2020년 1학기 코로나19로 인해 모든 대학들이 불가피하게 온라인 강의를 진행했다. 그와 함께 온라인 강의에 대한 관심이 급격히 높아져갔다. 하지만 대대적인 온라인 강의는 이번이 처음이어서인지 그에 관한 기존 연구가 거의 없는 실정이다. 필자들은 2020년도 1학기 고려대학교 <글쓰기Ⅰ> 과목을 온라인 실시간 강의로 진행했을 뿐만 아니라, 학기 말에는 모든 학생들을 대상으로 그에 관한 설문조사를 실시하 기도 했다. 본고는 그러한 갖가지 수업자료와 설문조사를 토대로 온라인 강의, 특히 실시간 강의의 운영 방법과 교육 효과에 대해 자세히 분석해본 것이다. 그리하여 온라인 강의의 운영 사례를 공유하는 한편, 온라인 교육의 질을 높이는 데 조금이나마 기여하고자 했다.

이 논문은 세월호 사고와 같은 대규모 인명사고의 예방을 위하여 반드시 추진되어야 할 과제로서 우수한 해기능력을 갖춘 선장 등 선원이 연안여객선에 승무하기를 희망할 수 있도록 하는 방안 등 연안여객선의 안전운항을 위한 안 전임금 지원제도의 도입방안을 검토·제시하는 것을 목적으로 연구되었다. 이 연구 결과 도출된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 세월호 사고로 인한 여객 등 인명사고의 주원인은 ‘세월호의 감항능력 부족’이라기 보다 선장 등 선원의 과실로 분석하였다. 따라서 연안여객선 안전 운항을 확보하기 위해서는 책임감이 투철하고 보다 우수한 선원이 연안여객선 에 승무를 희망할 수 있는 여건을 마련하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 연안여객선 선원의 임금수준을 외항여객선 선원의 85% 정도로 상향할 수 있도록 정부가 안전임금을 지원할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 세월호 사고 후 도입된 여객안전관리요원의 추가 승선인원은 여객정원 500명당 1인인데, 이것만으로는 위기시 여객에 대한 적절한 구호조치가 담보되 기는 어렵다고 보고 정원 250명당 1인으로 강화할 것을 제안하였으며, 정부가 연안여객선의 안전운항을 위한 안전임금을 지원하는 법적 근거를 마련할 필요 가 있으며, 그에 따라 정부는 지원예산을 마련할 필요가 있다. 이러한 여객선 안전운임 지원제도는 단기적 제안이며, 중·장기적으로 연안여 객선 준공영제를 도입할 때 이를 적절히 흡수하여 운영될 수 있을 것이다. 연안여객선 안전운항을 위한 안전임금 지원제도의 도입과 시행을 통하여 연간 1,500만 명의 연안여객의 안전한 해상수송이 이루어지기를 기대한다.

PURPOSES : The commuting time is changing due to the changes in working style and hours. Thus, if the operating hours of parttime bus-only lanes, which are being implemented to increase on-time reliability, do not reflect the rush hour due to the changes in the commuting form, the effectiveness of part-time buses decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the punctuality of the bus, we would like to improve the operation time of part-time bus-only lanes by reflecting the rush hour according to the changes in commuting times. METHODS : Peak time was analyzed by surveying traffic volume, speed, and number of public transportation users in the curb bus lane operation section of the Daejeon Metropolitan City. The improvement effect was analyzed based on the passing speed ratio of general vehicles and buses when the implementation time of the dedicated vehicles was improved. RESULTS : The curb bus lane operation time in Daejeon was 40 min shorter than the average operating time of 2 h and 40 min in other major cities. Based on a 2 h analysis, the minimum speed occurrence time was 17:30 to 19:30, the maximum traffic occurrence time was 17:00 to 19:00, and the maximum number of passengers was during 17:00 to 19:00, which is different from the operation time of the afternoon bus-only lanes. CONCLUSIONS : By reflecting the analyzed peak hours, the operating hours of the afternoon lane are improved from 18:00~20:00 to 17:00~19:30. Prior to the implementation of the dedicated vehicles, the traffic speed of the buses and general vehicles is 1.8 (general/bus), It was analyzed that the traffic speed of general vehicles and buses after implementation was reduced to 1.5 (general/bus), thus improving the operation time in terms of the purpose and effectiveness of bus-only lanes.

PURPOSES : In this paper, pedestrian-oriented time assured traffic operation (POTATO), adopted in Korea at a single crossing pedestrianoriented operating area, is explored and applied to a simulation experiment and test site to verify the operation efficiency. METHODS : Three candidate plans are presented as a method to operate pedestrian-oriented signal operations that can overcome the restrictions on signal controllers in Korea. The selected POTATO and TOD signal operations were compared and analyzed. The delay and pedestrian queues, present length, and number of times were used as comparative indices. RESULTS : Scenario-specific simulations confirmed that the delay, compared to TOD signal operation, was reduced by up to 5 s/ped depending on the vehicle traffic volume and the number of pedestrians. For the vehicle delay, the results increased up to 8.99 s/veh, depending on the traffic volume of the vehicles and pedestrians. As a result of the test site operation, POTATO operation improved by 5.12 s/ped (approximately 46.69% improvement) compared to TOD operation in the hours commuting to school and by 2.84 s/ped in the hours commuting from school (approximately 51.13% improvement). In case of vehicle delay, the delay increased by 2.35 s/veh (approximately 64.39%) in the hours commuting to school and 1.20 s/veh (approximately 21.11%) in the hours commuting from school compared to the TOD operation. CONCLUSIONS : Through simulations and test site pilot operation verifications, the effects of pedestrian delay improvement were more positive if POTATO proposed in this study was low in vehicle traffic.

