Trogoderma variabile B. is one species of well-known stored product insect. This study was conducted to test the perforation ability of larvae of T. variabile on different packaging films which has been widely used in food industry at different thickness. The tested packaging films are polypropylene (PP) 20μm, low density polyethylene (LDPE) 20μm, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 12μm, PP 30μm and PP 40μm. This investigation was carried out for 7 days. In the same order as the films mentioned above, the perforation rate are 33.33%, 0%, 14.81%, 29.62%, 0%. From these results, the easiest film to perforate among PP, LDPE, PET is PP, and there are significant differences on thickness. Therefore, different type of materials and thickness would be considered to be used for food packaging.

Taguchi regarded the concept of quality as ‘total loss to society due to fluctuations in quality characteristics from the time of supplied to the customer.’ The loss function is a representative tool that can quantitatively convert the loss that occurs due to the deviation of the quality characteristic value from the target value. This has been utilized in various studies with the advantage that it can change the social loss caused by fluctuation of quality characteristics to economic cost. The loss function has also been used extensively in the study of producer specification limits. However, in previous studies, only the second order loss function of Taguchi is used. Therefore, various types of losses that can occur in the process can’t be considered. In this study, we divide the types of losses that can occur in the process considering the first and second loss functions and the Spiring’s reflected normal loss function, and perform total inspection before delivering the customer to determine the optimal producer specification limit that minimizes the total cost. Also, we will divide the quality policy for the products beyond the specification limits into two. In addition, we will show the illustration of expected loss cost change of each model according to the change of major condition such as customer specifications and maximum loss cost.

본 연구의 목적은 평발을 가진 여성 노인의 계단 하강 보행 시 일반인솔 및 아치 지지형 인솔을 적용에 따른 족저압력 및 압력중심점 변인들의 차이를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. 족저압력 분석장비(Pedar-X, Novel, Germany)를 사용하여 14명의 평발 노인을 대상으로 3종류(일반인솔, A형 인솔, B형 인솔)의 인솔착용 후 최대족저압력, 평균족저압력, 접촉면적, 압력중심점의 이동거리, 변위 및 최대범위의 평균값을 산출하였으며, 일원변량분석(one-way ANOVA)를 이용하여 인솔 종류간 평균을 비교하였다. 족저압력 변인 중 최대족저압력은 중족부의 M3, 평균족저압력은 M2, M3, M4 영역에서, 접촉면적은 M2, M3, 그리고 M6 영역에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 압력중심점 변인 중 전후축과 좌우축에서 압력중심점의 이동거리에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 족저압력 평가결과 아치 지지 기능을 가진 인솔을 삽입한 A와 B형 인솔에서 족궁지지 영역인 M3의 최대압력은 B형 인솔과 A형 인솔이 일반인솔과 비교했을 때 높게 나타났다. 좌우축, 전후축 압력중심점의 이동거리는 A형과 B형 인솔 모두 일반 인솔에 비해 짧게 나타났다.

