East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) is one of seven provinces in the eastern region of Indonesia that contribute to the large number of out of school children (OOSC). A research study has been carried out to investigate the characteristics of OOSC and to determine the statistical model explaining factors that influence the OOSC occurrence in the age group 13 – 15 years in ENT. Data of OOSC were obtained from the Education Department and Regional Planning Board in 6 selected districts in ENT that were produced from the community based education information system (CBEIS) survey in coordination with UNICEF Kupang in 2013. The districts were Sikka, Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS), West Sumba, East Sumba, Central Sumba and the City of Kupang. A response variable of the study was the state of the children’s education with the category ‘yes’ for school and ‘no’ for out of school. Data was then analysed using descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression method. The analysis shows that there were 795 OOSC in 10350 children in the junior high school age group. The majority of them are males, living in the country side, have farmer parents, are from families with wealth quintile on the bottom class and have mothers with no education. Logistic analysis on the best model shows that literacy, working status, disability, occupation of household heads, wealth quintile, possession of birth certificate, living status are the factors that significantly affect the number of OOSC in the 13-15 age group. Odds ratio values of the first three factors are 26.5; 12.8 and 7.5 respectively.

This study was conducted to investigate the eating habits and food preferences of elementary school children belong to multi-cultural families and ordinary families. The data were obtained by interview based on questionnaire from November to December in 2012. The subjects of multi-cultural families and ordinary families were 99 and 376 children, respectively. In comparison with eating habits, the ordinary children showed higher scoring in the items of eating proteins, green and yellow vegetables, and fruits or fruit juice than those of multi-cultural children. The ordinary children ate less midnight-meals than those of multi-cultural children (p<0.05). Furthermore, the ordinary children ate kimchi more frequently than the multi-cultural children. It was significantly different (p<0.05) on the items of ‘eating-out types’ dietary habits between two groups. Education of mothers correlated with the ordinary children’s eating habits more than multi-cultural families. In the investigation of the food preference to Korean foods, ‘beef and radish soup’, ‘pumpkin porridge’, and ‘wheat flakes noodles’ were more preferred by children of ordinary families than by those of multi-cultural families (p<0.05). To conclude, nutritional education for their parents should be done and maintained to keep a right eating habit of children of multi-cultural families even at home.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between children’s dietary self-efficacy, general characteristics and mother’s parenting self-efficacy among elementary school students. Mother’s parenting self-efficacy was significantly higher as parents’ educational levels increased (p<0.001), as family monthly income level increased (p<0.001), and when father’s job was professional or managing work (p<0.001). Children’s dietary self-efficacy was meaningfully higher when parents’ educational levels were higher (p<0.01), and family income level was higher (p<0.01). Mother’s parenting selfefficacy showed a correlation with children’s dietary self-efficacy (p<0.001). All factors comprising parenting self-efficacy, such as ‘general parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘healthy parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘communication parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘educational parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), and ‘control parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001) showed correlation with children’s dietary self-efficacy. It is suggested that in order to improve children’s dietary self-efficacy and mothers’ parenting self-efficacy, families, schools, and communities must put forth a concerted effort. By complementing existing nutritional programs focusing on nutritional knowledge, one can develop a education program and social support to enhance children’s dietary self-efficacy and mothers’ parenting self-efficacy.

This study was designed to verify the effects of Animal Assisted Therapy program on aggressive children’s school life improvements and social skills. The 2 children chosen for the study under agreements were brothers raised by violent. father and uncaring mother. The children were both having trouble adjusting to school rules and regulations with distracted and aggressive attitudes accompanied by inadequate social skills towards classmates and teachers they associated with. The AAT program was proposed as a form of educational donation and conducted as 14 sessions of 40 minutes for each child as an individual therapy session at the elementary school consultation room, Daejeon, once a week after school hours, with 2 therapy dogs, a cat or birds controlled by 1 therapist. KSD : Kinetic School Drawing, KFD : Kinetic Family Drawing, SCT : Sentence Completion Test were used as the scales to measure the effects of Animal Assisted Therapy on this study. KSD analysis showed the differences between the preliminary and the post tests, which changed from the violent expression to the positive and cooperative behaviors with their associates as well as their participations in the class. KFD also showed dramatic changes from isolation of each family member to gathering and sharing a space among family members despite absence of their mother. SCT: Sentence Completion Test showed their emotions more in detail related to the recent changes in family matters. The realistic achievement of this study was that the family was arranged to go under control of the Ward Office by Family Solution Project, which would insure continuous monitoring and further care. The education and consultation for the fosterers were also to be offered on a regular basis.

