효과적인 물환경관리계획을 수립하기 위해서는 다양한 기원의 유기물이 난분해성 유기물 농도 증가에 영향을 줄 수 있는지 여부를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 특히 상당량의 광합성 산물은 식물플랑크톤에 의해 매일 생성되고 있지만, 이들이 수계 내 난분해성 유기물에 기여하는지에 대한 정보는 부족하다. 본 연구에서는 13C 및 15N 추적자 첨가 실험을 통해 조류기원 유기물이 생분해 (60일, 암배양) 및 산화제 (과망간산칼륨) 처리 후 분해되지 않고 잔존하는지 여부를 확인하였다. 생분해 실험 결과 광합성을 통해 생성된 총 유기탄소 (TO13C), 입자성 유기탄소 (PO13C), 입자성 질소 (P15N)는 각각 26%, 20%, 17%가 비 생분해성 유기물로 잔존하였다. 또한 상당량의 PO13C가 과망간산칼륨에 의해 산화되지 않고 잔존하였다 (초기: 12%, 60일 암배양 후: 38%). 이는 미생물에 의해 사용된 후 남아있는 조류 기원 유기물이 난분해성 유기물에 기여할 수 있음을 의미 한다. 또한 미생물에 의해 변형된 조류기원 유기물의 양은 COD 산화율 및 유기물 지표 간 격차에 영향을 줄 것으로 사료된다.

ZnO thin-films are grown on a p-Si(111) substrate by RF sputtering. The effects of growth temperature and O2 mixture ratio on the ZnO films are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and roomtemperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. All the grown ZnO thin films show a strong preferred orientation along the c-axis, with an intense ultraviolet emission centered at 377 nm. However, when O2 is mixed with the sputtering gas, the half width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peak increases and the deep-level defect-related emission PL band becomes pronounced. In addition, an n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction diode is fabricated by photolithographic processes and characterized using its current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curve and photoresponsivity. The fabricated n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction diode exhibits typical rectifying I-V characteristics, with turn-on voltage of about 1.1 V and ideality factor of 1.7. The ratio of current density at ± 3 V of the reverse and forward bias voltage is about 5.8 × 103, which demonstrates the switching performance of the fabricated diode. The photoresponse of the diode under illumination of chopped with 40 Hz white light source shows fast response time and recovery time of 0.5 msec and 0.4 msec, respectively.

Green BaSi2O2N2:0.02Eu2+ phosphor is synthesized through a two-step solid state reaction method. The first firing is for crystallization, and the second firing is for reduction of Eu3+ into Eu2+ and growth of crystal grains. By thermal analysis, the three-time endothermic reaction is confirmed: pyrolysis reaction of BaCO3 at 900 oC and phase transitions at 1,300 oC and 1,400 oC. By structural analysis, it is confirmed that single phase [BaSi2O2N2] is obtained with Cmcm space group of orthorhombic structure. After the first firing the morphology is rod-like type and, after the second firing, the morphology becomes round. Our phosphor shows a green emission with a peak position of 495 nm and a peak width of 32 nm due to the 4f65d1→4f7 transition of Eu2+ ion. An LED package (chip size 5.6 x 3.0 mm) is fabricated with a mixture of our green BaSi2O2N2, and yellow Y3Al5O12 and red Sr2Si5N8 phosphors. The color rendering index (90) is higher than that of the mixture without our green phosphor (82), which indicates that this is an excellent green candidate for white LEDs with a deluxe color rendering index.