등촉구(燈燭具)는 등 또는 초를 사용하여 불을 밝히는 기구이다. 본 논문에서는 고려시대 등촉구의 종류를 크게 등과 초를 함께 사용할 수 있는 광명대(光明臺), 초를 사용하는 촛대 [燭臺]와 번(燔)으로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 등(燈)은 인간의 생활에 있어 필수적인 요소로 인류와 함께 등을 사용하기 위한 등촉구도 발달하였다. 불교에서는 등을 중요한 공양물로 인식 하였는데 지혜의 상징으로 광명을 통해 어리석음의 어둠을 없앨 수 있다는 의미이다. 또한 등공양을 통해 무한한 공덕을 얻을 수 있으며, 나아가 성불 할 수 있다는 의미를 담고 있다. 고대 중국에서는 전국시대(戰國時代) 이후부터 다양한 등촉구가 발견되었고 한대(漢代) 부터 초의 사용이 나타난다. 한국은 삼국시대부터 등공양에 대한 기록이 나타나며, 통일신라에 들어서 등촉구를 찾아 볼 수 있다. 통일신라시대에 들어서는 燈具 이외에도 초의 생산이과 함께 촛대가 제작되기 시작하였다. 고려시대 등촉구를 광명대, 촛대, 번으로 나누어 각 유형을 분류하고 시기별로 나타나는 특징을 살펴보았다. 광명대는 일반적으로 받침의 모습에 따라 삼족형과 안상형으로 나누고, 특수하게 간주에 쌍사자가 표현된 쌍사자형으로 분류 할 수 있다. 고려시대 촛대는 받침의 모습에따라 안상형과 삼단형 두 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있다. 번은 초꽂이가 둥근기둥으로 그 안에 초를 세우는 입촉형, 초꽂이가 針으로 나타나 초를 끼우는 삽촉형으로 분류할 수 있다. 이들은 제작 시기에 따라 다른 특징과 양식의 변천이 나타나기도 한다. 고려시대 등촉구에 나타나는 명문과 동반출토유물을 통해 사찰에서 등공양구로도 사용되었음을 알 수 있다.

The arched stone bridge has been continuously deteriorated and damaged by the weathering and corrosion over time, and also natural disaster such as earthquake has added the damage. However, masonry stone bridge has the behavior characteristics as discontinuum structure and is very vulnerable to lateral load such as earthquake. So, it is necessary to analyze the dynamic behavior characteristics according to various design variables of arched stone bridge under seismic loads. To this end, the arched stone bridge can be classified according to arch types, and then the discrete element method is applied for the structural modelling and analysis. In addition, seismic loads according to return periods are generated and the dynamic analysis considering the discontinuity characteristics is carried out. Finally, the dynamic behavior characteristics are evaluated through the structural safety estimation for slip condition.

횡룡입수로 결혈되는 혈은 그 위치에 따라 세 가지의 유형이 나타나는데 유형별로 구분하여 부르는 경우도 있지만 일반적으로 동일하게 ‘횡룡입수’로 여기고 있다. 이는 횡룡입수에 대한 개념이 풍수학계나 술사들 사이에서도 명확하게 정의되어 있지 않기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 혼용하여 인식되고 있는 횡룡입수에 대한 세 가지 유형의 결혈조건과 결혈 원리를 분석하여 그 특징을 규명하는 동시에 횡룡입수의 개념을 정립하는데 목적이 있다. 횡룡입수의 세 가지 유형별 형태에 대하여 분석한 결과 각각 결혈조건이 다르게 나타나고 있다. 제1형의 경우 세 가지, 제2유형은 여덟 가지의 결혈조건이 있으며, 제3유형은 직룡입수와 동일한 결혈조건을 갖추고 있다. 횡룡입수의 각 유형별 결혈조건을 고려한 지기입력의 원리는 제1유형의 경우 당배 귀사가 뒤에서 쳐주어 혈장 쪽으로 지기를 입력하는 원리가 되며, 제2유형은 당배귀사의 힘에 의하여 일정거리 내려오다 혈장으로 지기를 입력시키는 혈 형성 원리가 성립되며, 제3유형은 일반적인 직룡입수혈의 형성원리가 성립된 다. 이러한 결혈조건과 지기입력 원리를 근거로 횡룡입수를 유형별로 개념과 용어를 정리하면 제1유형은 ‘횡룡입수’, 제2유형은 ‘횡락섬룡입수’, 제3유형은 ‘횡락직룡입수’라 정의할 수 있다.