This study examines the transitional situation that can be seen from the palace operation in early Joseon Dynasty. The first decades of Joseon after the nation was founded differ from the Joseon Dynasty as a whole, but rather similar with the Goryeo Dynasty. By examining “The History of Goryeo(高麗史),” it showed that palace operation during the Goryeo Dynasy was marked by the fact that a separate palace was built and resided in despite the existence of the Bongweol(本闕, main palace) as the central palace. The separation of the parent’s generation and the children’s generation was shown through the establishment of one’s own palace. Such trait of Goryeo affected palace construction directly after the founding of Joseon. This can be shown from the characteristic of palace operation by generation. The construction of the Changdeokgung Palace(昌德宮) of King Taejong, as his own palace, is an example. Afterwards, the palace system of Joseon was established, and the space of the king and the crown prince was merged through ritual reform during the reign of King Sejong. However, the space for the parents of the king were considered separate, and this influence continued to the reign of King Seongjong. The construction of Changgyeonggung Palace(昌慶宮) during the reign of King Seongjong is an event where the king proclaimed the separation with his mother and grandmother.

The IMO (International Maritime Organization) has mandated the restriction of SOx emissions to 0.5 % for all international sailing vessels since January 2020. And, a number of countries have designated emission control areas for stricter environmental regulations. Three representative methods have been suggested to cope with these regulations; using low-sulphur oil, installing a scrubber, or using LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as fuel. In this paper, economic analysis was performed by comparing the method of installing a scrubber with the method of using low-sulphur oil without installing additional equipment. We suggested plausible layouts and compared the pros and cons of different scrubber types for retrofitting. We selected an international sailing ship as the target vessel and estimated payback time and benefits based on navigation route, fuel consumption, and installation and operation costs. Two case of oil prices were analyzed considering the uncertainty of fuel oil price fluctuation. We found that the expected payback time of investment varies from 1 year to 3.5 years depending on the operation ratio of emission control areas and the fuel oil price change.

This study collected and analyzed the fishing process of existing fishing boat and newly built fishing boat by using the video observation methods to understand the improvement of fishing operation efficiency and safety according to the scale change of coastal composite fishing boat. The fishing operation efficiency was calculated by analyzing the frequency of movement, the movement distance and the moving time per basket used in the fishing process to derive the improvement of the newly built fishing boat compared to the existing fishing boat. It was confirmed that the mean frequency of movements decreased to 13.9%, the average moving time decreased to 21.8%, the mean movement distance increased to 20.5% and the movement through the top of gunwale did not occur. Movement of frequency, increased and time according to the fishing operation were directly affected by the width of side passages and the presence or absence of walking obstruction such as bulwark stay, hatch coaming and fishing gears on deck. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for redesigning into a safe and efficient coastal composite fishing boat in the future.

PURPOSES: This paper presents the development and evaluation of the smart hardware-in-the-loop systems (SMART-HILS) that evaluate traffic signal operations of a new real-time traffic signal control system called SMART SIGNAL at the traffic management center (TMC) level. METHODS: The layouts of the hardware and software components of the SMART-HILS were introduced in this study and its performance was tested using real-time traffic signal operation algorithms embedded in the SMART SIGNAL control server by utilizing the VISSIM simulation model. In this study, the SMART-HILS management software was developed using .NET programming language. Fewer random seed numbers were used for the test scenarios by conducting statistical tests to address the shortcomings of a longer time due to the adoption of the simulation time as the real-time by the TMC server. RESULTS : It was determined that SMART-HILS can communicate with TMC and VISSIM for both upload and download directions within acceptable time constraints and evaluate new design algorithms for traffic signal timing. CONCLUSIONS : In practice, traffic engineers can utilize SMART-HILS for testing the traffic signal operation alternatives before their selection and implementation. This application could increase the productivity of traffic signal operation.

Liquefied gas carrier cargo handling operations are critical to ship safety. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of cargo handling of liquefied gas carriers, the loading and unloading operation of the liquefied gas carrier was studied and a set of LPG remote cargo operation simulator with automatic bargaining function was designed. Introducing the components of the simulator: the console unit and the simulated cargo tank unit in brief, the design ideas and specific functions of the automatic barge and remote control of the core part of the system are introduced in detail. The simulator feasibility verification is carried out by comparing the error between the actual loading and unloading operation with the system simulation loading and unloading operation. The simulation training functions verification is carried out by testing people who use the simulator for training. The final results show that the error is within the acceptable range, and people who use the simulator for training can pass an authoritative comprehensive exam. It is shown that that the system can simulate the important operations in the cargo handling process and has an excellent training effect.

본 연구는 국내 가선집재 작업 현장 실태에 대한 사례 조사를 통해 작업의 생산성에 영향을 미치는 집재 작업의 설계와 가선 설치의 공학적 문제점을 파악하고, 그로 인해 손실되는 생산성과 증가되는 비용을 분석하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 분석 결과, 가선집재 설계 시 현장의 지형적 입지여건과 공학적 안전성이 충분히 고려되지 않아 대부분 가선의 처짐(deflection)을 확보하지 못하는 것으로 나타났 다. 이로 인해 시간 당 생산성이 최대 65%까지 감소하고, 집재비용이 2배 이상 증가되어 전반적인 작업의 효율성이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 국내에서 가선집재 작업이 확대되기 위해서는 작업 안전과 효율을 확보할 수 있는 가선의 설치와 장비의 운용, 불필요한 생산비용을 최소화할 수 있 는 현장 기술의 보급이 필요하다.