The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), an important pest of kiwifruit in Korea, was studied. Two candidate pheromone components detected in the gland extracts of females were identified as (E)-5-hexadecenyl acetate (E5-16:OAc) and (E)-5-hexadecenol (E5-16:OH) in a ratio of 75:25 by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. In the kiwifruit orchards, E5-16:OAc alone was attractive to S. auriferella males and caught significantly more males than live virgin females. However, addition of E5-16:OH strongly inhibited attraction to E5-16:OAc. These results suggest that the major component of the female-produced sex pheromone of S. auriferella is E5-16:OAc. This hexadecenyl acetate is a novel moth sex pheromone component.

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector for transmitting dengue fever and yellow fever. An assessment was made of the histopathological and molecular effects of pellitorine, an isobutylamide alkaloid, on third instar Ae. aegypti larvae. At 5 mg/L concentration of pellitorine, whole body of the treated larvae became dark in color, particularly damaged thorax and abdominal regions. Pellitorine targeted mainly on midgut epithelium and anal gills, indicating variably dramatic degenerative responses of the midgut through a sequential epithelial disorganization. The anterior and posterior midgut was entirely necrosed, bearing only gut lumen residues inside the peritrophic membranes. Pellitorine caused comprehensive damage of anal gill cells and branches of tracheole and the debris was found in hemolymph of anal gills. RT-PCR analysis indicates that the compound inhibited gene expression encoding V-type H+-ATPase and aquaporine 4 after treatment with 2.21 mg/L pellitorine. The results provide a fact that pellitorine merits further study as a potential larvicide with a specific target site or a lead molecule for the control of mosquito populations.

As a specialty oil, furan fatty acids have gained special attentions since they are known to play important roles in biological systems including human. Although several studies reported chemical synthesis of furan fatty acids, their synthesis consisted of complicated chemical multistep with chemical catalysts. Recently, a simple one-step heat treatment method was developed to produce a novel furan fatty acid, 7,10-epoxy-octadeca-7,9-dienoic acid (7,10-EODA) from a dihydroxyl fatty acid 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD). In this report we studied about optimization of environmental conditions for the maximum production of 7,10-EODA from DOD by heat treatment. Production of 7,10-EODA was maximized at over 85℃ for at least over 48 hour in hexane. Solvent volume for maximum production should be over 300 mL per 10 mg DOD.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 새롭게 개발하여 국산화한 안경테용 셀룰로오스 아세테이트(Cellulose Acetate; CA) 소재의 가공품질 및 생산성 향상을 위해 절삭성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 방법: 다양한 절삭 및 이송속도의 변화조건 하에서 절삭성이 평가되었다. CA 소재의 절삭실험은 절삭력, 표면조도 및 칩형상 등의 분석이 이루어졌으며, 이를 통해 절삭성을 평가하였다. 결과: 주축회전수 20,000과 30,000 rpm을 제외하고 고속영역에서 절삭력이 낮게 나타났으며, 고속회전 시 표면조도가 저속회전 조건 보다 우수하였다. 절삭력과 표면조도의 상관관계는 고속회전 조건에서는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 국산화를 위해 새롭게 개발한 안경테용 CA 소재의 고품위 가공의 절삭성 평가를 수행한 결과 주축 회전수 20,000과30,000rpm을 제외하고 고속영역에서 절삭성이 양호하였으며, 표면조도는 날당이송 0.1mm 이외의 조건에서 주축회전수가 증가할수록 양호해졌고, 칩형상도 고속회전 및 저이송 조건으로 갈수록 균일 한 형태의 칩이 발생됨을 알 수 있었다. 이상과 같은 실험결과를 종합하여 새롭게 개발된 CA 소재의 절삭성을 평가할 수 있는 기초자료를 확보할 수 있었다.

A novel chemical method was evaluated to fabricate the ultrafine tungsten heavy alloy powders with bater-base solution made from the ammonium metatungstate (AMT), iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate () as source materials and the sodium tungstate dihydrate () as Cl-reductant. In the preparation of mixtures the amounts of the source components were chosen so as to obtain alloy of 93W-5Ni-2Fe composition(wt.%). The obtained powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, XRF, field-emission scanning microscope (FESEM), and chemical composition was analyzed by EDX.