Shape memory alloys(SMAs) have revolutionized the material engineering sciences as they exhibit exclusive features i.e. shape memory effect(SME) and super-elasticity. SMAs are those alloys that when deform return to their predeformed shape upon heating, they also restore their original shape by removing the load. Research on properties of newly advent of several types of ferrous based shape memory alloys(Fe-SMAs), shows that they have immense potential to be the counterpart of Nitinol(NiTi-SMA). These Fe-SMAs have been used and found to be effective because of their low cost, high cold workability, good weldability & excellent characteristics comparing with Nitinol(high processing cost and low cold workability) SMAs. Some of the Fe-SMAs show super-elasticity. Fe-SMAs, especially Fe-Mn-Si alloys have an immense potential for civil engineering structures because of its unique properties e.g. two-way shape memory effect, super elasticity and shape memory effect as well as due to its low cost, high elastic stiffness and wide transformation hysteresis comparative to Nitinol. Further research is being conducted on SMAs to improve and impinge better attributes by improving the material compositions, quantifying the SMA phase transition temperature etc. In this research pre-existing Fe-SMAs are categorised and collected in a tabulated form. An analysis is performed that which category is mostly available. Last 50 years data of Fe-SMA publications and US Patents is collected to show its importance in terms of increasing research on such type of alloys to invent different compositions and applications. This data is analysed as per different year groups during last 50 years and it was analysed as per whether the keywords exist in title of an article or anywhere in the article. It was found that different keywords related to Fe-SMAs/categories of Fe-SMAs, almost don’t exist in the title of articles. However, these keywords related to Fe- SMAs/categories of Fe-SMAs, exist inside the article but still there are not too many publications related to Fe-SMAs/categories of Fe-SMAs.

Newly extended brands may use the retailers as a channel for new products in order that consumers can become familiar with them, since retailers as an initial contact point of transactions have become empowered to supply products to consumers. Related research has suggested that horizontal or vertical extensions enable brand companies to introduce new products by collaborating with retailers to offer a one-of-a- kind product line to differentiate their products and to gain the attention of consumers. Even though brand companies often produce different products through more than one extension, the effects of multiple extensions in a brand are not clearly investigated. In this regard, the current study aims to focus on how consumers evaluate extended brand products depending on the brand extension types (vertical and horizontal) when a brand collaborates with a retailer. Drawn from the attitude accessibility theory (Fazio, 1986), the conceptual framework was developed. The hypothesized relationships were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques with survey data of 218 responses for the vertical extension and 226 responses for the horizontal extension. The results show that the image fit between a brand and retailer has a significant relationship with attitude toward brand and consumers’ evaluations of brand extensions. However, the results highlight that the quality fit is only directly related to retailer attitude in the case of horizontal extension. Overall, the findings provide empirical evidence on how perceived fit between brand and retailer influences consumers’ attitude and brand extension evaluations. The current study makes several key contributions to both academia and industry practitioners by explaining how new products from extended brands may have different evaluative processes depending on the types of brand extensions when collaborating with a retailer.

This paper’s aim is to provide an insight into when and for what type of innovation are different types of customers most effective participants in the NPD process (Gemser & Perks 2015). Most of prior research has not considered type of innovation or only focused on one stage of NPD process, although both innovation type and each NPD process are critical factors to the NPD performance in the customer co-development context (Chatterji & Fabrizio 2014). Even though some research has examined all stages of NPD process, they also did not specify users or innovation types to compare them. Thus, we will examine the effect of customer participation on NPD performance considering both innovation and user types in terms of each NPD process. The specific research questions are 1) In the NPD process, will the impact of customer participation on NPD performance differ by user-type (lead users vs. ordinary users)? And the NPD stage?, 2) If so, when we consider both user-type and NPD stage, will the impact of customer participation on NPD performance differ depending on the type of innovation (Incremental vs. radical)? The hypotheses are developed as a basis for the subsequent research. This research has several theoretical contributions. First, we discover more appropriate user type in each NPD stage in the customer participation process. Second, we also find more appropriate user characteristics depending on the type of innovation. Third, if lead users are involved rather than ordinary users, customer participation in the development stage can generate positive impact on NPD performance, which is the opposite result compared to previous research (e.g., Chang & Taylor 2016). Finally, we show practical implications and limitations.

