RC shear wall sections which have irregular shapes such as T, ㄱ, ㄷ sections are typically used in low-rise buildings in Korea. Pushover analysis of building containing such members costs a lot of computation time and needs professional knowledge since it requires complicated modeling and, sometimes, fails to converge. In this study, a method using an equivalent column element for the shear wall is proposed. The equivalent column element consists of an elastic column, an inelastic rotational spring, and rigid beams. The inelastic properties of the rotational spring represent the nonlinear behavior of the shearwall and are obtained from the section analysis results and moment distribution for the member. The use of an axial force to compensate the difference in the axial deformation between the equivalent column element and the actual shear wall is also proposed. The proposed method is applied for the pushover analysis of a 5- story shear wall-frame building and the results are compared with ones using the fiber elements. The comparison shows that the inelastic behavior at the same drift was comparable. However, the performance points estimated using the pushover curves showed some deviations, which seem to be caused by the differences of estimated yield point and damping ratios.

This paper investigates experimentally the confinement effect on concrete. For this purpose, outside lateral reinforcement members made of stainless steel and GFRP were employed. Then, uniaxial compressive tests on concrete cylinders incorporating the members were conducted. A total of 30 cylinder specimens, specifically, 6 unconfined specimens, 12 specimens confined by stainless steel and 12 specimens confined by GFRP, were fabricated. The failure patterns of both unconfined and confined specimens were assessed and discussed based on experimental results. The results proved that the maximum stress and corresponding strains of the cylinders confined using the proposed hoops are increased in comparison with those of the unconfined. This supports that the current work can be used for retrofitting concrete members and structures and thus may lead to increased stability of such structures.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column systems with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction and to provide the details and reference data. Five hollow reinforced concrete bridge columns were tested under a constant axial load and a cyclically reversed horizontal load. The accuracy and objectivity of the assessment process can be enhanced by using a sophisticated nonlinear finite element analysis program. The adopted numerical method gives a realistic prediction of seismic performance throughout the loading cycles for several the investigated test specimens. This study documents the testing of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column systems with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction and presents conclusions based on the experimental and analytical findings.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column systems with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction. The proposed reinforcement details have economic feasibility and rationality and make construction periods shorter. A model of hollow reinforced concrete bridge columns was tested under a constant axial load and a quasi-static cyclically reversed horizontal load. As a result, proposed reinforcement details for material quantity reduction were equal to existing reinforcement details in terms of required performance. The companion paper presents the experimental and analytical study for the performance assessment of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column systems with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction.

The Age-adjusted effective Modulus Method(AEMM) is one of the methods adopted for the construction stage analysis of concrete structures. The AEMM uses the aging factor to consider the effects of the varying concrete stress. In the aspects of computation time and the accuracy of the results, the AEMM is considered as one of most appropriate methods for construction stage analysis of tall building structures. Previous researches proposed appropriate values of the aging factor in the forms of graphs or using very simple equations. In this paper, an equation for estimating the aging factor as a function of rebar ratio in the section, compressive strength of concrete, notional member dimension, and age of concrete at the load application. The validity of aging factor proposed in this paper were examined by the comparison with the results of step-by step method.

최근 환경오염 문제에 대한 심각성이 대두되며 전 세계적으로 환경부하 저감을 위해 다양한 노력을 쏟고 있다. 특히 환경 저해 산업의 하나인 건설분야에서는 CO2배출량과 에너지 소비량을 줄이기 위해 활발한 연구를 진행해 왔다. 그러나 건설분야의 기존 연구들은 대부분 CO2배출량이 가장 큰 사용 및 유지관리 단계에만 집중하고 있으며, 설계단계에 대한 연구는 2D의 철근콘크리트 부재 및 구조물에 대해서만 실행되었을 정도로 초기단계이다. 사실, LCA적 관점에서 친환경적 건설산업을 이루기 위해서는 건물의 초기설계 단계에서부터 CO2배출량을 저감시키기 위한 방향으로 설계를 유도할 수 있어야 하며, 구조 엔지니어로서 환경성을 고려한 설계안을 제시할 수 있어야 한다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 매입형 합성기둥(SRC)을 대상으로 CO2최적화 기법을 제시하였으며, 이를 통해 얻은 여러 설계단면을 이용하여 SRC기둥의 CO2배출량에 영향을 미치는 3가지 요소(① 강재 크기, ② 콘크리트 압축강도, ③ 작용 하중 크기)에 대한 영향관계를 분석하였다.