The baculovirus expression system is one of the most popular methods used for the production of recombinant proteins but has several complex steps which have proved inherently difficult to meet a multi-parellel process. We have developed a novel recombinant bacmid, bEasyBm that enabling easy and fast generation of pure recombinant virus without any purification step. In the bEasyBm, attR recombination sites were introduced to facilitate the generation of recombinant viral genome by in vitro transposition. Moreover, extracellular RNase gene from bacillus amyloliquefaciens, barnase, was expressed under the control of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus early promoter. Therefore, only when the barnase gene was replaced to gene of interest, the bEasyBm could replicate in host insect cells. When the bEasyBm was transposed with pDualBac-EGFP and pDualBac-LUC respectively, there were no non-recombinant backgrounds were detected from unpurified BmEasy-EGFP or BmEasy-LUC stocks. In addition, the resulting recombinant virus, BmEasy-EGFP, showed comparable level of EGFP expression efficiency with the plaque-purified recombinant virus, BmEGFP, which was constructed using bBmGOZA system. Based on these results, high-throughput condition for generation of multiple recombinant viruses in a time was established.

Varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal proteins, Cry proteins, have so far been found as one of the most successful biological control agents which are safe to natural environments for a long time. Recently, cry genes encoding these Cry proteins have been widely applied for construction of transgenic crops resistant to pest insects. In this study, through the 3D structure prediction and accompanying mutagenesis study for the Mod-Cry1Ac, 7 and 16 amino acid residues from domain I and II, respectively, responsible for its insecticidal activity against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and Ostrinia furnacalis were identified. To construct novel cry genes with improved insecticidal activity, we randomly mutated these 23 amino acid sequences by in vitro muti site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in totally 24 mutant cry genes. For further characterization, these mutant cry genes were expressed as a fusion protein with polyhedrin using baculovirus expression system. SDS-PAGE analysis of the recombinant polyhedra revealed that expressed Cry proteins was occluded into polyhedra and activated stably to 65 kDa by trypsin. In the further study, we plan to investigate their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella, S. exigua and O. furnacalis larvae.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of familiar exercise and novel exercise on motor function after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. The rats were subjected to a unilateral striatal ICH via collagenase infusion. The rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: the CON (control group; rested one week post-ICH), the FE (familiar exercise group; familiar exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period), and NE (novel exercise group; novel exercise was performed two weeks after one-week post-ICH period). We measured neurological behavior using a ladder rung walking test and a beam walking test; we measured the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. We performed a one-way ANOVA test to analyze the scores obtained from the neurological behavior tests and the differences of NGF protein levels among the three groups. In the present study, the FE group and the NE group showed significant improvement during the neurological behavior tests and in their expression of NGF protein level, as compared to the CON group. Especially, NE group more increase than FE group in neurological behavior tests, the expression of NGF on motor cortex. In conclusion, these results suggest that, after ICH, familiar exercise and novel exercise enhance motor function and, novel exercise is more effective than familiar exercise.

The influenza virus is an important respiratory risk affecting humans, and effective treatments are needed. Some oriental medicines are currently applied for treatment of common colds as well as influenza infection. Previous studies have reported that the therapeutic properties of MA-128 are effective for treatment of psoriasis antiasthmatic and atopic dermatitis. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic properties of the novel herbal medicine, MA-128, for treatment of influenza virus infection by oral administration. MA-128 is an active natural biological compound from herbal-marine origin. The results showed that oral administration of MA-128 in mice could confer a survival benefit against Type A influenza virus infection. Daily oral administration of MA-128 resulted in delayed death in infected mice for three days against mouse adapted H3N2 (A/Philippines/2/82). However, it protected more than 60% of mice from lethal infection of 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A/Korea/CJ01/2009) influenza virus. In addition, lung viral titers were significantly reduced at seven days post infection (~100 times) compared with mock-treated mice and viruses were cleared at 9 dpi only in the MA-128 treated groups. This study demonstrated the potential of the novel herbal medicine, MA-128, as an herbal remedy against influenza A viruses.

There are diverse methods of cryopreservation of mammalian embryos with variable degrees of success. Although cryopreservation technique of mammalian embryos has been advanced, freezing stress affect to cellular event such as apoptosis and autophage in embryos. The objective of the study is to investigate the affection of to survival, development, live offspring, apoptosis and autophagy on embryo. Mouse embryos were vitrified and thawed using normal straw and modified cut standard straw (M-CSS), then in vitro cultured until blastocyst stage and transferred to recipient. Recovery rates (100 vs 99.2%), survival rates (99.2 vs 78.6%), developmental rates (18.4 vs 10.7%), total cell numbers (45 vs 37), preganacy rates (34.5 vs 25%) and offspring numbers (10.1 vs 4.9 %) of M-CSS group are significantly higher than those of normal straw vitrified group. Also, rate of apoptosis in blastocysts developed using M-CSS (1.9%) was significantly lower than using normal straw vitrification (2.7%). Apoptosis-related gene, caspase 3, was expressed at the highest level in blastocysts derived from normal straw group. However, no differences of autophagy related gene, Atg6 and expression of LC3 between normal straw and M-CSS groups were observed. In conclusion, the standard vitrification procedure induces mitochondrial apoptosis in zygotes in an autophagy-independent manner, whereas the novel M-CSS procedure may improve embryo vitrification.

