본 연구에서는 2D 화면과 3D화면으로 각각 제시된 운전 시뮬레이션 환경에서 운전자의 종적 차량통제, 주관 적 피로감 및 지각된 현실감에서의 차이를 비교하였다. 본 연구의 결과들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실험참 가자들은 미리 정해진 네 가지 수준의 목표속도(60, 80, 100 및 120km/h)를 유지할 때 3D 조건보다는 2D 조건에 서, 그리고 목표속도가 낮을수록 목표속도에 비해 더 빠르게 운전하였고, 이러한 경향은 목표속도 조건과 상관없 이 일정하였다. 둘째, 선행차량과의 차간거리 유지수행에 대한 분석 결과, 2D 조건에 비해 3D 조건에서 실험참가 자들은 선행차량과 더 근접한 차간거리를 유지하며 주행하였는데, 특히 선행차량의 주행속도가 비교적 느렸던 조건(즉, 60km/h)에 비해 비교적 빨랐던 조건(즉, 80 및 100km/h)에서 이러한 경향이 두드러졌다. 셋째, 속도 유지 과제와 선행차량과의 차간거리 유지수행 모두에서 2D 조건에 비해 3D 조건에서 실험참가자들이 경험하는 피로 감의 수준이 더 높았으나 주관적 현실감에 대한 평가에서는 두 가지 과제 모두에서 2D와 3D 조건에 따라 유의 한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다.

PURPOSES: This paper evaluates, using LS/DYNA-3D software, the vehicle impact performance of flexible barriers made of steel WBeam supported by four different types of post configurations. These types include circular post, H-shape post, C-shape post, and square post. METHODS : The post-soil interaction has been investigated according to different impact angles. For this purpose, energy absorption, maximum displacements of post and rail, and occupant risk index of THIV have been compared each other. The three dimensional soil material model, instead of the conventional spring model based on Winkler and p-y curve, has been used to increase the correctness of computational model. RESULTS: It is noted the crash energy absorption has been increased with respect to the increase of impact angle. CONCLUSIONS : In particular, a post with open section(H-shape, C-shape) shows the greater crash energy absorption capability as compared with a post with closed section under the same level of impact conditions.

로렌스 문학에서 특별히 주목을 끄는 것 중의 하나가 종교성과 성의 공존이다. 그러한 양상은 애매하고, 불확정적이며, 회피적인 양가성이 나타난다. 성과 종교성의 공존성과 양가성에 주목하고 이것을 라깡의 정신분석학의 ‘주이상스’ 와 연결하여 여행기 산속의 십자가 , 단편소설 말을 타고 떠난 여인 의 성격 과 의미를 고찰한다. 전자는 십자가에 못 박혀 죽어가는 예수 그리스도를 통해 젊은 성자의 ‘피와 살’의 해체로 인한 생명의 열정과 에로틱한 관능이 투사된다. 후자는 아메리카 인디언들의 신과 종교에 대해 강렬한 호기심을 가지고 있는 백인 여주인공이 산속에 있는 인디언족의 오지 마을로 찾아가서 그들의 신과 종교에 귀의하고 태양신에게 몸이 제물로 봉헌되는 인신공희가 재현된다. 두 작품은 인신제물을 모티프로 하며, 성적 관능성과 성스러운 종교성이 투사된다. 죽음에 이르기까지의 과정에 작중인물들은 양가적 감정, 즉 고통, 두려움, 공포와 이에 상반되는 성스러움, 성적 관능, 황홀감이 혼융되어서 주이상스의 전형적인 주체로서 몸을 보여준다.

The government expands its investment on R&D programs for economic growth, thus there is growing attention on the result of R&D Programs. This study proposes more improved measuring method for efficiency when the number of R&D programs is not enough to be for measuring efficiency analysis. It provides more various application method of factors on efficiency analysis. This study analyzes the influence of each input factor on efficiency by using partial efficiency concept. And it also determines input factors in similar influence throughout Spearman correlation coefficient. Finally, it suggests new method to improve discriminatory power of efficiency analysis by determining representative factors. Also, the proposed method can be practiced not only for national R&D programs, but also for other fields of research.