Ultra high performance concrete which has recently been studied was developed to complement the brittle behaviour and dynamic uppermost limit of high strength concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete which mixed steel fiber is receiving attention as an alternative about this and is being developed to complement the disadvantages of high strength concrete including lower toughness coefficients and crack resistance and spalling in fires. Review about fiber reinforced ultra high strength concrete that this study tries to treat includes reduction of self shrinkage generated by high cement content per unit volume of concrete, evaluation of compression and tension strength to lower internal and external spalling resistance and fragility factors of member of framework, and flow characteristics of concrete which doesn't harden according to steel fiber amounts and used materials. As the result, the more fiber reinforcement increases, the more compression and tensile strength increase and deformation control of cement matrix and improvement of energy absorption ability showed the great effect in shrinkage reduction.

철근 및 FRP Bar를 보강재로 사용한 콘크리트 보의 전단 거동을 실험적으로 평가하였다. 실험 변수는 특성이 다른 보강근을 휨 및 전단 보강한 것과 전단보강근비이다. 콘크리트 보의 전단강도 산정에 일반적으로 널리 이용되는 수정트러스 이론의 타당성을 실험 결과의 분석을 통하여 평가하였다. CFRP 및 GFRP를 휨 및 전단 보강한 콘크리트 보에 그대로 적용하는 것은 적절하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 실험결과는 FRP Bar를 보강근으로 사용한 콘크리트 보의 전단 문제에 수정트러스 이론을 그대로 적용하는 것은 타당하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

본 논문에서는 유전알고리즘을 사용하여 철근콘크리트 구조물의 최적 지진설계를 효율적으로 수행하기 위해 클러스터를 사용하는 경우 확장성을 확인하였다. 클러스터를 구성하는 코어프로세서의 개수를 증가시키면서 유전알고리즘의 각 세대에 소요되는 시간의 감소를 관찰하였다. 단일 퍼스널 컴퓨터의 구성을 분류한 후, wall-clock time과 암달의 법칙으로 예상된 값을 비교하여 예상되었던 병목현상을 확인하였다. 이에 클러스터의 확장성에서 복합적인 요인에 의한 경향을 확인할 수 있었다. 병목현상의 물리적인 요인과 알고리즘 측면에서의 요인을 구분하기 위해 유전알고리즘의 개채수를 나누어 실험을 수행하여 결과를 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the seismic retrofit performance for a reinforced concrete structure with steel damper. The nonlinear static analysis of the RC frame specimens with and without retrofit using the steel damper was conducted and the reliability of the analysis was verified by comparing the analysis and test results. Using this analysis model and method, additional nonlinear analysis was conducted considering varying stiffness and strength ratios between RC frame and steel damper and the failure mode of RC frame. As the result of the study, the total absorbed energy increased and the damage of RC frame was reduced as stiffness and strength ratios increased. The seismic retrofit performance, evaluated by means of the yield strength, increasing ratio of the absorbed energy and damage of the frame, increased linear proportionally with the increase of the strength ratio. In addition, the seismic retrofit performance was stable for stiffness ratios larger than 4~5. The energy absorption capacity of the frame governed by shear failure was better than that of the frame governed by flexure failure.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the inelastic behavior of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column sections with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction and to provide the details and reference data. Among the numerous parameters, this study concentrates on the shape of the section, the reinforcement details, the diameter of the transverse reinforcement and loading types. Eighteen column section specimens were tested under quasi-static monotonic loading. In this study, the computer program RCAHEST (Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology) was used. A modified lateral confining effect model was adopted for the hollow bridge column sections. This study documents the testing of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column sections with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction and presents conclusions based on the experimental and analytical findings.:

This study proposed proposes a retrofitting method using an H‐beam frame to improve the seismic performance of non‐seismic designed reinforced concrete frames. To evaluate the seismic performance with the H‐beam frames, a cyclic lateral load test was performed and the experimental result was compared with the bared frame, and a masonry infilled RC frame. The results was were analyzed regarding aspects of the load‐displacement hysteresis behavior, effective stiffness, displacement ductility, and cumulative energy dissipation. AlsoIn addition, it was possible to prove both an increase of in the maximum load capacity, effective stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity using the H‐beam frame.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column sections with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction. The proposed reinforcement details has have economic feasibility and rationality and makes construction periods shorter. A model of column sections with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction was tested under quasistatic monotonic loading. As a result, the proposed reinforcement details for material quantity reduction was were equal to existing reinforcement details in terms of the required performance. In the a subsequent paper, the an experimental and analytical study will be performed for the performance assessment of hollow reinforced concrete bridge column sections with reinforcement details for material quantity reduction will be performed.

This study investigates the stress-strain relations of internally confined hollow concrete filled tube pier reinforced with GFRP tube by uniaxial compression test. The confined concrete subjected multi-axial stresses have been known as the strength of concrete increases significantly. Many researchers have studied in confining effects of CFT which have only outer GFRP tube. In this study, specimens reinforced with outer and inner GFRP tube were tested by uniaxial compression test. To investigate the influence of concrete strength increase by confining conditions in GFRP tube, 13 specimens with different thickness of tube, hollowness ratio and nominal concrete strength were tested and compared with Steel tube.