아닐린 수용액에서의 암모늄형 양이온성 계성면활성제 (DTAB, TTAB 및 CTAB)의 미셀화에 대한 임계미셀농도(CMC)값을 UV-Vis법으로 측정하였다. 290K ~ 314K 사이에서 측정된 양이온성 계면활성제의 CMC값의 변화로부터 미셀화에 대한 Gibbs 자유에너지(ΔG⁰)값을 구하고, 이 값으로부터 엔탈피(ΔH⁰)와 엔트로피(ΔS⁰)를 계산하고 분석하였다. 또한 n-부탄올 및 염화나트륨의 농도 변화가 미셀화에 미치는 영향을 열역학적 함수를 이용하여 비교·분석하였다. 실험한 온도 구간 및 첨가제의 농도 범위 내에서 측정된 모든 ΔG⁰ 값은 음의 값을 나타냈었으며, 엔탈피(ΔH⁰) 변화값은 모두 음의 값을 그리고 엔트로피(ΔS⁰) 변화값은 모두 양의 값을 나타내었다. 아닐린 수용액에서 양이온성 계면활성제의 미셀화는 자발적 발열반응이며, 열역학적 값들로부터 계산된 등구조온도에 의하면 이들 계면활성제의 미셀화는 엔탈피(ΔH⁰)와 엔트로피(ΔS⁰)가 거의 동일하게 기여하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The stench of various sources has become a complex issue that all governments must face and solve. n-Butanol is often used as an odor intensity reference for daily air quality monitoring and evaluation. However, its odor space, including odor sensation and odor effect, is still not fully understood, especially in wide concentration ranges. This study described n-butanol odor character profiles with objective descriptors. They are mostly presented as “odorless” or “offensive” at low concentrations, and frequently characterized as “chemical” or “medicinal” at high concentrations. The semantic differential shows that n-butanol odor is a negative emotional odor rather than a positive one. The principal component analysis shows that the representative factors of the n-butanol sensibility structure according to the sensibility evaluation are expressed with diverse sensibility vocabulary, and ‘esthetics’ represent its characterless nature. The good linearity between intensity and concentration, the near absence of gender difference, diverse odor types rather than a specific type, and ease with which to make a wide range of concentrations, makes n-butanol a candidate to be considered as a suitable standard odorant.

Oilseed rape is known to crop having low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) but requires high levels of N fertilizer. NUE is associated with N remobilization from source to sink organ, consequently affects seed yield. Remobilization of leaf N is also related to transport of C/N metabolites in phloem. However, interaction between seed yield and phloem transport was not fully documented. In response to seed yield, N and C metabolites and their transport into seed from bolting to pod filling stage investigated in two contrasting genotypes (Capitol and Pollen) cultivated under ample (HN) or limiting nitrate (LN) supply. Seed yield was significantly reduced in N limitation and its reduction rate was much lower in Capitol than in Pollen compared to HN treated plants. Amino acid and protein content was higher in Capitol than in Pollen at bolting stage. They gradually decreased during plant development but not significant between two cultivars and/or two treatments. Glucose, fructose and sucrose content were 1.8-,1.6- or 1.25-fold higher in LN condition than in HN condition, respectively. Amino acid and sucrose content in phloem were largely higher in Capitol than in Pollen under LN condition. These results indicate that the higher seed yield might be related to greater transport ability of amino acid and sucrose in phloem under LN condition.

1641-1649년에 하르스되르퍼(Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, 1607-1658)는 8권으로 구성된 방대한 문학전집 『여성실에서의 대화놀이』(Frauenzimmergesprächspiele)를 완성하고 4번째 권에 《젤레비히》(Seelewig)를 수록하여 1644년에 출판한다. 당시 하르스되르퍼의 대본을 가진 《젤레비히》는 무대작품의 표현법들을 담아 슈타덴(Sigmund Theophil Staden, 1607-1655)의 음악과 함께 극작품으로 탄생된다. 따라서 ‘텍스트의 소통을 위해’ 《젤레비히》에서 사용된 개별 악기와 조성은 각각의 등장인물과 연계되어 상징적 의미와 정서적 표현을 가지며 텍스트의 내용과 전개처럼 음향적 내용과 전개로 소통력을 보여준다. 결국 제시된 악기와 조성의 상징적 의미와 정서적 표현은 바로크 뉘른베르크 오페라 «젤레비히»에서 소통된 당시 사회의 ‘문화적 소리’로 음악 사적 의미를 갖는다.