The purpose of the current study was to deduct the factors for e-sports and to develop measurement scale of each images of those factors so as to establish the concept of esports. In order to achieve the aforementioned purpose, the study was conducted through three steps: (1) deduction of the elementary/principal factors which were based on the literature investigation and in-depth interview of experts and general public, (2) conducting first survey and exploratory factor analysis, and (3) conducting secondary survey followed by confirmatory factor analysis. In the first step, in order to develop and identify measurement scales, images concerning e-sports, game and sports perceived by consumers and related items used in the extant literature were investigated. Additionally, in order to verify the face and content validity of deducted items, in-depth interview of experts, professional gamers, professors of Sports Science, doctoral students, people in charge, general public and etc was conducted. And in the second step, the survey with those confirmed items scales were conducted and with the results derived from the survey, the exploratory factor analysis for measuring images consisting e-sports were also conducted. Finally, in the third step, secondary survey based on the results derived from the exploratory factor analysis were conducted and in order to test uni-dimensionality of the measurement tool with the results emanated from the secondary survey, confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Through aforementioned three steps, the current study confirmed the image factors consisting e-sports which are comprised of six positive factors (i.e., sociality, entertainingness, aestheticness, leisureness, education, and stress relief) and five negative factors (i.e., addictiveness, violence, commercial viability/marketability, and closedness).

Introduction Recently, Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR) is becoming very important issue in the corporate growth and marketing strategy. In this study, based on Carroll (1979, 1991)’s conception of CSR study, we categorized the CSR types into the five underlying dimensions – i.e. economic, legal, ethical, benevolent, and environmental responsibilities. We tried to investigate the effects of consumer’s perception of the five different types of CSR on the corporate brand equity. More specifically, we used the corporate image, consumer-company identification, and the level of trust which have been used as important variables in the previous brand value studies as the underlying mediating variables of the research model. Theoretical Background and Research Model Based on the conceptual background and our research questions, 11 research hypothese regarding the consumer perceptions of the five different types of CSR, corporate image, consumer-company identification, trust, consumer loyalty, and corporate evaluation were developed. We also tried to include the moderating effects of CSR congruence and consumer’s CSR orientation between the CSR types and mediating variables of the final research model. Results and Conclusions To test the research hypotheses and our research model, we conducted questionnaire survey and collected 552 consumer data for the final analysis. Through the confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity of the study constructs were verified. By using the structural equation model, research hypotheses were tested and most research hypotheses were statistically significant and accepted. The final research model also showed the statistical significance with the goodness-of-fit indices. The managerial implications of the study results for the corporate marketing managers and the limitations of the study were also discussed.

This research was conducted in order to examine the effect of brand status and brand crisis types on consumers’ forgiveness intention. In this research, we proposed and found that the favorable attitude toward the underdog referred as underdog effect (Paharia, Keinan, Avery, & Schor, 2011) would be diluted especially in relational-related failure. When relationship efforts and perceived warmth of the brand are particularly critical, service failure caused by highly identified underdog brand can be perceived to be more serious (Vandello, Goldschmied, & Richards, 2007). Four of the studies consistently demonstrated our assumption in that people expressed less forgiveness intention on underdog brands when the crisis is in a service failure (vs. product failure): study1 and 2, service process failure (vs. service outcome failure): study 3, and human service process failure (vs. non-human service process failure): 4. Further, the mechanism underlying this negative effect toward the underdog was revealed as perceived anger. These findings can give insights to marketers that the types of crisis and the way of brand positioning are very critical to influence customer’s forgiveness intention.

