This study was carried out in order to investigate the early growth and root development characteristics ofAtractylodes japonica container seedling. Experiment was performed by light intensity (100%, 60%, 25% and 10% of fullsunlight). Height was surveyed well under 25% of full sunlight (overall 11.013.0%). Root collar diameter was the highest inthe full sunlight (7.52㎜). It was the highest fresh weight (1.52g, 0.92g, 0.90g and 3.34g) under 25% of full sunlight, rootdry weight was getting higher in the higher light level and the highest in the full sunlight (0.13g). Total root length, rootproject area, root surface area and root volume were the highest under 25% of full sunlight (434.7㎝, 17.4㎠, 54.7㎠,0.55㎤, respectively) and the lowest under 10% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica isjudged nicely by maintaining 25% of full sunlight, excepting 10% of full sunlight. And light levels during the early growthare overly important to improve early growth.

Recent years, there is increasing demand for seedlings of Daphniphyllum macropodum. However, the bare-root nursery of the species has been reported to be challenging due to meteorological disasters caused by climate change. The study aims to investigate the appropriate levels of shade and fertilization of container-grown D. macropodum, which has shade tolerance in seedling stage. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level of full sun, and 35%, 55%, 75% of full sun. The fertilizing level was made by regulating Multifeed 19 (N:P:K =19:19:19, v/v) with 1000mg·L-¹, 2000mg·L-¹, 3000mg·L-¹, together with the control. The height was indicated to be the highest in 3000mg·L-¹ under 55% of shading. The root collar diameter was surveyed to be the highest in 1000mg·L-¹ and 3000mg·L-¹ of full sun. A case of the whole dry mass production was surveyed to be the highest in 3000mg·L-¹ under 55% of shading and 2000mg·L-¹ under 35% of shading. Moreover, the study is to explore the possibility of production and sound growth of D. macropodum seedlings by container nursery; consequently, the result is expected to provide the production method of the seedlings of D. macropodum that is to overcome meteorological disasters from bare-root nursery.

This study surveyed Abies koreana to identify the correlation between its vegetation structure according to its slope direction and seedling establishment in a bid to build basic research data on the changes and conservation of the A. koreana in Hallasan Mountain. The findings of its vegetation structure revealed that in both areas, Importance value was given to the A. koreana for its tree layer, the Taxus cuspidata for its shrub layer, and the Sasa quelpaertensis for its herb layer. However, in the Youngsil area with the tree layer, high importance was given to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and the young species of the A. koreana in the shrub layer that can maintain the A. koreana forest’s greater importance in the Jindallebat than in the Youngsil. Thus, the A. koreana forest in the Jindallebat is believed to lastlonger. The findings of correlation between the quantity of seedlings and their location by area revealed that in each tiny quadrat, the A. koreana seedling averaged 5.3 in the Youngsil and 2.9 in the Jindallebat. Both areas were all found to have a positive correlation in terms of rock exposure ratio and dead tree ratio as well as a negative correlation with regard to the cover degree of S. quelpaertensis, the canopy gap, the total vegetation, and the herb layer. It was found that the cover degree of the herb layer in the Youngsil and the S. quelpaertensis in the Jindallebat had the largest impact on the A. koreana seedlings.

