction that are sorely needed in this field. In South Korea, which is thought to be a predominantly collectivist culture (Hofstede, 2001; Rhee, Uleman, and Lee, 1996), a study of discount shoppers found they are inclined to shop for the purpose of socialization either because they enjoy being in a crowd or to compare their current social status level with other shoppers in the same store (Jin and Kim, 2003). Collectivist consumers tend to shop with others among their social circles and spend more time shopping (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Consumers that spend more time shopping are more proactive in obtaining information while they are shopping (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980). Risk averse shoppers attempt to increase their market knowledge (Mano and Elliott, 1997), and collectivists are thought to be more risk averse and attempt to avoid risk through various methods, such as price signaling (Shannon and Mandhachitara, 2008). In China, a largely collectivist society, consumers are quite price conscious and focused on thrifty spending habits (Kim, Forsythe, Gu, and Moon, 2002; Zhang, 2001; Weidenbaum, 1996), and they are more likely to engage in obtaining product information during shopping ventures than their individualist American counterparts (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Jin and Kim (2003) suggested that Korean shoppers are socially motivated to shop in order to compare their levels of accomplishments with other shoppers in the same venues. This falls in line with a competitive nature distinct in vertical culture types. Verticality in culture values is related to competition and moving up the social latter, while horizontal cultural values denote a more cooperative and passive stance on standing out (Triandis and Gelfand, 1998). It seems logical to assume that vertical culture values tend toward more hedonistic values rather than utilitarian. Utilitarian shoppers are more concerned about price competitiveness and convenience when shopping (Jin and Kim, 2003), implying that individuals of a horizontal cultural nature are more concerned with price comparison and the places that conveniently provide them with information needed to make purchase decisions in the store rather than through external information search, such as through social interactions. When shoppers lack socialization agents or collective cultures to help them make purchase decisions, they must turn to the stores themselves for assistance and information acquisition. Studies have shown that a lack of social interaction creates feelings of loneliness in elderly shoppers, whom will then turn to various mall shopping motivations, such as service consumption and diversion, in order to alleviate their loneliness (Kim, Kang, and Kim, 2005). This suggests that the shopping motivation to interact with service personnel in stores acts as a substitute for situations where socialization agents are lacking. Shopping malls have been shown to be help mitigate feelings of social isolation and emotional disconnect from society (Forman and Sriram, 1991; Mochis, 1996; Kang and Ridgway, 1996). As collectivists tend to highly desire social interactions for a variety of reasons, it is quite likely that such interactions will be a driving factor for their motivation to shop, especially when they lack the appropriate socialization agents that will provide the means to give such interactions outside of the market. Customer satisfaction leads customers to stronger emotional attachments to the stores they are satisfied with, implying that individuals form social bonds with the stores themselves; and this, in turn, increases the likelihood of these individuals becoming regular patrons (Shin and Park, 2014). There are a variety of shopping motives that have been used for studies in previous researches. In this research, we take a look at the motivations of social interaction (Tauber, 1972), information seeking (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980), and price comparison (Groeppel-Klein, Thelen, and Antretter, 1999), and how they are affected by socialization agents, both personal and non-personal, as well as culture type and how they influence an individual's likelihood of emotional attachment to stores.