Introduction In recent times, mass customization strategy has been actively adapted even in the food service industry, which provides services wherein consumers select the main ingredients of the food they order according to their preference. In this study, we examine the effect of mass customization strategies perceived by consumers in the food service industry. We also includes the external and internal environmental factors stimuli surrounding the situation of purchasing customized food items to better predict how consumer’s perceived value of mass customization might be formed within the context of service industry. Evidence shows that consumers’ perceived value is high for mass customization in food consumption service compared to food service for a fixed menu. The findings further suggest that this effects of mass customization on consumer perception is moderated by social influence (group vs. individual) and food type (utilitarian vs. hedonic). Theoretical Development Recent research in the field of mass customization has demonstrated that the advantage of designing consumer’s own products is in increasing consumer's perceived benefits while engaging in the customization of tangible products. These studies have shown that the mass customization provides consumers with a utilitarian value due to the purchase of optimized products that meet their individual needs and various values that are embedded in the customization process, such as hedonic value, self-expressive value, and creative achievement (Merle, Chandon, Roux, & Alizon, 2010; Yoo & Park, 2016), and that this value recognition leads to positive attitudes and behavioral responses such as high willingness to pay (Franke, Keinz, & Steger, 2009; Schreier, 2006), purchase intent, and loyalty (Yoo & Park, 2016). However, whereas research on mass customization focusing on tangible products has been actively conducted, research in the field of intangible services, is still lacking in two respects. First, there has been very little discussion of the effectiveness of mass customization strategies in the food service industry. Specifically, based on the stimuli-organism-response (S-O-R) framework, which states that environmental stimuli (S) lead to the formation of a customer perception (O) that induces consumers’ behavioral responses (R) (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974), existing research focused on the relationship of customer’s behavioral response to mass-customized food service (S-R relationship) (Kuo & Cranage, 2010; Wolf and Zhang, 2016), failing to embrace S-O relationship that focuses on how mass customization differs from a standard system in terms of how consumers perceive value. Considering that mass customization services can be regarded as a form of customer engagement strategy (Chathoth et al., 2014; Chathoth et al., 2016), it can be assumed that mass customization in services can induce positive consumer perception. Second, little research has yet examined situational factors that affect consumer response in purchasing mass customization of products/service. Considering that service environments play a significant role in service delivery by strengthening customer perceptions and retention (Baker, Parasuraman, Grewal, & Voss, 2002; Sherman, Mathur, & Smith, 1997), it is necessary to identify the internal and external environmental factors that limit or enhance consumers’ perceived value of the mass customization for effective implementation of the mass customization strategy. The aim of the present research is to empirically examine the effects of mass customization on consumer responses. It is hypothesized that consumers’ perceived value might be high for mass customization in food consumption service (compared to food service for a fixed menu) (H1), which is consistent with previous literature on consumer responses to mass customization in tangible. Furthermore, the current research further includes various environmental stimuli surrounding the situation of purchasing customized food items to better predict how consumer’s perceived value of mass customization might be formed within the context of service industry. Based on the assumption that (a) people's choice of consumption is affected by the expectations of how others evaluate their decisions (Ariely & Levav, 2000; Calder & Burnkrant, 1977) and that (b) consumers are more concerned about social norms and therefore make similar choices to blend in resulting in uniformity at the group level (Tice, Butler, Muraven, & Stillwell, 1995), it is expected that consumers sometimes feel compelled to refrain from