사시나무의 클론간 생장 특성(전체 건중량, 줄기 건중량, 잎의 전체 건중량)과 대사물질간의 관계를 구명하여 조기선발을 위한 생장 관련 주요 인자를 구명하고자 사시나무 삽목묘(유묘)를 대상으로 우량클론과 일반클론간의 생장특성을 조사하였고, 수체내의 대사물질을 분석하였다. 사시나무 유묘의 줄기 건중량과 잎 내의 glucose, sucrose, inositol 등 당 함량과 정의 상관관계(p<0.05)가 있었으며, 잎의 건중량과는 줄기 내의 glutamic acid, alanine, threonine등과 같은 아미노산류의 함량과 정의 상관관계가 있었다. 사시나무 잎 내의 대사물질은 우량클론에서 glucose, sucrose, inositol 등과 같은 당류가 일반클론보다 고도의 유의 차이(p<0.01)가 있게 높게(1.3배 이상) 함유한 것으로 나타났으며,rythronic acid, malic acid, pentanedioic acid 및 proline도높게 함유한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 우량클론의 줄기내의 대사물질은 glutamic acid, alanine, threonine등과 같은 아미노산류의 함량이 일반클론에 비해 유의적으로 높게(1.2배 이상)함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 더불어 succinic acid, maleicacid의 함량도 고도의 유의차이(p<0.01)로 우량클론에서 높게 함유하고 있었다. 생장이 우수한 사시나무 클론은 유묘의잎에서는 당류가 줄기에서는 아미노산류가 높게 함유하여 이러한 복합적 인자가 사시나무 우량클론 선발을 위한 대사 표지자의 개발에 필요한 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 졸참나무의 건전한 1-1 조림용 묘목을 생산하기 위해 초기 묘고가 다른 묘목에서 적절한 단근의 강도를 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 이를 위해 1-0 노지묘의 크기를 구분하여 단근(5, 10, 15 cm)을 실시하였다. 1년의 생육기간이 지난 시점에서 묘고를 비롯한 지상부 생장량과 주근 및 측근의 발달 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 지상부의 생장은 초기 묘목 크기와 단근에 의해 다양한 차이가 나타났으며, 측근의 발달은 묘목 크기에 따른 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 초기 묘고가 큰 묘목군에서는 15 cm로 단근된 묘목이 가장 우수한 지상부 생장량을 나타내었으며, 초기 묘고가 작은 묘목군에서는 15 cm와 10 cm로 단근된 묘목이 우수한 생장량을 나타내었다. 묘목 크기에 따른 생장은 초기 묘고가 큰 묘목이 작은 묘목보다 우수한 지상부 생장을 나타내었으며, 주근의 재생산량과 새롭게 발달된 측근의 수도 많았다. 하지만 측근의 길이 및 무게 생장은 작은 묘목이 더 많았다. 결론적으로 본 연구결과를 종합해 보면, 고품질의 묘목을 생산하기 위해서는 묘고가 큰 1-0묘를 생산하는 것이 다양한 장점을 가지며, 초기 묘고가 26 cm 이상의 큰 묘목은 15 cm로 단근하고, 초기 묘고가 24 cm 이하의 묘목은 10 cm로 단근하는 것이 가장 이상적인 단근길이라고 판단된다.

We investigated whether sound could alter gene expression in plants. Using a sound-treated subtractive library, a set of sound-responsive genes in plants was demonstrated through mRNA expression analyses. Of them, the rbcS and ald genes, which are light responsive, up-regulated their expression with sound treatment in both light and in dark conditions. This suggested that sound could be used as a gene regulator instead of light. When we analyzed ald gene expression using various single wavelengths, a significant increase in mRNA levels was found at 125 or 250 Hz but decreased at 50 Hz, indicating that the gene responded to sound in a wavelength-specific manner. To determine whether the ald promoter respond to sound, we generated transgenic rice plants harboring the chimeric gene consisting of a 1,506-bp promoter fragment of the ald gene fused to Escherichia coli GUS reporter gene. Analyses of mRNA expressison level of three independent transgenic lines sound-treated with 50 or 250 Hz for 4 h showed that the Gus gene expression in all three transgenic lines was up regulated by 250 Hz, but down regulated by 50 Hz. These results correlated with sound responsive mRNA expression pattern observed for the ald gene in rice plants, indicating that the 1,506-bp ald promoter confers sound-responsiveness on a reporter gene in transgenic rice plants. We also investigated whether sound waves could improve salt tolerance in rice seedling. The rice seedlings were sound treated with 800 Hz for 1hr, and then treated with 0, 75, 150, and 225mM NaCl for 3 days to observe changes in physiological and morphological aspects. Sound treatment seedlings resulted in enhanced salt stress tolerance, mainly demonstrated by the sound treated seedlings exhibiting of increased root relative water contents (RWC), root length and weight, photochemical efficiency (ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm), and germination rate under salt stress condition. This demonstrates that a specific sound wave might be used, not only to alter gene expression in plant, but also to improve salt stress tolerance.