본 연구는 동남아시아에서 흔하게 발견되는 ‘나가 위의 붓다(Buddha on Nāga)’ 도상이 서사부조에서 아이콘으로 확립되는 과정을 살펴본 것이다. 나가 위의 붓다 도상은 붓다가 똬 리를 튼 뱀의 몸통 위에 앉은 채로 머리 뒤로는 뱀의 머리 7개를 광배처럼 갖고 있는 모습을 지칭한다. 이 도상은 붓다가 보드가야에서의 성도 후 선정에 들었을 때 거센 폭풍우가 몰아 치자 무찰린다(Muchalinda)라는 이름의 나가, 즉 뱀이 나타나 붓다의 몸을 자신의 몸으로 감싸고 붓다의 머리 위로 자신의 머리를 펼쳐 보호하였다는 불전고사에서 유래하였다. 나가 위의 붓다는 2~3세기 무렵 남인도에서 부조로 먼저 만들어졌다. 남인도에서 만들 어진 나가 위의 붓다 부조에서 가장 중요한 것은 문헌의 묘사와 달리 뱀이 붓다의 몸을 감고 있는 모습이 아니라 붓다가 뱀의 몸통 위에 앉은 것으로 만들어진 점이다. 이는 조각을 만드 는 데 있어 붓다라는 존재를 명시적으로 드러낼 수 있으며 불교도들에게 시각적으로 더 자연스럽게 여겨질 수 있는 방식을 택했기 때문이다. 나가 위의 붓다 도상은 7세기 보드가야에서 독립상으로도 만들어졌으며 전체적인 도상은 앞서 본 남인도 부조들과 동일하다. 일찍이 많은 불전고사들이 부조로 만들어졌지만 그 중에서도 이 도상이 독립상으로 만들어질 수 있었던 이유는 보드가야가 7세기에 이르러 성지로서 높은 명성과 인기를 얻었기 때문이다. 이로 인해 순례자들을 위한 더 많은 기념물이 만들어지게 되었고, 이곳에서 일어난 가장 중요한 사건인 성도와 더불어 나가 무찰린다 고사 역시 보드가야에서 일어난 주요 사건 중 하나로 주목을 받아 독립상으로 만들어질 수 있었다. 특히 나가 위의 붓다 도상은 인도에서 먼저 만들어졌지만 인도보다는 이웃 동남아에서 더 욱 큰 인기를 얻고 붓다의 대표적인 도상으로 자리 잡았다. 7~8세기 무렵의 드바라바티 미 술에서도 다양한 나가 위의 붓다 부조가 발견되며, 특히 10세기 이후 크메르 미술에서는 뱀의 모습이 일관된 형태로 고정되고 장엄도 더욱 정교해지기에 이른다. 이는 토지와 물을 관장하는 신인 뱀에 대한 오랜 신앙이 동남아에 있었기 때문이다. 즉 수호신인 뱀에 대한 토착 신앙이 불교와 습합되면서 붓다를 보호하는 뱀의 이야기가 동남아에서 특히 인기를 얻게 되어 나가 위의 붓다가 붓다를 나타내는 지배적인 도상으로 자리매김한 것이다.

작물 재배시에 질소비료와 유기물인 헤어리베치 그리고 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 등 질소공급원별로 토양에 시용하여 N2O 배출에 영향을 주는 요인들의 특성을 조사하였다. 그리고 그 요인들이 N2O 배출에 얼마나 영향을 주는지를 정량적으로 밝히고 온실가스 배출의 영향 인자들에 대해 온실가스 감축 효과를 종합적으로 평가하였다. N2O 배출에 영향을 미치는 요인은 토양온도, 토양수분과 무기태질소 등이다. 이 세 가지 요인 중 N2O 배출에 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인은 무기태질소 (콩 65.5%, 51.2%)>토양수분함량 (콩 19.2%, 고추 28.8%)>토양온도 (콩 15.2%, 고추 22.0%) 순으로 나타났다. 수량과 비료이용효율은 LCU 효과지연성 복합비료 처리에서 가장 높았다. N2O 배출량은 LCU효과지연성 복합비료와 NPK+헤어리베치 처리에서 차이를 보이지 않아 종합적인 결과는 수량과 비료이용효율 그리고 낮은 N2O 배출량을 보인 LCU효과지연성 복합비료 처리가 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 N2O 배출을 저감할 수 있는 토양 양분관리 기술 개발 연구가 확대되면 온실가스 배출저감 대책에 도움이 될 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