Despite an extensive literature in scarcity, limited studies have examined how scarcity appeal may deter consumers in obtaining luxury brands. This study aims to understand consumer perception towards luxury brands as underpinned by the theory of agonistic behaviour from biology literature. Introduction The luxury brand industry has long strived to achieve the perception of scarcity. Luxury brands are defined as the highest level of prestigious brands including physical and mostly intangible elements in which price and quality ratios are the highest in the market (Nueno & Quelch 1998; Vigneron & Johnson 1999). Only the wealthy are able to afford the products (Radon, 2012). Its exclusivity, rarity/scarcity, identity, perceived quality, and awareness have become the selling point of luxury brands (Pantzalis 1995; Phau & Prendergast 2000). As Smith (1776, 112) stated, “the merit of an object, which is in any degree either useful or beautiful, is greatly enhanced by its scarcity. . .”. According to literature, scarcity effect can only be created when the product is desirable yet achievable to be possessed by consumers (Verhallen 1982). It can be initiated due to low supply or high demand (Verhallen 1982, Verhallen and Robben 1994). Scarcity to high demand indicates that there is a high number of individuals who have purchased the products. This may appeal to the consumers who wish to assimilate themselves with others or called as followers (Worchel 1992; Amaldoss and Jain 2008). On the other hand, limited edition product is an example of scarcity due to low supply. In this situation, the firm intentionally limits the quantity of potential owners of the product (Gierl, Plantsch, and Schweidler 2008). Research has shown that low supply scarcity cue increases product desirability as it signals exclusivity to the owner and provides consumers with a unique image (Lynn 1989). As a result, low-supply scarcity is more appealing for leaders who wish to distinguish themselves from the group (Amaldoss and Jain 2008). Further, scarcity is often associated with perceived expensiveness (e.g. Lynn 1989; Wu and Hsing 2006). In other words, the scarcer the product, the more expensive and valuable the product is seen (Chen and Sun 2013; Gierl, Plantsch, and Schweidler 2008). This explains why numerous luxury brands companies create limited edition product at a higher price to increase the product appeal. However, in the recent years, interest in luxury goods is growing among mainstream consumers (So, 2015). The exclusivity of luxury brands starts to fade, and the circle of luxury brands owner has expanded significantly throughout the years (The Economist 2015; Yeoman & McMahon- Beattie 2014). Based on that rationale, one of the aims of this paper is to manage and improve the perception of scarcity in luxury brand industry by looking at the most basic concept of how consumers respond to scarcity. This study adopts a biology theory, specifically on animal behaviour to understand better how consumers react on scarcity. After decades of observing animal behaviour, ethologists found that there is a common pattern in the way animals respond to and compete for scarce resources (McGlone, 1986; Scott & Fredericson, 1951). Instead of fighting one another, animals tend to perform certain behaviours to scare the opponent without physically damaging the others. This behaviour is referred to as agonistic behaviour. Coined by Scott & Fredericson (1951), the term is defined as “the group of behavioural adjustments associated with fighting, which includes attack, escape, threat, and defence” (McGlone, 1986, 1130). It comprises several stages, namely threats, thought process, aggression, and submission. In the first stage, threat, the animals perform a species-specific behaviour, in term of vocalisations, facial expression, postures, and movements that signal the intention to be aggressive (McGlone, 1986). For example, when competing for food, monkeys create a threatening voice following with open-jawed and head bobbing. The threat is continued with the thought process where the animals examine the value of the resources and the internal and external factors influencing their decision. It is then led to two possible scenarios. In the first scenario, the opponent decides to withdraw the fight after being threatened, which is called as submissive behaviour. The second scenario happens when neither animal retreats. Therefore, they perform aggressive behaviours, and it stops when one party submits (submissive behaviour). Agonistic behaviour can be observed in human behaviour when competing for luxury brands. For example, when the Kanye West x Adidas Yeezy limited edition trainer shoes was released, it was sold out within 15 minutes (Tewari, 2015). Shortly after, the shoes were sold at $ 10,000 on Ebay, which originally priced for $200 a pair in a retail store (Tempesta, 2015). Similar to the agonistic behaviour in animals, although some choose to fight for the product, which means they perform the aggressive behaviour, there are those who prefer to be submissive. They opt to give up and purchase alternatives instead of pursuing the desired products. This phenomenon shows how consumers can be aggressive or submissive in competing for scarce products. Despite the similarities behaviour pattern between animals and consumers, limited research has identified the agonistic behaviour of consumers. There are research gaps within the scarcity literature. Firstly, limited studies have identified the effectiveness of different scarcity cues (supply-driven and demand-driven) in the context of luxury brands (e.g., Lynn, 1991; Worchel, Lee, & Adewole, 1975). Additionally, limited studies investigate the opposite effect of scarcity appeal (except Gierl and Huettl 2010). As identified, some consumers prefer to give up and purchase alternative such as mimic brands yet it has not been well understood in theory. As a result, this paper aims to (1) develop a framework to explain consumer behaviour towards scarce luxury products as underpinned by the theory of agonistic behaviour, (2) investigate the influence of the different type of scarcity cues (supply-driven and demand-driven) towards the purchase intention of the desired brands or alternatives. Theoretical framework and hypothesis developments Underpinning Theoretical Framework The theory of agonistic behaviour is the underpinning theoretical framework for the study which is supported by Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model. Developed by Mehrabian & Russell (1974), S-O-R model has been widely used in a retail environment (Buckley, 1991; Chang, Eckman, & Yan, 2011) and to study different types of involvement (Arora, 1982). Stimulus is defined as any external stimuli that influence the internal states of an individual (Bagozzi, 1986; Eroglu, Machleit, & Barr, 2005). Organism is defined as the internal response which then leads to behaviour action, which is the Response from S-O-R model (Bagozzi, 1986). It is the final decision of consumers which lead to a certain action (Chang et al., 2011). The S-O-R model is outlined below: Stimulus The perceived scarcity and competition are the Stimulus which are influenced by the different scarcity cues presented. As mentioned, scarcity effect can be caused due to high demand or low supply. Hence, there may be no difference in term of the perceived scarcity. However, supply- driven scarcity is found to be more efficient for conspicuous consumption products while demand- driven scarcity is more efficient for non-conspicuous consumption products (Gierl and Huettl 2010). Therefore, luxury brands, being conspicuous consumption product by nature, are more likely to be perceived highly competed when it is presented as being scarce due to low supply. As such, the following hypotheses are developed: H1. Perceived scarcity do not differ in both scarcity conditions but differ to no scarcity condition H2. Perceived competition differs across scarcity conditions Stimulus-Organism The stimulus, perceived scarcity and competition, influence the Organism, namely perceived value. This relationships are supported by commodity theory, which describes that scarce products have relatively higher value and desirability compared to non-scarce products (Byun & Sternquist, 2012; Lynn, 1991). Further, consumers are more likely to feel a sense of competition when the stores sell unique or scarce items (Aggarwal, Jun, & Huh, 2011). As such, the following hypotheses are developed: H3. Perceived scarcity has a positive influence towards perceived value in all scarcity conditions H4. Perceived competition has a significant influence towards perceived value in all scarcity conditions Organism – Response The internal response, namely the perceived value, influence the response which is the intention to purchase. Numerous studies have found that high perceived value leads to a willingness to buy (Dodds and Monroe 1985; Monroe and Chapman 1987) and purchase (Zeithaml 1988). In this study, the intention to purchase is a representation to measure the aggressive and submissive behaviour. Purchasing the desired brand is considered as an act of aggression while choosing neither handbag or purchasing the alternative brand is seen as an act the submissive behaviour As such, the following hypothesis is developed: H5. Perceived value has a positive influence towards purchase intention of the desired brand compared to alternative brand Methodology Survey Instrument A self-administered pen and paper questionnaire was used for the survey instrument. The measurement used in the study are established scales with Cronbach Alpha higher than 0.8, fulfilling the criteria by Hair et al. (2010). The scales was presented in seven points Likert Scales, in which 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree. Purchase intention, however, is a continuum scale in which option 1 represents a strong intention to buy the mimic brand, 4 accounts for neither mimic nor desired brand, and 7 accounts for a strong intention to buy the desired brand. Experimental Design There are three experimental conditions (scarcity condition: demand-driven; supply-driven; control) between subjects factorial design. To measure the purchase intention of the desired brand, a well-known luxury branding company was selected as the stimuli for the study. The brand, Bottega Veneta, was chosen as the brand is considered as a super-premium brand (Willett 2015) and the pre-test conducted with the University students showed that the brand is well-liked and adored. A non-fictitious brand, De Lux, is also selected to measure intention of purchase of the mimic brand. Each respondent was given two different pamphlets, one of the desired brand with a chosen scarcity condition and another of the mimic brand. Therefore, a total of 8 versions of a retail pamphlet were created (3 scarcity conditions with desired brand + 1 mimic brand x 2 genders). Product description and price information are also included (Lynn 1992). The pamphlets are created as identical as possible across different versions. The signal for supply-driven scarcity was portrayed by phrases and words such as “limited edition; supplies are limited; and unique”; while demand-driven scarcity “popular; bestseller; and highly in demand, almost sold out” (Gierl and Huettl 2010). Data Collections The data were collected from a sampling frame containing undergraduate students at a University in Western Australia. A total of 932 data were collected, but 305 data were discarded. Each respondent must have purchased luxury brands priced more than AUD 1500 within the last 3 years to ensure that the students are luxury consumers. The numbers were set after pre-test was conducted to identify the amount of money spent for luxury brands among the students. Out of 627; 250 students for supply-driven scarcity, 211 students for demand-driven scarcity, and 166 students for control were collected. The respondents had an average age of 20 and were divided into males (36%) and females (64%). Results and discussion One way ANOVA was conducted to compare means across different experimental conditions in terms of the perceived competition and scarcity (H1, H2). The result shows that there is a significant difference between perceived scarcity across experimental conditions. Luxury brands with “nearly sold out” scarcity cue (M = 5.49, SD = 1.19) are seen to be scarcer compared to luxury brands with “limited edition” scarcity cue (M = 4.92, SD = 1.16). Furthermore, luxury brand with no scarcity cue (M = 3.34, SD =1.4) is perceived to be not as scarce as the other two experimental conditions. On the other hand, although there is significant difference between the control condition (M = 2.7, SD = 1.40) and the two experimental conditions, there is no significance difference between “limited edition” scarcity cue (M = 3.99, SD = 1.58) and “nearly sold out” scarcity cue (M = 4.12, SD = 1.61). Therefore, H1 and H2 are not supported. Structural Equation Modelling was used to test model fit across different experimental conditions (H3, H4, H5). The final model revealed very good fit indices with the empirical covariances, as it fits the recommended criteria (Hair et al 2010): Normed Chi Square = 1.007, RMSEA = 0.004, AGFI = 0.940, GFI = 0.959, CFI = 0.990. The model shows that there is no significance relationship between perceived scarcity and perceived value in all 3 experimental conditions (limited edition β= 0.03, p = 0.735; nearly sold out β = -0.10, p = 0.244; control β = 0.09, p = 0.315). However, as hypothesised, there is a positive relationship between perceived competition and perceived value in all 3 experimental conditions (limited edition β = 0.43, p < 0.001; nearly sold out β = 0.57, p < 0.001; control β = 0.57, p < 0.001). In turn, in all 3 experimental conditions, there is a positive relationship between perceived value and purchase intention (limited edition β = 0.18, p = 0.030; nearly sold out β = 0.23, p = 0.014; control β = 0.45, p < 0.001). Therefore, H3 is not supported but H4 and H5 are supported. The findings demonstrate that different scarcity cues create a different level of perceived scarcity, in which “nearly sold out” are seen to be the scarcest, followed by “limited edition”, and no scarcity cues. However, instead of perceived scarcity, perceived competition is the important factor that affects the perception of luxury brands value. This can be explained as perceived competition creates a cue to consumers that the product is desirable by many yet only a handful can get the product. This is consistent with the statement by Verhallen (1982). The results also show that perceived value leads to positive purchase intention of the desired brands in all scarcity conditions. Surprisingly, the finding suggests that the relationship is strongest when there are no scarcity cues, followed with “nearly sold out” and “limited edition”. This can be explained due to a few reasons: (1) limited edition products are perceived to be more expensive (Chen and Sun 2013), (2) the respondents may not be leaders in purchasing luxury brands hence prefer to buy the normal or popular luxury brands to follow the crowd (Amaldoss and Jain 2008), (3) there are other variables, such as, self-efficacy and personality traits which are not taken into account. Conclusion This study contributes in several ways to the body of literature. Firstly, it extends the theory of agonistic behaviour from biology to marketing. By using agonistic behaviour as the underpinned theory, the study takes into consideration the option of consumers being submissive and prefer not to purchase the desired brands. Secondly, this study includes perceived competition as one of the main variable to analyse consumer behaviour towards luxury brands. Methodologically, the application of non-fictitious brands helps to capture real consumers’ response. Managerially, this study provides insights to luxury brands marketers on how to manage scarcity cues. Firstly, luxury brands marketers should develop strategies to strengthen the exclusivity and scarce image as currently normal luxury brands are not perceived as being scarce. The strategies may include to (1) limit the distributions channel of the luxury brands; (2) provide limited stock in every retail store to emphasise product scarcity; (3) introduce alternatives (premium brand extension or different product tiers) to consumers, allowing consumers, who are not able to purchase the desired brands, to choose the alternatives. Secondly, luxury brands managers must ensure that the products are desired by many to increase the perceived competition among consumers. Despite contributions, there is some limitation in the study. Firstly, this study used student sample hence future studies should consider using consumer panel to participate in the study. Secondly, there are some variables not taken into account, such as personality factor (self-esteem, status consumption, the need for uniqueness, etc.), self-efficacy, leader vs. followers. In addition, this study focuses on two scarcity conditions (supply-driven and demand driven scarcity cues), luxury brand industry, and public luxury product (handbag). Future studies should look at time-restricted scarcity cues, retailing, and private luxury products (e.g. undergarment). This study also did not measure the actual purchases and different behaviour of aggression when consumers are competing for products. Future studies should observe consumer behaviour during purchase in real time.