This study is intended to analyze the relation between G. D. Weisman’s Way finding 4 elements the accessibility and efficiency of consumers as to eternal area for Seoul historical museum. The findings are summarized as the following three aspects. First, G. D. Weisman’s Way finding element introduced in this study had a significant impact on visitor satisfaction.. It leads to the following conclusion: The higher the impact is, the greater accessaccessibility and efficiency are. Second, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the accessibility was ‘visual-perceptual accessibility.’ Thus, ‘visual-perceptual accessibility’ should be considered first to boost the accessibility to consumers. Third, among 4 elements, the factor that had the biggest impact on the efficiency was ‘sign system’. Thus, ‘sign system’ should be considered first to boost the efficiency to consumers.

After the content items of the secondary French curriculum changed to an achievement standards format, the new format appeared to be inconsistent with French education’s current content structure—language skills, language materials, and culture. This study aims to enhance the validity of the creation of the achievement standards by reshaping the curriculum to be more in line with the newly developed standards. This study provides a historical analysis of French curriculum structure and a review of existing literature on the second language education. And it also analyzes the foreign language curriculum structures in several foreign countries. Based on the discussion of preceding chapters, a restructuralization of French curriculum is suggested. The essence of the restructuralization is to divide the achievement standards into language achievement and cultural achievement, as well as to present language skills and materials—subcategories of language achievement in achievement standards formats. Also needed are standards for comprehensive skills including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. To be consistent with the purpose of the achievement standards format, the objectives, teaching and learning methods, and evaluation in French curriculum need to be modified. Finally, I suggest to the entities who are involved in the 2015 curriculum revision the need for scrutiny of the current curriculum format, as well as a change to the format in future development. Après le changement des éléments de contenu faisant partie du curriculum de l’enseignement du français au niveau secondaire pour un nouveau format basé sur les critères d’accomplissement, la structure actuelle de l’enseignement, composée de compétences langagières, de matières langagières et de contenus culturels, n’est plus conforme avec celle modifiée. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à restucturer le cadre des contenus du curriculum, compte tenu des critères d’accomplissement développés, afin de réhausser la pertinence de l’établissement de ces critères. Cette étude explique l’analyse de la structure des contenus de tous les anciens curriculums et les résultats issus des études et de l’analyse précédentes portant sur les contenus de l’enseignement des langues vivantes. Elle présente ensuite les résultats de l’analyse des contenus des programmes en vigueur à l’étranger, ce qui nous conduit au dernier chapitre qui propose un programme restructuré. Pour résumer ce dernier, les points essentiels consistent à décliner les critères d’accompplissement en deux - critères langagiers et culturels ; proposer les compétences et les matières langagières, sous-catégorie des critères langagiers, sous forme du nouveau format des critères d’accomplissement ; présenter les critères d’accomplissement pour les compétences intégrales comprenant la compréhension et la production orales et écrites ; enfin, faire adapter d’autres points sous ce nouveau format des critères, tels que les objectifs d’enseignement, les méthodes didactiques et celles d’apprentissage, les critères d’évaluation dans le cadre du curriculum de l’enseignement du français. Avec cette proposition, cette thèse invite les chercheurs étudiant le nouveau curriculum 2015 à examiner avec prudence la stucture des contenus actuelle et à réfléchir à la nécessité de la restructuration des contenus à réaliser dans l’avenir.