choosing favorites because of how they expect to be perceived by others, hindering consumer’s benefits of mass customization. In addition, there are two food types based on the goal of consuming food: utilitarian food and hedonic food (craving for sweetness, e.g., desserts) (Wansink, Ittersum, & Painter, 2004; 2005). In pursuing the hedonic goal, the consumer tendency to engage in various behaviors is strengthened by the desire to express one’s personality to others (Ariely & Levav, 2000; Ratner & Kahn, 2002). Accordingly, in the present research, we explore the perceived value of mass customization moderated by social influence (H2), and food type (H3). In this model, social influence (group vs. individual), which is the factor outside the scope of customizing process, is regarded as an external variable and food types (utilitarian vs. hedonic), divided according to the purpose of food consumption, as an internal variable. Method We used a 2 (customization: low vs. high) × 2 (social influence: individual vs. group) between subject experiment conducted on the subjects regarding two types of food service: utilitarian food (main course) and hedonic food (dessert). We assigned 208 participants randomly to one of four conditions. Participants were asked to imagine they were visiting the high customized restaurant with their colleague together (vs. alone) that provide high customized service (vs. low customized service) and saw a menu for a food item. Modified from Kuo and Cranage (2010) study, two level of customized menu scenarios were used in this study. In the high customization scenario, participants are told that they were in a restaurant where they were offered to customize their dishes with choices of ingredients. In the low customization condition, participants were told that they were in a restaurant where they ordered among fixed menu items. Based on pretest result, we used pasta, which is entrée for the utilitarian food, and use ice-flake, which is dessert for the hedonic food. After reading the scenario, participants provide their perceived value of mass customization ratings of the service process. Results and Conclusion First, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of mass customization demonstrating that on perceived value, participants who read mass customization service condition had a higher perceived value on their food than participants in the fixed menu condition (H1). Second, in order to examine whether social influence (H2) and food type (H3) moderate the effect of mass customizatino on consumer perceptions, a moderated moderation model was performed a bootstrapping procedure with 5000 samples using the PROCESS model 3 (Hayes, 2016). The result revealed a significant three-way interaction effect among level of customization (high vs. Low), social influence (group vs. individual), and food types (utilitarian vs. hedonic). As the level of customization increases, the overall perceived value increases; however, it is confirmed that, when making decisions about food in a group situation, there are restrictions on perceiving the value that the consumer can customize and feel as compared to the individual situation. Finally, impact of social influence on the perceived value of customization is moderated by food type (hedonic vs. utilitarian). In other words, in hedonic food consumption situation, the modeartion effect of social influence on the perceived value of customization is weakened. Consumers are more likely to appreciate the process and consider it more palatable when they use mass customization service in restaurant. However, when people are conscious of the presence of others, the act of selecting food ingredients according to one’s own preference is restricted. Therefore, even if customized food is ordered in the presence of the group, its perceived value will be as lower than that of a fixed menu. In addition, when people use mass customization service in hedonic food consumption situations, regardless of group influence, they perceive that the value of customized menu is higher than that of the fixed menu. We expect that the study findings and framework will provide practical and theoretical implications such as the development of theories on food service situations, as well as aid restaurants in establishing marketing strategies. In addition, identifying internal and external environmental factors that limit consumers’ perceived value of mass customization will enable restaurants to find a suitable menu composition method to enhance and maintain customers’ perceived value and build a promotional strategy accordingly.