Given the recent modest growth of the personal luxury good market and the urge to face difficulties through innovative brands’ marketing communication strategies, this paper examines the potentialities of tactical associations between luxury fashion brands and furniture design. Results indicate that there can be positive repercussions deriving from luxury fashion brands and furniture design interconnections. In particular, associations with collectable furniture design may help to define and enhance brands’ luxury values whilst providing consumers with innovative and creative luxury brand experiences. Future expectations in this market show a compound annual rate (CAGR) of 3% to 4% through 2020, to just about €280 billion. This is dramatically slower than the past fast growth experienced from the mid-1990s to the late 2000s. In this scenario, luxury fashion managers and marketers must envision new strategies to succeed and surpass competition. In order to be competitive and successful, luxury brand managers must take into account current market dynamics and find pertinent and substantial solutions. This paper shifts its attention to the identification of how in such a difficult scenario different cultural industries can meet in order to mutually enhance their circuits of value. Some studies have demonstrated that in order to meet such new global challenges, luxury fashion firms may discover strategic opportunities in art (Codignola, 2016). Given their symbolic connotation and aesthetic value, high-end furniture design items are more and more perceived as art works exchanged in art auctions or fairs, collected and purchased by collectors, exhibited in galleries or museums. At the same time, furniture design goods show some divergences from conventional art works (i.e. functionality, reproducibility, etc.) and some correspondences with fashion goods. By observing the luxury fashion sector, one may then find--for different sets of reasons--more than one interesting intersection with the furniture design sector. By taking into account the furniture design sector within its specific market features and goods, this paper argues that through furniture design LFBs can develop engaging creative and innovative brands’ marketing communication strategies. Compared to art, such strategies would be able to add value and strengthen LFBs’ luxury features even in a more effective way.