Microorganisms detected in the biofilm not only cause secondary pollution of drinking water such as taste, odor and pathogenic disease but also increase the amount of disinfectant due to microbial regrowth during the transportation of tap water. In this work, the influence of C/N ratio in tap water on the characteristics of biofilm growth was examined. The C/N ratio of the tap water sample was controlled at 100:5, 100:10, 100:20, 100:30, and 100:40 by adding appropriate amounts of dextrose and (NH4)2SO4. Of the five C/N ratios, heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) was highest at the ratio of 100:10. Following the initial formation in all the five experimental conditions, natural detachment of the biofilm was observed. Extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) analyses showed that the change of the EEA during the experimental period was similar to that of the HPC, demonstrating a positive correlation between HPC and EEA. For TOC concentration in the tap water sample, approximately 75% of the TOC was consumed in 7 days of the experiment and 96% in 28 days. The TOC appeared to be relatively rapidly consumed at the initial phase of the biofilm growth. Consumption pattern of the ammonia nitrogen was different from the TOC consumption pattern showing the different role of ammonia nitrogen on the growth of biofilm.

Nitrogen-doped carbons have attracted much attention due to their novel application in relation to gas storage. In this study, nitrogen-doped porous carbons were synthesized using SBA-15 as a template, polypyrrole as the carbon and nitrogen precursor, and KOH as an activating agent. The effect of the activation temperature (600–850°C) on the CO2 adsorption capacity of the obtained porous carbons was studied. Characterization of the resulting carbons showed that they were micro-/meso-porous carbon materials with a well-developed pore structure that varied with the activation temperature. The highest surface area of 1488 m2 g–1 was achieved at an activation temperature of 800°C (AC-800). The nitrogen content of the activated carbon decreased from 4.74 to 1.39 wt% with an increase in the activation temperature from 600 to 850°C. This shows that nitrogen is oxidized and more easily removed than carbon during the activation process, which indicates that C-N bonds are more easily ruptured at higher temperatures. Furthermore, CO2 adsorption isotherms showed that AC-800 exhibited the best CO2 adsorption capacity of 110 mg g–1 at 298 K and 1 bar.

This paper examines a simple one-step and catalyst-free method for synthesizing carbon nanoparticles from aliphatic alcohols and n-hexane with linear molecule formations by using a stable solution plasma process with a bipolar pulse and an external resistor. When the external resistor is adopted, it is observed that the current spikes are dramatically decreased, which induced production of a more stable discharge. Six aliphatic linear alcohols (methanol- hexanol) containing carbon with oxygen sources are studied as possible precursors for the massive production of carbon nanoparticles. Additional study is also carried out with the use of n-hexane containing many carbons without an oxygen source in order to enhance the formation of carbon nanoparticles and to eliminate unwanted oxygen effects. The obtained carbon nanoparticles are characterized with field emission-scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that with increasing carbon ratios in alcohol content, the synthesis rate of carbon nanoparticles is increased, whereas the size of the carbon nanoparticles is decreased. Moreover, the degree of graphitization of the carbon nanoparticles synthesized from 1-hexanol and n-hexane with a high carbon (C)/oxygen (O) ratio and low or no oxygen is observed to be greater than that of the carbon nanoparticles synthesized from the corresponding materials with a low C/O ratio.