People face various situations that they have to decide whether to buy or not, before uncertainty is resolved. Under the uncertain conditions, it is most crucial part for consumers that they should consider the expected valuation derived from purchasing tickets or services. Thus, it is important to contemplate buyer uncertainty about future valuation. Xie and Shugan presented the relationship between spot price and advance price in a situation that involves uncertainty. Their findings provide the explicit advance pricing strategies that can create profit improvements (Xie & Shugan, 2001). Their findings lay a foundation of this problem, because buyers are almost always not sure about their future valuations for most services (Xie & Shugan, 2001). In addition to these findings, the researchers found that profits under option pricing strategy outperform those from advance pricing strategy (Preethika Sainam, 2010). They introduce the concept of consumer options and analytically prove that consumer options can make more profits and also can protect consumers from the pitfall derived from unwanted outcomes (Preethika Sainam, 2010). In this paper, we want to consider this problem under more complex and real circumstances. We include one more pricing strategy, discounted advance pricing, which is often called early bird pricing. Furthermore, we divide consumers in two types, risk-neutral consumers and risk-averse consumers. We present a simple analytical model in what conditions each pricing strategies can out-perform others based on consumer types and capacity types.

Despite of its strategic role in shaping corporate image, Instagram predicts that 70% of its contents are not seen by users due to content overload and saturation problems. As more than 95 million photos are shared on Instagram on daily basis, when accessing Instagram, users are bombarded with a lot of visual information and consequently tend to selectively choose photos to pay attention to. Therefore, it is important for marketers to design an ads that has the ability to stop consumers and hold their attention for enough time to be processed cognitively before they scroll up or down to see other photos. This study investigates how visual aesthetic, vividness, and message type of pictures posted on Instagram affects customer responses. A content analysis of 3,952 brand content posted between July and December 2017 was conducted from the official Instagram accounts of seven global luxury brands. The top-listed brands on the Luxury Fashion Social Index namely Burberry, Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Hermes, Louis Vuitton, and Prada; were investigated as they were considered as good representatives of luxury brands with good social media presence. The coding guide in this study included the numbers of consumer responses (likes and comments), visual aesthetic (classical and expressive), vividness (high and low), and message type (literal and symbolic). For the independent variables, binary coding was used. ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses. Findings suggest that brand posts using expressive aesthetic image received more likes and comments on Instagram than the ones with classical aesthetics. Brand posts with high level of vividness receive more likes and comments than the ones with low level of vividness. Brand posts adopting using symbolic message receive more likes and comments than the ones implementing literal message. The results also suggest that there was a significant interaction between visual aesthetics, vividness, and message types in generating likes Brand content on Instagram using a combination of expressive aesthetic, high vivid, and symbolic message generates more likes and comments than any other combinations. Instead, the content adopting a combination of classical aesthetic, low vivid, and literal message produced the least responses. From theoretical perspective, findings can extend and modify media richness theory to luxury brand and social media contexts. Instagram can be used to display brand contents with various levels of vividness. This study imply that luxury consumers favor expressive aesthetics and symbolic message more positively indicating that they tend to have high level of need for cognition in consuming brand messages. Luxury brand marketers can increase their cognitive load by increasing the level of information complexity increasing the number of colors or patterns, using metaphoric statements, or crafting symbolic messages when creating brand posts on Instagram.

목적: 국내에 유통되고 있는 운전용 기능성 안경렌즈의 종류와 조도변화 따른 대비시력 변화에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구에 참여한 대상자는 안질환이나 전신질환 및 과거와 현재 병력이 없는 성인 남녀 30명 (25±2세)으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 렌즈는 굴절률이 1.60인 제작방식이 다른 기능성 운전용 렌즈인 황색 계열(A)렌즈, 코팅방식(B, C)렌즈 3종과 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 1종을 대상으로 하였다. 각 렌즈를 착용 상태에서 대비시력검사, 색각(배열)검사, 시력회복시간 등을 측정하였다. 결과: 실험에 사용된 렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력은 명소시 50%, 30%, 15% 그리고 암소시 100%, 30%, 15%에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), 명소시 100%, 암소시 50%에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 대비시력은 명소시 상태의 50%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 30%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈 (logMAR 0.014), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.053)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 암소시 상태의 대비 시력 100%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.003), 50%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.007), 30%에서 코팅방식(C)렌즈(logMAR 0.017), 15%에서 코팅방식(B)렌즈(logMAR 0.050)에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 색각 (배열)검사결과는 황색계열(A)렌즈에서 가로지르는 선의 개수 평균은 6.05±1.75개이었고, 일반렌즈(N)렌즈, 코팅방식(B)렌즈, 코팅방식(C)렌즈에서는 가로지르는 선은 0개 나타났다. 시력회복시간은 명소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈, 암소시에서 일반렌즈(N)렌즈 > 코팅방식(C)렌즈 > 황색계열(A)렌즈 > 코팅방식(B)렌즈 순으로 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 결론: 운전용 안경렌즈와 일반 안경렌즈를 착용한 상태에서 대비시력의 차이가 있었고 시력회복시간의 감소로 인해 시인성 향상이 나타났다. 색각검사에서 황색계열을 착용한 상태에서는 색의 시인성이 매우 감 소함을 알 수 있었고, 시력회복시간도 렌즈의 종류에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 운전자의 환경과 렌즈의 특성을 잘 파악하여 상황별 특성에 맞는 적절한 렌즈를 선택한다면 운전시 시기능 저하로 인한 문제들을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

During the breeding season, some Eurasian Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus osculans) in Yubu Island foraged in the open mudflat area nearby the breeding ground, instead of the tide water line area, main feeding site throughout the year. We found significant differences in foraging behavior and prey species diversity between the two different feeding site types. Even though the birds took more steps for most probably searching preys, their feeding success was much lower in the open mudflat area than the tide water line area. The multiple peck and boring methods were more frequently adopted to catch polychaetes on the open mudflat area, whereas the single peck method was dominant and gastropods and bivalves were main preys in the tide water line area. This study suggests that the bird shows flexible foraging strategy of shifting feeding site, foraging behavior and preys for better reproductive success.