전 세계적인 테러위협의 확산은 우리사회에도 어떤 의미 있는 하나의 근심거리를 던지고 있다. 비록 아직 테러공격이 본격적으로 우리사회 내 에서 발생하지는 않았지만 상황을 낙관적으로 지켜볼 수만은 없는 우려 가 있다. 2016년 3월 국회본회의를 통과한 테러방지법은 점증하는 테러 위협에 대한 우리사회의 대응노력의 중요한 한 전진이다. 이 테러방지법 은 국정원과 관계기관 행위를 규율하는 행정법으로서의 성격과 테러범 처벌을 위해 재판에 적용하는 사법법으로서의 성격, 그리고 테러범죄 요 건과 법률효과를 규정하는 실체법으로서의 성격을 동시에 지닌다. 내용 적인 면에서는 테러의 예방과 대응 및 테러피해 보전을 규정하고 있다. 이제 이러한 테러방지법의 통과로 정부는 실제로 테러예방 및 대응, 그 리고 테러피해보전을 위한 구체적인 활동을 할 수 있는 근거를 마련했 다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 테러방지법의 내용을 살펴보고 테러대상시설 에 대한 안전관리활동이 테러방지법을 통해 어떻게 이루어지는 지를 살 펴볼 것이다. 또한 테러방지법을 근거로 한 안전관리 강화방안에 관해 제안할 것이다.