본 연구는 2015년 9월 23일~ 11월 25일까지 총 10회기를 진행하였고, 주 1회 10회기에 걸쳐 방과 후 활동을 프로그램 시간으로 활용하였다. 연구대상은 전라북도 I시에 위치한 ○○초등학교로 해당학급의 교사들의 관찰과 추천사항을 통해 주변사람들의 눈치를 보며 자신의 감정표현을 못하고, 자신감이 부족하여 말수가 적고, 수동적인 참여를 하는 2학년 ∼6학년 재학생 아동 5명으로 구성되었다. 연구결과는 사전‧사후 관찰 결과를 통해 산만하 거나 상대방에 대해 부정적으로 표현하던 아동들이 중후반기 단계부터 활동에 집중도가 높아지고 자신의 표현을 적극적으로 하는 변화된 모습을 보였다. 하지만 선정된 대상들이 학급 담임교사들의 추천에 의해 선정된 아동들로 위축아동보다는 자기표현과 감정조절 및 행동조절능력에 미숙한 아동들로 이루어져있음을 관찰을 통해 확인하여 양적인 결과에 어려움이 있었다. 연구 대상 선정 시 양적연구도 함께 진행을 한다면 보다 확실하고 명백한 연구결과를 확인가능하다.

본 연구는 방과 후에 지역아동센터를 이용하는 초등학교 저학년의 학생을 대상으로 통합적 미술활동을 적용한 동물매개중재 프로그램이 아동들의 사회성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 2015년 5월부터 7월까지 진행하였다. 동물매개중재 프로그램은 지 역아동센터에서 주1회씩 10회기 동안 이루어졌다. 연구결과 전체적으로 산만하고 불안했던 아동들의 자아상이 또래와의 관계와 배려심이 점점 향상되어가고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 아동들의 변화는 치료도우미견과 함께 하는 활동. 놀이를 통하여 타인을 배려하는 마음과 통합적 미술활동을 적용한 긍정적인 감정표현으로 또래와의 상호작용 능력이 향상되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 통합적 미술활동을 적용한 동물매개중재 프로그램을 통하여 아동의 타인을 배려하는 마음과 긍정적인 감정표현으로 또래와의 상호작용 능력의 향상으로 아동들의 사회성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

This study is to investigate the effect of the pet insect therapy. The pet insect program was provided with 7session from May 2014 to July 2014. The measures used in this study includes self-esteem scale, social competence scale and stress scale. For analyses, t-tests with pre-test and post-test scores of experimental group and control group by SPSS 18.0. Regarding the results insect group who participated in the pet insect program showed higher mean scores in Self-Esteem scale, Social Competence Scale and stress Scale than those of control group. Mean score differences were statistically significant in at least p<0.01 level. The study results means that the pet insect program had effects on the improvement of Self-Esteem, Social Competence and reduce stress for elementary school children.

This study examined the effects of trunk stabilization exercise on balance and trunk control in children with spastic diplegia. Four children with ambulatory spastic diplegia participated in the trunk stabilization exercise program using a Both Sides Utilized (BOSU) ball, 30 minutes a day, two times a week for eight weeks. Outcome variables included the pediatric balance scale, trunk control movement scale and multifidus thickness using ultrasound image. After trunk stabilization exercise, there was statistically no significant improvement in pediatric balance scale, trunk control movement scale and multifidus thickness. However, individual outcomes were observed with some positive changes. Balance, trunk control movement, and thickness of multifidus were found to be improved. Trunk stabilization exercise using a BOSU ball could improve trunk control and increase the thickness of multifidus in children with spastic diplegia. Further investigation is needed to evaluate subjects according to type of cerebral palsy and to understand the relationship between postural control and gait.

Improvement in functional gait is one of treatment goals in treatment of cerebral palsy children. This study intended to examine the effects of insoles for postural correction on gait in spastic cerebral palsy patients by investigating changes in gait temporal spatial parameters. As the subjects, 15 spastic bilateral cerebral palsy patients participated in this study. Temporal spatial parameters of gait were measured using GAITRite system under three gait conditions. Bare foot gait, gait in shoes, and gait in insoles for postural correction were conducted. In order to look at differences in temporal spatial parameters according to three gait conditions, repeated one way analysis of variance was conducted. As post hoc test, Bonferroni was conducted. A significant level was set at α=.05. According to the result of this study, gait velocity, cadence, step length, stride length of the left lower extremity significantly changed. When the subjects put on customized insoles for postural correction, the effect was greatest. There were no significant changes in stance time, single support time, double support time, swing % of gait, and stance % of cycle. Therefore, gait with insoles for postural correction positively influenced functional gait improvement and will be able to be usefully employed for spastic cerebral palsy children as one of gait assistance devices.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting acceptance of four kinds of dak-jjim samples in third year schoolaged children (n=100). Soy sauce, red pepper paste, Vietnam fish sauce, and star anise were applied to samples for their familiar and exotic characteristics. Significant differences among samples were observed in odor, taste, and acceptance (p<0.001). Soy (Soy sauce sample), RPPaste (Red pepper paste sample), and Soy_FishS (Soy sauce and Vietnam fish sauce sample) samples scored higher than Soy_StarA (Soy sauce and star anise sample) sample. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in intensities of saltiness, sweetness, and hot spicy flavor (p>0.05). Liked attributes in samples were saltiness, sweetness, chicken flavor, potato flavor, moistness of chicken, hot spicy flavor, and color. Disliked attributes in samples were hot spicy flavor, saltiness, and ginger flavor. Significant differences among samples were observed in familiar intensity and willing to try again (p<0.001). Soy, RPPaste, and Soy_FishS samples scored higher than Soy_StarA sample. Panels considered taste (46%) and nutrition (45%). Higher familiar intensity of sample was associated with higher acceptance in samples. In other words, familiarity of food affects acceptance of food. Therefore, familiar ingredients such as soy sauce and chicken can be used for development of Korean menu items considering taste and nutrition with enhanced Korean food acceptance in school-aged children.