Sub-cellular proteomics provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of plant cell modulation of protein accumulation in intracellular compartments regarding various perturbations, and thus provides rectified knowledge about signal transduction in organelles. Mitochondria are important organelles for cellular respiration within the eukaryotic cell and serve many important functions including vitamin synthesis, amino acid metabolism and photorespiration for the cell as well. To define the mitochondrial proteome of the roots of wheat seedling, a systematical and targeting analysis were carried out on the mitochondrial proteome from 15 days-old wheat seedling roots material. Mitochondria were isolated by Percoll gradient centrifugation; and extracted proteins were separated and analyzed using Tricine SDS-PAGE along with LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. From the isolated mitochondrial proteins, a total of 140 proteins were identified. The identified proteins were functionally classified into 12 classes using ProtFun 2.2 server based on cellular roles, Proteins were shown to be involved in including amino acid biosynthesis (17.1%), biosynthesis of cofactors (6.4%), cell envelope (11.4%), central intermediary metabolism (10%), energy metabolism (20%), fatty acid metabolism (0.7%), purines and pyrimidines (5.7%), regulatory functions (0.7%), replication and transcription (1.4%), translation (22.1%), transport and binding (1.4%), and unknown (2.8%). These results indicated that many of the protein components present and functions of identified proteins are common to other profiles of mitochondrial proteomes performed to date. The data presented here will begin to reveal a better understanding the characteristics of proteins and metabolic activity in mitochondria in wheat roots.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of hexaconazole (HEX), a triazole fungicide, on the growth, yield, photosynthetic response and antioxidant potential in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants subjected to UV-B stress. UV-B radiation and HEX were applied separately or in combination to cucumber seedlings. The growth parameters were significantly reduced under UV-B treatment, however, this growth inhibition was less in HEX treated plants. HEX caused noticeable changes in plant morphology such as reduced shoot length and leaf area, and increased leaf thickness. HEX was quite persistent in inhibiting shoot growth by causing a reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight. HEX noticeably recovered the UV-B induced inhibition of biomass production. Significant accumutation in anthocyanin and flavonoid pigments in the leaves occurred as a result of HEX or UV-B treatments. HEX permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and higher quantum yield for photosystemⅡ under UV-B exposure. HEX treatment induced a transient rise in ABA levels in the leaves, and combined application of HEX and UV-B showed a significant enhancement of ABA content which activates H2O2 generation. UV-B exposure induced accumulation of H2O2 in the leaves, while HEX prevented UV-B induced increase in H2O2, indicating that HEX serves as an antioxidant agent able to scavenge H2O to protect cells from oxidative damage. An increase in the ascorbic acid was observed in the HEX treated cucumber leaves affecting many enzyme activities by removing H2O2 during photosynthetic processes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase(CAT), ascorbate peroxidase(APX), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) in the leaves in the presence of HEX under UV-B stress were higher than those under UV-B stress alone. These findings suggest that HEX may participate in the enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. From these results it can be concluded that HEX moderately ameliolate the effect of UV-B stress in cucumber by improving the components of antioxidant defense system.

When ginseng seedlings are cultured in paddy fields, quality degradation and yield reduction are induced by severe plant loss with chlorosis on leaves occurred physiological disorder by excessive salt and poor drainage, rusty-root occurrence, and root rot etc. Accordingly, in order to solve these problems, this study was performed to investigate the treatment method, concentrations and time of activated ion calcium as environment-friendly agricultural materials. Activated ion calcium is an enriched and purified water-soluble mineral calcium component for absorbing quickly into plant as a highly functional calcium and it is an alkaline calcium of 37% (370 ml/1 l) concentration with pH 13. Treatment method was that ginseng seeds were sown after removing water in the shade after seed immersion for 1 minute with active ion calcium of 20-fold diluted solution, and then irrigated 4l per 3.3 m2 with 200-fold, 400-fold, and 600-fold diluted solution before emergence on late March, and supplied 1 time on leaves with 500-fold diluted solution in June and July respectively. The disease rate by treatment of activated ion calcium was that on the treatment of soil irrigated with 200-fold diluted solution compared to non-treated soil, damping-off was 33%, anthracnose was 100% reduced and the occurrence rate of rusty-root was 30% reduced. In addition, when active ion calcium of 200-fold diluted solution were soil irrigated, first and second grade ginseng were respectively 26% and 22% produced more, compared with control.

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of variouis organic substrates on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng seedlings in a shaded plastic house. In the investigation of optimal substrate, the eight substrate were formulated by adjusting blending rate of peatmoss, perlite, coir dust(coco peat), and vermiculite. Then, the changes in physico chemical properties of root substrates as well as their influences on the growth characteristics and yield were determined at six months after sowing. The elevation of the blending rate of peatmoss from 50% to 70% with decrease in the rate of inorganic component (mixture of perlite and vermiculite) from 50 to 30% resulted in the increase in container capacities and decrease in total porosities and air-filled capacities. The concentrations of NH4-N, P2O5 and K increased as the incorporation rate of castor seed meal, phosphate ore, and langbenite, respectively, were elevated during the root medium formulations. The PPV-1 and PPV-4 substrates produced high stem length, stem diameter, shoot fresh weight, leaf area and root length among eight substrate. Root fresh weight was heaviest in PPV-4 compound nursery media. The results of this experiment will be utilized in the new substrate application for ginseng organic culture in shaded vinyl house.

신속하게 생장하는 소나무의 조기 선발인자를 구명하고자 32년생 소나무의 풍매차대 검정결과로 얻어진 재적지수를 기준으로 상, 중, 하로 구분하여 선발된 12가계의 생장특성과 동일한 가계의 유묘 생장특성과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 선발된 12가계의 종자 특성과 동일 가계의 성목 생장특성과는 상관관계가 없었으며 다만 소나무 유묘의 초기 생장과는 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가계별 1년생의 유묘 건물중과 성목의 재적지수(32년생)와는 1%의 유의적 정의 상관