The Republic of China was a key period of the development of Confucianism. The Imperial Examination was abolished and the discipline of classics disintegrated, so that intellectuals produced different understandings on traditional Confucianism. There were four understanding dimensions: Confucianism is a kind of religion; Confucianism is a kind of classic; Confucianism is a kind of system; Confucianism is a kind of lifestyle. The dimension of religion, on one hand, promoted Confucianism to the height of religion; on the other hand, maintained the social foundation of Confucianism. The dimension of classic reflected an academic style in the inheritance of Confucianism. The dimension of system was a misunderstanding for Confucianism under the context of the culture conflict between China and the west. The dimension of lifestyle aimed at building a traditional Confucian lifestyle. In the period of the Republic of China, these different understanding dimensions of Confucianism provided different approaches for the modern transition of Confucianism. Nowadays, these approaches still constitute the mainstream of Confucian development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was understanding of Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA), according to theoretical foundation. Methods: QCA explained concepts and procedures systematically, through literature review and researcher’s analytical thinking. Results: QCA was one of the various qualitative research techniques, in which meanings can be derived from the text and various material such as video, articles, and books etc. QCA classified three approaches, including: conventional, directed, and summative content analysis. Despite there being no systematic rule of analysis of QCA, the process of the QCA was suggested as: preparation, organizing, and reporting phase. It is of great significance that unit of analysis was selected during preparation phase. Both, coding and categorization were generated during the organizing phase. Analyzing the process and results were described with either conceptual map or model during the Reporting Phase. Results showed that the differences of the application between QCA and thematic analysis, along with grounded theory. The trustworthiness was affirmed for the validity of the results. Conclusion: Researchers who want to apply the QCA require understanding of its method, sufficiently. It is emphasized that QCA should exhibit the researcher’s interpretation from the data in some degree, in order to not defect the essentiality of qualitative research.

‘Upper bound’ is very well known notion in membrane field, which explains the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity in gas pairs. Many researches have worked on overcoming the current limitation in order to develop cost-effective and energy-efficient membrane system. Thus, understanding the intrinsic material properties (permeation, diffusivity and solubility) are prerequisite to set the strategy how to get over the upper bound. In this study, we introduced Quartz crystal microbalance to measure diffusion coefficient and compare the results to apparent diffusivity value obtained from the high-vauum time lag method. We consider the quartz type, temperature and pressure effect on diffusion coefficient and also characterize defect density of deposited film.

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae), is one of the major pests on leguminous crops especially in Korea and Japan. Because of its economic importance as crop pest, A large proportion of research on this species have focused on applied questions related to pest management tactics. In addition to the applied research, recent studies have also revealed an interesting relationship between R. pedestris and a gut symbiont Burkholderia sp. as an ideal model system for insect-microbe symbiotic interaction. Under this circumstance, our research group initiated a series of research projects to better understand behavioral ecology of R. pedestris and address its implications for both basic and applied questions. This presentation will cover various behavioral studies with R. pedestris including sublethal effects of insecticides, harmonic radar tracking, overwintering ecology, and symbiont acquisition mechanisms

본고의 목적은 북한 핵문제 해결의 단서를 모색하기 위하여 북한 핵 문제를 맥락적으로 이해하려는 것이다. 다양한 시도가 무산된 상황에서 북한 핵 문제를 백지 상태에서 가늠해 보자는 것이다. 북한 핵문제는 북한 내부의 전개과 정과 밀접하면서 동시에 국제정치적 함의 변화와 관련된다. 북한 핵문제가 체제 생존의 노력으로부터 파생되어 학습 효과에 의해 진화한 프로젝트일 가능 성이 크다는 것이다. 소련의 영향으로 발아된 북한 핵문제가 ‘자위의 원칙’과 결합되면서 중·소 분쟁 등 국제정치적 상황에 의해 진화되었다. 냉전체제 붕 괴와 탈냉전기의 도래는 획기적인 변화를 가져왔다. 북한 안보환경의 악화와 더불어 9·11 테러 이후 소위 ‘악의 축’이 보유하고 있는 대량파괴무기와 테러 집단의 연결 가능성은 북한 핵문제를 세계안보 차원으로 확대시켰다. 그러므로 북한 핵문제는 체제생존, 냉전체제의 붕괴, 탈냉전기 안보함의의 변화라는 맥락 속에서 다양한 가능성을 전제하고 지속적인 수렴 과정을 통해 해결의 영역을 확보해야 한다.

이 연구의 목적은 과학 글쓰기를 통해 고등학생의 지구 시스템에 대한 이해와 시스템 사고 과정을 분석하는 것 이다. 글쓰기 활동에 활용한 자료는 지구과학 I 교과 내용 중 지구환경 변화에 관련된 3가지 주제(지구 온난화, 화산 분출, 사막화)이며 이와 관련된 과제를 개발하였다. 개발한 자료는 고등학교 2학년 학생 8명을 대상으로 투입하였으며 작성한 과학 글쓰기 내용을 바탕으로 DAET-C 체크리스트와 지구 시스템에 관련된 개념을 구성요소로 하여 인과지도 를 작성한 후, 이를 근거로 하여 시스템 사고의 관점에서 분석하였다. 그 결과로 첫째, 학생들은 지구 시스템의 구성, 지구 시스템의 상호작용, 지구과학적 소양, 시스템 순으로 지구 시스템을 이해하는 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 학생들의 과학 글쓰기 내용을 바탕으로 각각의 주제별로 인과지도를 작성한 결과 피드백 순환 고리가 나타난 학생은 연구에 참 여한 8명 중 지구 온난화 관련 주제에서는 4명, 화산 분출 관련 주제에서는 1명, 사막화 관련 주제에서는 4명의 학생 이 지구 시스템에서 하위 요소 간의 상호작용을 고려하는 시스템 사고를 하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 연 구에 참여한 학생들은 지구환경 변화가 지구계 하위 요소 사이의 상호작용을 통해 복잡한 과정 속에서 복합적으로 이 루어지고 있다는 사고를 하고 있었으나, 지구 시스템의 순환에 대한 과정에서 시스템 사고는 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 과학 글쓰기 활동을 활용하여 지구 시스템 교육과 시스템 사고를 향상 시킬 수 있는 다양한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