This study is the process of finding answers to the following questions. Cultural content is needed to study Vietnamese language? Do Vietnamese language learners feel the need for classes using cultural content? Do Vietnamese teachers use cultural contents in class? In order to find out the answer, I conducted a questionnaire survey on Vietnamese students in Chungnam Foreign Language High School, interviewed teachers and analyzed the case examples. As a result of the questionnaires and interviews, it was found that the necessity of cultural contents development in Vietnamese language education is a requirement for both teachers and learners. Based on these results, we developed a case study on cultural education contents for Vietnamese language education. However, the model of teaching Vietnamese language utilizing cultural contents needs to be developed through more diverse academic analysis. Its effectiveness should also be investigated in depth. We will propose this as a future research project.

This article treats the quotation of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il in Collected Writings of Korean Linguistics [Chosŏnŏhak Jŏnsŏ / Joseoneohak Jeonseo]. The citation of a political leader in a scholarly paper shows the powerful interference of political ideology on academic research. However, it is possible for scholars to judge what quotation they collect. Therefore, the influence of political ideology on the North Korean language academia can be measured by the status that Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il's quotations are used. Political ideological colors are most evident in communism and class-struggle quotations. However, in some quotations, radical phrases are omitted. There are many quotations about nationalism in Chosŏnŏhak Jŏnsŏ. Quite a few of them have some similarities to the discussion in South Korean academic circles. However, sometimes it is possible to conflict with the North academic circles, because a strong nationalism tendency is avoided in the South academic circles. In the quotations about language policy, it was noticeable that the contents were different from each other. The northern scholar usually coped with avoiding or ignoring such conflicts because it is difficult to dare criticize any one quotation. In addition, I have looked at quotations that are close to common sense. The reason why those quotations exist in the scholarship can be seen as the fact that the quotation is just a perfunctory expression. And that nearly half of the quotations are extracted from just four kinds of source articles.

An ionic polyacetylene with the pendent N-glycidylpyridinium bromide, poly(2-ethynyl-N-glycidylpyridinium bromide), was synthesized in 91% yield by the activated polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine with epibromohydrin without any additional catalyst or catalyst. This polymer exhibited characteristic UV-visible absorption band at 515nm and yellow PL spectrum at 598nm corresponding to the photon energy of 2.07 eV. The cyclovoltamograms of polymer exhibited the electrochemically stable window in the region of 1.41.8V and the redox current value gradually increased as the scan rate increased. The kinetics of the redox process of polymer was found to be well-controlled by the reactant diffusion process from the experiment of the oxidation current density of PEGPB versus the scan rate.

The activated polymerization of 2-ethynylpyridine by using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride yielded the corresponding conjugated ionic polymer, poly[2-ethynylN-(2-thiophenecarbonyl)pyridinium chloride] (PETCPC). The polymerization proceeded well to give high yield of polymer without any additional initiator or catalyst. The instrumental analysis data on polymer structure indicated that the present ionic polymer have a conjugated polymer backbone system having N-(2-thiophenecarbonyl)pyridinium chloride as substituents. The photoluminescence maximum peak of PETCPC was located at 573 nm, which corresponds to the photon energy of 2.16 eV. The aromatic functional substituents in the conjugated backbone system shift PL maximum values because it makes different molecule arrangement. The cyclovoltamograms of PETCPC exhibited the electrochemically stable window at 1.24 to 1.80 V region.

An organic filler, bis-(N-α-amido-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-1,7-heptane dicarboxylate (DOPA-C7) is applied to gas separation membranes for CO2/N2 separation. The weak interaction between SBS and DOPA-C7 improves CO2/N2 selectivity, from 14.1 to 21.1 with increasing of CO2 permeability from 347.5 to 349.7 Barrer. This phenomenon is caused by the catechol group of DOPA-C7 that can work as a Lewis Base. However, the strongly interacting PEBAX/DOPA-C7 membranes show a typical trade-off behavior, a decrease in CO2 permeability and increase in CO2/N2 selectivity with the filler contents. This results demonstrate that interactions between the filler and polymeric matrix can cause negative effects on the gas separation performance. This work opens up the feasibility of using a catecholic compound in gas separation membranes.