프랑스의 월권소송은 우리나라의 취소소송에 상응하는 것이고 프랑스의 완전심리소송은 우리나라의 당사자소송에 상응하는 것인데, 일방적 행정행위는 월권소송의 대상이 되고 행정계약은 완전심리소송의 대상이 된다. 행정계약의 체결과 집행을 위한 행정청의 제반조치는 월권소송의 대상이 된다. 계약 체결 전에 존재하는 모든 행위와 계약의 이행, 변경 또는 해지와 관계되는 계약체결 후의 모든 행위를 분리행위로 여긴다. 행정계약에서 분리행위의 개념이 도입된 것은 Martin 사건이다. 꽁세이데따는 Martin 사건에서 일방적 행위의 개념을 인식했고 행정계약에서 분리행위의 개념을 도입했다. 꽁세이데따는 이 사건에서 월권소송의 대상이 될 수 있는 분리행위로 받아들였다. 행위의 고유한 하자가 있어 분리행위가 되어 취소된다고 해도, 계약이 자동적으로 무효가 되지는 않을 것이다. 월권소송에 있어 분리행위로 될 수 있는 것은 행위의 불법, 형식의 하자의 존재, 또는 절차의 하자에 제한된다. 소송참가인은 분리행위의 취소에 따라 계약이 유지될 수 없다고 여기면 계약 무효를 담당하고 있는 판사에게 청구하기 위해 완전심리소송을 이용한다. Société Tropic Travaux Signalisation 사건에서 탈락한 경쟁자가 계약을 체결할 때로부터 계약 체결전의 행위에 대해 월권소송을 제기하는 것이 허용되지 않았다. 이 소송은 완전심리소송과 관련된 소송으로 계약의 제3자가 계약의 유효성을 직접 다툴 수 있는 새로운 유형의 소송이다. 완전심리소송을 선택한 것은 계약의 계속성을 위한 것이다. 계약에 대한 소송의 길을 여는 것은 일단 계약이 체결되면 적어도 계약체결 전의 행위에 대해 분리행위의 단계를 없애는 효과를 갖는다. 제3자가 계약 체결의 행위로부터 잠재적으로 권리가 침해된 때로부터 제3자는 계약의 취소를 청구할 가능성이 없다. 이러한 변혁은 분리행위의 확인과 소송의 구별과 관련되는 판례 사이에 존재하는 관계의 결과이다. 계약에 대한 객관적 소송을 인정하는 것은 계약영역에서 분리행위 이론의 적용을 완전히 침해하는 것이 아니라 계약의 이행조치 영역에서 그것을 묶어두게 될 것이다. 계약에서 분리된 행위로 보아 취소판결을 해도 취소의 효과가 나타나는 것은 행정기관의 의사와 관계가 있으므로 취소의 효과가 나타나지 않을 수도 있다. 취소의 효과를 나타내기 위해 판사는 행정기관에 대해 간접강제 결정에 따른 배상금 지불판결과 이행명령 권한을 행사한다면 계약취소의 효과를 나타내는데 큰 기여를 할 것이다. 그러나 우리나라는 프랑스식의 이행명령 제도를 인정하고 있지 않은데 우리나라도 계약에서 분리된 행위에 대한 취소판결을 할 때 취소의 결과를 끌어내기 위해서는 판사에게 이행명령 제도를 인정해야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (vit. D) levels on metabolism of various minerals such as Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr. The comparison was made on the rats that were placed on diet containing powdered skim milk with different Ca and vit. D levels for 5 weeks. A total of 42 5-week-old Sprague- Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups as follows: Control group consisted of normal Ca and normal vit. D (0.5% Ca, 1,000 IU vit. D); Experimental groups were divided into low (0.25%) and high (1.0%) calcium levels; and vit. D group was divided into low (10 IU), normal (1,000 IU), and high (5,000 IU) subgroups. The weight gain and food efficiency ratios of the rats were not significantly different with increasing dietary Ca levels. The absorption rates of 7 minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Cr) were significantly decreased with increasing dietary Ca levels. Also, fecal excretion of P significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.05), and urine excretion of Fe was significantly increased with increasing dietary vit. D levels (p<0.001). The result indicated that higher Ca intake affected on bioavailability of other minerals, due to interactions among minerals in the process of intestinal absorption. However, vitamin D intake had no effect on bioavailability of several minerals. Therefore, it could be suggested that adequate Ca intake is important for balance of the minerals.