The current project investigated the effects of concept-based instruction (CBI) in phrasal verbs learning. CBI was carefully designed on the basis of two important principles of cognitive linguistics (CL): image-schemas and conceptual metaphors. The analysis focused on conceptual development in the participants who were graduate students registered in an ESL speaking course. Specifically, the influence of the image schema and conceptual metaphor was examined with various data sets. This study focuses on one of the datasets, verbalization tasks. They were provided as a homework assignment to familiarize participants with the new way of understanding particles and phrasal verbs and to internalize the relevant image schemas and conceptual metaphors by externalizing their understanding. The analysis showed that the metaphorical and imagistic associations that students made had a strong impact on their subsequent accounts of the meanings of the phrasal verbs. The metaphorical and imagistic performance of some students demonstrated that CBI can fundamentally impact on learner understanding of the semantics of particles and phrasal verbs.

This study was performed to investigate the ingredients and subsidiary feed production policies, actual condition, and understanding. The survey was conducted by e-mail about 60 feed companies in Korea. The results of the analysis on the production status and perception of the ingredients and subsidiary feed production facilities were summarized as follows. First, the most urgent problem to be solved for the development of a sustainable feed industry and development and stable supply of domestic and international feed resources. Second, the quality of feeds maintained a considerable level in comparison with the developed countries. Third, the production equipment for the introduction of the feed safety management system was after set conditon of introduction. Therefore, to develop a sustainable feed industry, we should proceed to secure reliable sources about fodder resources. In order to maintain a food quality, the role of feed safety inspection for imported feeds materials are more important. The government's various efforts are more necessary for the imported feeds test agencies to improve the reliability, satisfaction and a feed management system.

본 연구는 원자력기술의 혁신특성을 심층조사 함으로써 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 전환 시 발생 가능한 이슈를 이해하고 한국의 정책현황을 분석하여 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 성공적 안착을 위한 시사점을 도출하였다. 이는 현재 세계 5강의 원자력에너지기술강국인 한국에서 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 도래에도 지속가능한 경쟁력을 유지하기 위한중요한 정책적인 시사점으로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 정성적 문헌연구방법을 통해 원자력기술혁신에 관한 문헌들을 조사한 결과, 4세대 원자력에너지기술의 전환에 영향을 미치는 요인은 크게 4가지로 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 장기간의안정적인 자원 할당, 혁신을 위한 이해당사자 간의 지속적인 상호작용, 완전한 시스템을 위한 기술과 노하우의 축적, 적용 및 실증을 위한 정책적인 시장이었다. 이를 한국의 4세대 원자력에너지기술과 연관한 정책을 대상으로 적용하여 사례분석을 한 결과, 현재 4세대 기술이기술개발의 초기단계에서 실증단계로 넘어가는 시점임을 감안하더라도 연관한 정책은 실증과 운영을 위한 전문인력의 체계적인 양성 방안, 사회적 수용성과 저항에 대한 대응, 실증에대한 구체적인 계획 수립, 4세대 원자력시스템을 적용하기 위한 정책적인 시장을 제안하는장기적인 노력, 이해당사자들 간의 구체적이고 지속적인 상호작용을 적극 장려하는 것이 체계적으로 필요함을 제시하였다.

Sense of place (SOP) has recently been considered an effective strategy through which to pursue sustainable place development. However, many urban spaces have not usually considered the contribution of built-environment factors to SOP and SOP’s contribution to people’s willingness to revisit for sustainable place. Therefore, this research aims to understand the internal structure of SOP at Daehak-ro, one of the most famous cultural district and tourism sites in Seoul, Korea. Through this study, the sociocultural factor was found to make the greatest contribution to Daehak-ro’s SOP, and SOP was itself found to be highly related to willingness to revisit. These results suggest that non-physical factors could be most important to developing an SOP in urban environments. This study will eventually lead to better understanding of developing SOP, and will contribute to Daehak-ro becoming more sustainable than at present.