Sulfoxaflor, a novel sulfoximine insecticide, discovered by and proprietary to Dow AgroSciences is being developed globally. Sulfoxaflor will be used in all major crop groups, including fruits, vegetables, rice, cereals, soybean, and many other crops. Sulfoxaflor provides excellent efficacy at low use rates through contact and ingestion against important and difficult-to-control sap-feeding insect pests, including certain species of aphids, scales, plant bugs, whiteflies, planthoppers and other sap feeders. Sulfoxaflor’s mode of action is via agonism of the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR), which is the same target site of neo-nicotinoid insecticides. However, relative to most neonicotinoids, sulfoxaflor is a high efficacy agonist of the nAchR with relatively low affinity for the imidacloprid binding site. Furthermore, sulfoxaflor is less susceptible to metabolism by monooxygenase enzymes and displays a broad lack of metabolism-based cross-resistance with neonicotinoids. This difference as well as its novel chemical structure led to sulfoxaflor being designated as the sole member of Group 4, Subgroup C of the IRAC Mode of Action Classification Scheme. Because of broad lack of crossresistance, sulfoxaflor will be a useful rotational partner with other insecticide chemistries, enhancing Insect Resistance Management strategies. In Korea, sulfoxaflor is being developed for use in fruit and leafy and fruiting vegetable by several companies. Results from several laboratory and field trials revealed that sulfoxaflor at use rate of 35 ppm (7% product, X2,000 dilution rate) provided excellent performance against economically important aphids in several crops compared with current sap-feeding pest control agents. Sulfoxaflor was registered in October 2011 as brandname TRANSFORM® (Sulfoxaflor 7% SC which is produced by Dongbu Hannong) will be launched for apple, pear and red-pepper in 2012.

This paper presents the design and simulation results of a piezo-driven motion stage that employs a novel cross hinge structure that is more efficient and flexible than previous designs. The newly designed motion stage enables close to nanometer-precision motion control with ranges up to 1.6mm. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the novel hinge structures and the performance of the proposed design.

Aurora A kinase is a mitotic serine/threonine kinase whose proposed functions include the maturation of centrosomes, G2/M transition, alignment of chromosomes at metaphase, and cytokinesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of MLN8237, an aurora A kinase inhibitor, on the postovulatory aging of oocytes based on the frequency of oocyte fragmentation, cdk1 kinase activity, and cyclin B degradation. The fragmentation of ovulated oocytes during prolonged culture was inhibited by treatment with MLN8237 in a concentration-dependent manner. The frequency of fragmented oocytes was significantly lower in oocytes treated with 2 μM MLN8237 (13%) than in control oocytes (64%) after two days of culture. Most of the control (non-fragmented) oocytes (91%) were activated after two days of culture. In comparison, only 22% of the MLN8237-treated oocytes were activated; the rest of the oocytes (78%) were still in metaphase with an abnormal spindle and dispersed chromosomes. Next, cdk1 activity and the level of cyclin B were examined. The level of cyclin B and cdk1 activity in MLN8237-treated oocytes were nearly equal to those in control oocytes. Our results indicate that MLN8237 inhibited the fragmentation of ovulated oocytes during prolonged culture, although it blocked the spontaneous decrease in activity of cdk1 and degradation of cyclin B. This mechanism of inhibition is different from that in oocytes treated with nocodazole, which have high levels of cdk1 activity and cyclin B.

The experimental manipulation of protooncogenes and their gene products is a valuable research tool for the study of human neoplasia. In this study, the recently identified human cervical cancer protooncogene (HccR-2) was expressed in transgenic mice under the control of the tetracycline regulatory system. The phenotype observed was similar in many respects to human chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL). Thus, the HccR-2 transgenic mouse model is important not only for investigating the biological properties of the HccR-2 protooncogene in vivo, but also for analyzing the mechanisms involved in the progression of CNL.