The Korean Legation in Washington, D.C., is a proof that Emperor Kojong of Chosun Dynasty tried to establish relationship with the U.S. in 1891, that was before the declaration to establish Korean Empire. In that sense, the building is a historic place. The legation building is a symbolic place attesting to the turbulent history at the time of 1890 to 1910, when Korea had to suffer the forced treaty with Japan in 1905 and the annexation into Japan, and then to the 20th century up to the present time, 2014. The legation building can be turned into a space to host well-planned exhibits to show Korea's history and culture to local residents, foreign visitors to Washington, D.C., and overseas Koreans. The followings are the basic principles for the future use of the legation in line with the basic direction. The building's use should not be limited to museum, but should be flexible to accommodate various different practical usage. It is necessary to make the Korean Legation building that can incorporate the characters and the history through modern interpretation of the historicity of the place, the Korean culture, and historical events. The future usage of the Korean Legation building should enhance the value as a cultural heritage by linking the interpretation of the historical events and real life shown through exhibits, performance and people.

미국 D.C. 연방항소법원의 Verizon 판결은 ISP에 대한 FCC의 관할권을 인정하고, 나아가 오픈 인터넷 정책이 가져올 선순환 효과를 일응 인정하였다는 점에서 매우 큰 의미를 지니지만, 한편 망 중립성을 구현함에 있어 ISP를 보편적 역무 제공자로서 취급해서는 안 된다는 과제를 남 겼다. 우리나라는 전기통신사업법에 방송통신위원회 의 관할권 및 보편적 역무 제공자로서의 취급에 관한 명문 규정이 마련되어 있어 망 중립성에 관 하여 실질적인 논의에 집중할 수 있는 환경이 마 련되었다. 비록 국내 인터넷 시장 환경이 미국에 비하여 경쟁적이기는 하나, 마찬가지로 경쟁적인 시장 환경을 갖추고 있는 EU에서도 적극적인 망 중립성 정책이 채택되고 있는 점을 감안하면 Verizon 판결의 의미를 축소하기는 어렵다. 오히 려 헌법적⋅경쟁법적⋅형사법적 관점에서 망 중립 성을 통해 추구할 수 있는 가치를 면밀히 검토해야 한다. 아울러 ISP와 CP 사이의 비용부담 문제로 나타 나고 있는 현재의 망 중립성 분쟁을 해결하기 위해 서는 QoS 및 전송차등화에 대한 적극적인 연구가 필요하다. QoS 보장 서비스가 망 중립성을 해한다 는 단편적인 시각에서 벗어나, 경쟁과 혁신을 촉진 할 수 있는 규제의 방향을 검토하는 것이 보다 현 실적인 접근법이라고 생각된다.

Calbindin-D28k is a calcium-binding protein that mediates intracellular calcium concentrations and exerts a neuroprotective effect against ischemic injury. Ferulic acid provides a neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether ferulic acid regulates calbindin-D28k expression during focal cerebral ischemia and glutamate treatment-induced neuronal cell death. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Ferulic acid (100 mg/kg, i.v.) or vehicle was immediately administered after MCAO, and brain tissues were isolated 24 h after MCAO. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed a decrease in calbindin-D28k in MCAO-operated animals. We found that ferulic acid treatment prevented the MCAO-induced decrease in calbindin-D28k expression. Glutamate exposure elevated the intracellular calcium levels in cultured hippocampal cells, and ferulic acid prevented the glutamate exposure-induced increase in calcium levels. Moreover, ferulic acid also attenuated the glutamate toxicity-induced decrease in calbindin-D28k. Taken together, these in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate that ferulic acid regulates calbindin-D28k expression in neuronal cell injury. Therefore, these findings suggest that ferulic acid exerts a neuroprotective effect by modulating calbindin-D28k expression.