본 연구의 목적은 공동생성적 대화가 인식론적 측면에서 학습자의 과학 모델에 관한 이해와, 실행 과정의 측면에서 모델 구성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것이다. 서울 소재 여자중학교 1학년 49명의 학생들에게 총 5차시 모델 구성 수업을 실시한 후 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 2개 조(8명)의 학생들과 참여하지 않은 2개 조(9명)의 학생들의 모델에 관한 이해와 모델 구성을 비교하였다. 모델에 관한 이해는 Upmeier zu Belzen and Krüger (2010)의 분석틀을 사용하였고, 모델 구성 과정은 Baek et al. (2011)의 분석틀을 수정 및 보완하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 전반적으로 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 학생들은 그렇지 않은 학생보다 과학적 모델에 관한 이해와 모델 구성 수준이 높게 나타났다. 공동생성적 대화에 참여한 조의 학생들은 모델을 새로운 현상을 설명할 수 있는 가설로 인식하였지만, 참여하지 않은 조의 학생들 은 모델을 현상을 이해하는 수단으로 인식하였다. 본 연구는 학생들의 모델 구성 과정을 측정하는 분석틀을 마련하여 학교 현장에 유용하게 사용할 수 있게 하였다. 또한 새로운 학습 방법으로써 공동생성적 대화를 모델 구성 수업에 적용했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

크리스텐덤을 이해하는 것은 선교적 교회를 실천하는 데 필수적이 다. 왜냐하면 선교적 교회는 크리스텐덤 시대의 교회와 그 정체성을 차별화하는데서 출발하였기 때문이다. 크리스텐덤은 서구에서 주후 4세기 이후 적어도 1,500년 이상 존재하였고, 서구에 존재하였던 그 크리스텐덤 방식의 기독교는 식민지 시대를 거치면서 아프리카, 아시아, 그리고 중남미에 이르는 방대한 지역에도 존재하게 되었다. 크리스텐덤 이전에 철저히 사회에서 주변인이었고 비주류였으며 세상의 권력과는 거리가 멀었던 기독교는 크리스텐덤 시대에는 사회 중심부에서 정치세력의 절대적인 비호를 받으며 존립하게 되었다. 이런 크리스텐덤 시대의 신학과 교회의 세 가지 대표적인 특징은 선교의 부재, 이분법적인 지역 구분, 그리고 교권주의(clericalism)다. 오늘날 서구세계는 이미 후기-크리스텐덤 시대에 접어들었다. 그곳의 주된 문화는 기독교가 아니고 모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘이며 상대주의와 종교다원주의가 혼합되어 있는 선교현장이다. 기독교는 계속해서 일반 사회에서 주변화되고 있지만, 크리스텐덤의 유산은 실용적인 크리스텐덤의 형태로 남아 있고 많은 그리스도인들이 여전히 그 패러다임 영향력 안에서 지내고 있다. 후기－크리스텐덤 시대에서 는 하나님의 선교의 본질을 회복하는 선교적 신학과 교회가 요청된다. 선교적 신학은 교회로 하여금 신학이론을 습득하는 것에 그치는 것이 아니라, 서구 본토의 선교현장에서 삼위일체 하나님의 선교에 동참하게 하는 실천적인 학문이 되어야 한다. 선교적 교회는 삼위일체 하나님의 선교의 결과물로서 자신의 정체성을 인식하고, 성직자와 평신도 모두가 일상에서 하나님의 선교에 동참하는 것을 본질로 이해하 는 교회이다.

이 연구는 청소년기 자녀를 둔 중년 여성들이 학생상담자원봉사활동 참여 경험을 통해 청소년기 자녀 에 대한 이해 변화와 자기성장을 이루어가는 과정에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한 지역의 학생 상담자원봉사협의회에서 4년 이상 봉사활동을 하고 있는 주로 40대에서 50대의 여성 봉사자 9명과 심층 면담을 실시하였다. 먼저, 청소년기 자녀 이해 변화 과정에 대하여 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교 현 장의 아이들을 접하면서 이들은 청소년기 아이들에 대해 이해하게 되었다. 둘째, 청소년기 자녀 이해 과정 에서 이들은 자녀의 마음 읽기, 기다려주기 등 공감적 이해를 할 수 있는 계기를 갖게 되었다. 셋째, 상담 봉사 경험을 하게 되면서 자녀 양육태도도 점검하게 되고 부모-자녀관계의 개선을 위해 자신을 변화시키 고 있었다. 넷째, 상담교육과 경험을 통해 얻은 의사소통기술이나 대화법 등의 실제적 적용은 자녀와의 의 사소통에도 긍정적인 영향을 주며 자녀와의 관계 개선에도 기여하고 있었다. 이와 함께 연구 참여자들은 봉사활동 경험을 통하여 자기성장의 의미를 터득하고 있었다. 첫째, 상담 관련 교육을 받고 공부하는 과정 에서 봉사자들은 자기주도 학습 기회를 가지게 되었다. 둘째, 상담 관련 교육과 경험은 자기이해와 자기반 성의 기회를 제공하고 있었다. 셋째, 학생상담봉사활동을 통해 자기만족감, 성취감을 느끼고 있으며, 자아 존중감 향상에도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 상담봉사활동을 통하여 타인의 관점을 이해하고 존 중할 수 있는 태도도 기르고 있었다. 다섯째, 학생상담자원봉사협의회의 회원으로 함께 활동하며 소속감 과 사회적 지지 향상에 도움을 얻게 되었다.