한국 농촌 경관은 논과 밭을 중심으로 넓은 경작지와 함께 숲이 어우러진 다소 복잡한 경관구조를 나타내고 있으며 숲은 농경지와 산림 서식지 간 생물 이동과 종자 전파를 원활하게 하는 생태통로와 징검다리 역할을 함으로써 피난처 역할을 수행하는데, 이 연구에서는 곤충 개체군의 이동 현상을 파악하기 위한 기초연구로 각 서식지 간 다양성 양상을 시공간적으로 살펴보았다. 조사는 충남 (금산)과 충북 (옥천), 전남 (해남, 영광) 등 4지역에서 2014년 3월부터 8월까지 실시하였으며 나방은 자외선등 트랩을 딱정벌레는 함정트랩을 설치하여 채집하였다. 딱정벌레는 35과 225종 2,457개체, 나방은 17과 141종 403개체가 채집되었으며 지역별로는 딱정 벌레 종 수와 개체수 모두 충청지역에서 높은 값을 나타내었 으나 나방은 두 지역간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 서식지 유형별 종 수와 개체수 양상은 산림에서 가장 높았고 다음으 로 과수원, 논 순이었다. 서식지 간 식성의 차이를 살펴본 결과 산림에서는 초식성곤충이 과수원과 논에서는 포식성 곤충 출현비율이 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 나방은 전남과 충청의 출현이 동일한 반면 딱정벌레는 시간차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 서식지별로 숲, 과수원, 논 등에서 모두 봄과 여름에 증가하는 추세를 보였으나, 논에서는 늦여름에 많은 개체가 확인되었다. 딱정벌레 역시 나방과 유사하였지만 숲에서 과수원이나 논보다 늦게 개체수가 늘어나는 양상을 나타내었다. 추후 농경생태계 내 다른 서식지 형태 사이에서 분류 군의 출현양상에 대한 장기간 조사를 통하여 이번 연구에서 얻어진 결과에 대한 면밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

Stone pagoda structures have continued to be aged due to the combination of various damage factors. However, some studies on nonstructural damage have been carried out, but assessment studies on structural damage have not been done in various ways. Therefore, in this study, structural and nonstructural influencing factors according to the damage types are classified and the damage assessment according to the structural influencing factors affecting the behavior of the stone pagoda structure is performed. In addition, the damage rating classification criteria for each type of structural damages or damage locations are presented, and the damage index is calculated by providing the criteria for the classification of damage according to the degree of damage to which the damage is caused. Therefore, this study can evaluate quantitatively the damage status of stone pagoda structures.

PURPOSES: The permeable pavement type has been rapidly developed for solving problems regarding traffic noise in the area of housing complex and heavy rainwater drainage in order to account for the climate change. In this regards, the objective of this study is to figure out the characteristics of pavement types. METHODS: The laboratory test for deriving optimum asphalt content (OAC) was conducted using the mixtures of the permeable asphalt surface for the pavement surface from Marshall compaction method. Based on its results, the pavement construction at the test field was conducted. After that, the site performance tests for measuring the traffic noise, strength and permeability were carried out for the relative evaluation in 2 months after the traffic opening. The specific site tests are noble close proximity method (NCPX), Light falling deflectometer test (LFWD) and the compact permeability test. RESULTS : The ordered highest values of the traffic noise level can be found such as normal dense graded asphalt, drainage and porous structure types. In the results from LFWD, the strength values of the porous and drainage asphalt types had been lower, but the strength of normal asphalt structure had relatively stayed high. CONCLUSIONS: The porous structure has been shown to perform significantly better in permeability and noise reduction than others. In addition to this study, the evaluation of the properties and the determination of the optimum thickness for the subgrade course under the porous pavement will be conducted using ground investigation technique in the further research.