The objective of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of newly developed tissues of germinated soybean seeds. Five soybean accessions with varied fatty acid composition were allowed to germinate in sand under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings were picked up after 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days of germination and freeze dried. The fatty acid composition of the newly developed tissues was analyzed by gas chromatography. Significant variation in fatty acid composition was observed between accessions, days of germination, and variety × day of germination in whole and the cotyledons. In the case of newly developed five tissues, significant variation in fatty acid composition were observed between days of germination except oleic acid for root, hypocotyl and epicotyl stem and except stearic acid for hypocotyl and unifoliate leaves while all the parameters were significantly different for accession. Significant interactions of accession and days of germination were observed for palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid in all tissues; only for oleic acid in hypocotyl, epicotyl and unifoliate leaves; and only for stearic acid in root, hypocotyl, epicotyl and unifoliate leaves. During germination, the fatty acid composition of newly developed tissues changed dramatically but whole seedlings and cotyledons changed slightly. These tissues contained five major fatty acids as found in original seeds, but compositions were totally different from that of the seed: higher in palmitic, stearic and linolenic acid and lower in oleic and linoleic acid. New tissues conserved their fatty acid compositions regardless of genotypic variation in the original seeds.

도시농업 및 원예치료 프로그램용 쑥 종묘 유통기술을 개발하기 위해 용도별 쑥의 소요량, 종묘 유형별 수확기 까지 소요일 및 수확량, 용기 크기와 쑥의 수확량, 유통조건에 따른 쑥 종묘의 품질을 조사하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 쑥 종묘의 패키지 개발 및 쑥 종묘의 유통 방법을 유형화 하였다. 쑥의 용도별 소요량은 전, 쑥떡 및 쑥버무리기는 200g을 기준으로 할 때 각각 10, 15 및 40g이, 실크 스카프 1개를 염색하는 데는 40g이 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 초장 10cm를 기준으로 종묘 유형별 쑥의 수확기까지의 소요일은 실생이 39일, 삽목묘 32일, 1년생 근경이 25일 이었으며, 1차 수확시 수확량은 각각 0.3, 2.1 및 13.2g이었다. 쑥의 근경 및 묘를 예취한 것을 식재하면 27일 이내에 수확이 가능하였다. 용기 종류 및 크기를 달리하여 식재한 결과 1차 수확시 포트(H 8.5 × R 10cm)에서는 13.3g, W 12.5×L 18.0×H 5.5cm 크기의 플라스틱 용기에서는 35.6g, W 12.5 × L 20.0 × H 10.0cm 용기에서는 39.4g을 수확할 수 있었다. 종묘는 저온에서 3일 동안 유통을 시켜도 품질의 변화가 없었다. 쑥 묘와 함께 용기, 원예상토, 배수층, 식물영양제, 재배관리 설명서, 이용설명서 등을 패키지로 한 것을 이용하여 1개월 이내에 수확이 가능하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 고려할 때 쑥 묘의 유통은 묘를 용기에 식재하여 유통하는 방법, 묘를 용기에 식재 후 재배한 다음 예취를 하고 저온저장을 하면서 유통시키는 방법, 쑥의 근경이나 묘 등과 이용에 필요한 것들을 패키지화하여 유통시키는 방법이 도시농업 및 원예치료용으로 활용성이 높을 것으로 기대되었다.

Three-year-old seedlings of susceptible Pinus densiflora and resistant Pinus x rigitaeda were each inoculated with the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to compare disease development. Needle dehydration was evident on seedlings of P. densiflora by 20 days after inoculation, 10 days earlier than this symptom was observed on P. × rigitaeda. Xylem drying was more frequent in seedlings of P. densiflora than in that of P. × rigitaeda between 20 and 60 days after inoculation. No significant differences were found between P. densiflora and P. × rigitaeda for stem water content or for stem and leaf relative water content in current-year branches after nematode inoculation, but the average number of B. xylophilus recovered from stems differed significantly between the two groups. The number of B. xylophilus recovered from stems was negatively correlated with the stem water content and with stem and leaf relative water content. By the time the experiment was terminated at 60 days after inoculation, all 3 of the last group of P. densiflora seedlings had died, but 2 of the 3 remaining P. × rigitaeda hybrid seedlings were still alive. Additional studies are needed to further explore the specific mechanisms preventing nematode multiplication in the seedlings of resistant P. × rigitaeda.

제주도에서 푸사리움가지마름병의 자연감염목으로 추정되는 해송에서 분리된 균을 분자생물학적 기법을 이용하여 기존의 푸사리움가지마름병균과 비교하고, 분리된 균을 리기다소나무× 수식 이미지리기테다소나무 2, 4년생과 해송 2, 3, 6년생 묘목에 인공 접종하여 수종 및 수령별 감수성을 파악하고자 본 실험을 수행하였다. Site 1(FT)에서는 총 샘플 14 개체 중 13 개체에서 푸사리움균이 분리되었으며, Site 2(FS)에서는 9 개체 중 7