This paper investigates the biblical and political implications of Ai Weiwei's work entitled <S.A.C.R.E.D.>, which was shown at the 55th Venice Biennale in Venice, Italy, 2013. With the biblical Passion images and metaphor of Christ, Ai is finely depicted as Christ and martyr while having suffered during his detention by Chinese authorities for 81 days. Tracing back to such biblical theme as suffering, death, and resurrection of Christ, Ai has played in six large boxes called Supper, Accusers, Cleansing, Ritual, Entropy, Doubt, into which the viewer can peek to see him eating meal, asleep in bed, taking a shower, on toilet with two uniformed guards. The title is reminiscent of religious artifacts by the Italian Old Masters in the church of Sant'Antonin, which represent the invisible holiness. The installation in individual boxes in the church should be interpreted in the context of Christ's Passion such as Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, Last Supper, Arrest, Mocking, Crucifixion, Deposition, and Lamentation implied in the Stations of the Cross and the Temptations of St Anthony, to whom the church is dedicated. Through the religious images, the viewer can assume Ai's propaganda to the concrete figures of Christ and the Saint to create his own self-portrait. Conceived with the wooden-stool sculpture <Bang> in the German pavilion and with <Straight>, his massive accumulation of crushed rebars from the children's schools collapsed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake at the Zuecca Project Space, Ai in <S.A.C.R.E.D.> can be interpreted as having made a dialogue between the martyr and the dissent artist. <S.A.C.R.E.D.>, Ai's first work made in response to his own trauma and memories during his detention, has surprisingly positioned him as Christ, a saint, and a martyr, although he denied it. This study aims to explore Ai's use of the biblical iconography as metaphor, which reinforces his own torture, claustrophobia, enclosure, surveillance, and humiliation, especially in relation to his detention.

A novel method to characterize the topology of the early-universe intergalactic medium during the epoch of cosmic reionization is presented. The 21-cm radiation background from high redshift is analyzed through calculation of the 2-dimensional (2D) genus. The radiative transfer of hydrogen- ionizing photons and ionization-rate equations are calculated in a suite of numerical simulations under various input parameters. The 2D genus is calculated from the mock 21-cm images of high-redshift universe. We construct the 2D genus curve by varying the threshold differential brightness temperature, and compare this to the 2D genus curve of the underlying density field. We find that (1) the 2D genus curve reflects the evolutionary track of cosmic reionization and (2) the 2D genus curve can discriminate between certain reionization scenarios and thus indirectly probe the properties of radiation-sources. Choosing the right beam shape of a radio antenna is found crucial for this analysis. Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is found to be a suitable apparatus for this analysis in terms of sensitivity, even though some deterioration of the data for this purpose is unavoidable under the planned size of the antenna core.

A new near loss-less compression method for 2D game sprite animation image is presented to reduce the amount of the game contents resources. The sprite animation data in 2D mobile game occupies a large part of the resource, and in particular the sprite animation data by using a lossless compression technique can cause a relatively very significant increase of data amount as the higher complexity of the animation. The new near-lossless method, which is an adaptive compression technique by considering the alpha value for transparency and the variance of color values of block, is proposed in order to obtain greater compression efficiency without los of quality. By using experiments, we show that the proposed method compared to the PNG compression technique is good for compression efficiency, and in particular the effect is very high in complex and dynamic 2D sprite animation.

In this paper, the stochastic 1D site response analysis method using Monte Carlo simulation and considering thespatial variation of shear wave velocity profile isproposed. To consider thespatial variation of shear wave velocity profile for 1D site response analysis, the proposed method generates random shear wave velocity profiles representing the target site, and Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate theprobability distribution of the site response analysis results such as thepeak ground acceleration. Through the field application, The applicability of the proposed method is verified through field application.