The counterfeit market makes up as much as seven percent of worldwide trade and is estimated as a $650 billion industry. Due to consumer demand, this phenomenon has grown over 10,000% in the past two decades and presents a serious threat to the global economy. Many luxury brand managers assume that counterfeiting damages brand image, however some experts have indicated that luxury houses use counterfeit sales to predict demand for their own brand. In this sense, brands are reacting to the effects of counterfeit purchase and need to develop a proactive strategy for preventing it. By understanding consumers’ perception of brands and how it relates to their counterfeit consumption, brand managers can better plan their marketing strategies to build relationships with consumers for increasing loyalty and preventing possible loss in sales. The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of branding on non-deceptive counterfeit consumption of luxury brands by proposing that brand equity plays a moderating role in the relationship between attitudes toward counterfeits and purchase intentions and in the relationship between social factors and purchase intentions. Specifically, this study conceptualizes the customer-based brand equity model with the Theory of Reasoned Action to develop strategic marketing implications for luxury brands. Previous research has resulted in managerial implications for combatting the counterfeit phenomenon, but it is more effective to prevent the increase in demand for counterfeits than to react to that demand. This study examines the role of brand equity to help brand managers focus their marketing strategies on specific levels of customer-based brand equity to build stronger relationships with consumers and reduce the demand for counterfeit products. Previous studies have examined the effects of counterfeits on brands, but research on the effects of brands on counterfeit consumption is very limited. This study adds to literature on counterfeits by understanding how branding can affect counterfeit purchase. Studies have used the Theory of Reasoned Action for understanding consumers’ intention to purchase counterfeit products. Drawing on the customer-based brand equity model, this research proposes brand identity, brand response, brand meaning, and brand relations as moderating variables in addition to the basic constructs of the model to extend previous literature, as no previous research has used customer-based brand equity for understanding counterfeit consumption. Previous studies have conceptualized customer-based brand equity for building relationships with customers, but this concept has never been used in the counterfeit context. This study is the first to use brand equity for understanding consumers’ counterfeit purchase intentions. This study suggests important implications for luxury brand marketers. By understanding how consumers associate with a brand, marketers can target specific levels of brand equity as part of their marketing strategies to deter counterfeit purchase. The proposed model serves as an initial step for understanding how brand equity affects non-deceptive consumption of counterfeit luxury goods. Future studies include empirically testing this proposed model and quantifying how much each level of customer-based brand equity contributes to consumer’ perception of brands. Future studies could also test the impact of branding on specific product types to analyze differences in consumers’ brand associations based on product category, as some product categories are more favorable to counterfeit consumers than others.

Understanding how consumer learning is used to cope with stressful consumption experience is important in today’s competitive marketplace. According to the Customer Dissatisfaction Study (2006), only 6 percent of consumers who experience a problem try to learn about solutions with some help from firms. By understanding how consumers and learn cope and handle service failure, firms can enhance their service recovery process to effectively deal with consumers’ frustration. This knowledge can positively impact corporate image, consumer repurchase intentions, satisfaction, and loyalty (e.g., Mittal and Kamakura 2001). As such, the current research aims at providing insight on the importance of situated learning in coping with stressful consumption experiences. Situated learning takes into consideration the context as well as existing consumer knowledge in shaping an individual’s ability to cope with stressful service experiences. The interaction with the environment and other individuals, the context of these interactions, and the role of individual cognition through mental models play an important role in situated learning. Such interplay is pivotal in mediating the ability of individuals to cope with unfavorable service episodes. Past research has alluded to learning process in the context of coping (Duhachek 2005; Endler and Parker 1990; Pavia and Mason 2004). Extant research has highlighted the importance of in situ learning as an essential mechanism to coping with anxiety and stress. However, previous research has considered learning as a component of coping. We believe that situated learning is a construct separate from coping that requires further exploration. Therefore, in this research we aim to establish the link between situated learning and coping. We also identify key antecedents of situated learning and relate such antecedents of need for control, need for closure and trust to the central concept of psychological closeness to the consumption problem at hand, which has a positive influence on situated learning and coping. We study the model in context of eastern (China) and western (USA) cultures. Data was collected using online surveys in USA and China. Individuals who have encountered stressful service situations were requested to undertake the survey. The items used to represent various latent variables were pretested in both the cultures to ensure face and content validity. The sample comprised of a total of 318 (186 U.S. and 132 Chinese) participants. Structural equations modeling was used to analyze the data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, the latter resulted in good fit for the model. Next, using Steenkamp and Baumgartner’s (1998) guidelines for cross-cultural studies, the measurement equivalence of the measurement variables was tested. Finally, the structural model was tested. For U.S. consumers, need for control, need for closure and trust positively influenced psychological closeness to the consumption problem, which positively affected situated learning and coping. For Chinese consumers, need for closure and trust had a direct influence on psychological closeness. However, there was no relationship between psychological closeness and situated learning, suggesting that the antecedents of need for control and need for closure had a direct effect on situated learning, which positively affected coping. This means that unlike U.S. consumers, Chinese consumers did not necessarily aligned themselves closely to the problem to learn about them. Their need for control and need for closure directly affected their situated learning, which in turn, had a positive influence on coping. Interestingly, unlike U.S. consumers, Chinese consumers did not trust their service providers enough to help them learn and cope.

We have limited knowledge on the potential pattern similarities/differences of trust’s role that may exist in information use obtained through intra- and inter-organizational relationships. This study addresses this question by investigating how trust leads to information use. Data from 338 intra-organizational and a sub-ample of 158 inter-organizational information exchange-relationships showed that trust is an important driver of the utilization of market information in both cases. Trust has no direct relationship to information use, instead has a strong indirect effect through a mediator, perceived quality of information. The effects of trust on the use of information obtained through intra- and inter-organizational relationships proved to be similar.