Antimicrobial peptides are widely found in living organisms and are known to play a critical role in innate immunity. Numerous antimicrobial peptides from diverse species appear to be effective against pathogenic microorganisms of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Because antibiotic resistance is a global health issue in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, there has been an urgent need for development of new antibiotic substances. In the current study, we performed yeast two hybrid screening using Beclin1 bait in order to find new peptide antibiotics from a random peptide library. Two candidate peptides from the screening were expressed in a yeast secretory system of Pichia pastoris and tested for any antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, MRSA2242, MRSA2250, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Disc clear zone assay and spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the two peptides exert a decent activity against the pathogenic bacteria, in contrast to minimal effect on the commensal Lactobacillus strains. Taken together, this study presents novel peptides with antibacterial activity against the pathogenic forms of Staphylococcus aureus and suggests the possibility that these peptides, upon further characterization, may be developed as clinically useful antibiotics.

This study was intended to outline the characteristics of the food culture in the area of Kyungsangnamdo and its modernization by interpretation and analysis of the novel Toji, which was set in Hadong, Jinjoo in the area of Kyungsangnamdo in the early 20th century. The characteristics of the Kyungsangnamdo area's native dish during the Japanese ruling era in the latter half of the Choson dynasty are as follows. In the first part of the novel, which spans from 1897 to 1908, vegetable and grain food development can be seen in the area of Hadong, the interior plains of Kyungsangnamdo, where there is a typical farming village in the mountains. The second part of the novel, which spans from 1911 through 1917, includes some mentions of the properties of Kyungsangnamdo area's native dishes through the lens of emigrated Koreans living on Gando island. Gando island is in China, and is where Seohee, the heroine, escapes from her homeland and remains for a period of years. There is a unique type of seafood in the Gando area using fresh marine products, exactly the same as in the Kyungsangnamdo area. The third part of the novel spans 1919 through 1929, after Seohee returns to her own country and regains her house. There is a noticeable description of food culture in the area of Jinjoo in Kyungsangnamdo through the description of Seohee focusing on the education of her children. The well-described features of Jinjoo are boiled rice with soup of beef leg bones and Jinjoo bibimbob, with vegetables and a variety of foods using cod. Cod are caught in large quantities in Kyunjgsangnamdo, and cities in the area grow to medium size as the area became traffic-based. The fourth part of the novel spans from 1929 through 1938, and includes very detailed descriptions of characters and background locations. Salted fish combined with the wild ingredients of Mt. Jiri feature prominently in the Kyungsangnamdo's area descriptions. The fifth part spans from 1940 through 1945, and as the Japanese colonization era ends, the foods described in Kyungsangnamdo seem to develop the usage of soybean paste. With abundant fish and shellfish Kyungsangnamdo, the dishes that evolve to use soybean paste include mussel soybean paste soup, picked bean leaves in soybean paste, chaitgook - cold soup from soybean paste, and seolchigook used with seaweed and sea laver.

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.

In the first part of this study, a novel culture device the named oil-free micro tube culture (MTC) system for in vitro culture (IVC) of murine and porcine embryos was introduced. Parthenogenetic mouse and porcine embryos were placed into 0.2-mL thinwall flat cap PCR tubes and cultured to the blastocyst stage. Conventional drop culture was used as the control. Murine embryos in MTC had a higher blastocyst formation rate and larger population of cells in the blastocysts. This was due to higher numbers of trophectoderm (TE) cells rather than inner cell mass cells. On the other hand, the 'MTC' system in the pig showed similar (in 20 μl medium volume) or lower (in 10 μl medium volume) blastocyst formation rate when compared with drop culture system. In the second part of this study, dexamethasone (DEX) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which suppress PGF2α, were directly supplemented into ET media, and transfer of the embryos to surrogate was followed. In the cattle industry, embryo transfer technology has been used to produce the most valuable cows or bulls. Numerous factors such as heat stress, mastitis, manipulating female reproductive tract may contribute to early embryonic loss through premature increases of uterine luminal concentrations of PGF2α in cows. Furthermore, addition of PGF2α to culture medium has been shown to inhibit the development and hatching of mammalian embryos. When DEX and LIF were supplemented, the pregnancy rate (6 month post-ET) was increased from 56.0% to 68.3%. In IVC experiment, DEX and LIF supplementation supported hatching of bovine embryos in the presence of PGF2α in the medium (from 16.9% to 40.6%). Additional ET experiments using alternative drugs are currently under investigation. The present work was supported by the Technology Development Program for Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MIFAFF; 109020-3).