The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting acceptance of four kinds of dak-jjim samples in third year schoolaged children (n=100). Soy sauce, red pepper paste, Vietnam fish sauce, and star anise were applied to samples for their familiar and exotic characteristics. Significant differences among samples were observed in odor, taste, and acceptance (p<0.001). Soy (Soy sauce sample), RPPaste (Red pepper paste sample), and Soy_FishS (Soy sauce and Vietnam fish sauce sample) samples scored higher than Soy_StarA (Soy sauce and star anise sample) sample. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in intensities of saltiness, sweetness, and hot spicy flavor (p>0.05). Liked attributes in samples were saltiness, sweetness, chicken flavor, potato flavor, moistness of chicken, hot spicy flavor, and color. Disliked attributes in samples were hot spicy flavor, saltiness, and ginger flavor. Significant differences among samples were observed in familiar intensity and willing to try again (p<0.001). Soy, RPPaste, and Soy_FishS samples scored higher than Soy_StarA sample. Panels considered taste (46%) and nutrition (45%). Higher familiar intensity of sample was associated with higher acceptance in samples. In other words, familiarity of food affects acceptance of food. Therefore, familiar ingredients such as soy sauce and chicken can be used for development of Korean menu items considering taste and nutrition with enhanced Korean food acceptance in school-aged children

This study was carried out in order to investigate Korean food acculturation by married immigrant women and how it affects their children’s eating habits. Using an in-depth interview method, 26 domestically residing married immigrant Chinese, Vietnamese, and Indonesian women in Korea were surveyed to investigate adaption to Korean food at the time of their immigration, their current dietary life, their preferred Korean food, major factors in managing their children’s eating habits, etc. The results reveal that depending on the married immigrant women’s country of birth, which plays an important role in a family’s dietary life and health, acculturation phenomena occurred in which the specific eating habits of each country were grafted into Korean food. Furthermore, due to their school-age children’s display of acceptance of both their homeland’s and Korea’s food culture, we believe that this can become a pivot point for non-governmental diplomacy where Korean food can be understood along with the mothers’ countries.

This study examined the satisfaction level and effects of after-school program cooking activities in children of multicultural families. A total of 135 children of general and multicultural families from 3th to 6th grades and their 11 teachers were surveyed, and 75 multicultural family children underwent a cooking activity program. Children of multicultural families showed higher participation in cooking activities than other Korean children. Children of multicultural families wanted to be involved in cooking activity programs after school more than other Korean children. These children also showed a higher rate of wanting to cook Korean foods compared to children of general families. Regarding reasons for participating in cooking activities, ‘I think I’m glad to be served delicious food’ response was the most common. Children of multicultural families showed higher participation in cooking activities than children of general families. Regarding school life changes, children of multicultural families were found to be less picky of foods in general as well as kimchi and vegetables. In conclusion, cooking activity programs for children of multicultural family showed beneficial effects on diet and understanding of Korean culture.

Insects are among the most diverse groups of animals on the planet, representing more than half of all known living organisms. These insects are found in nearly every environment. Although humans regard certain insects as pests and attempt to control them using insecticides, most insects perform complex ecological functions, and provide either direct or indirect economic benefits to humans. Recently, the importance of insects used as food sources or as pets has increased in many countries, including Korea. In addition, several insects have a strong influence on people's emotion. Insect-mediated mental healthcare program is designed to help people who have disorders with physical, behavior and development. Children who have mental disorder, the experimental group that was provided with an insect-mediated mental healthcare program over a total of 8 sections, one section per week, 60 minutes per section, followed by pre-test and post-test. They responded to therapeutic effect after the completion of the program. Further research on the basis of this study is expected to help children with emotional therapy in other areas.

목 적: 유아를 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하고 있는 시력선별검사법을 비교 분석하여 개선을 위한 참고자료를 제안하고자 한다. 방 법: 유아(3~6세) 307명(614안)을 대상으로 한국과 일본에서 시행하는 시력선별검사를 실시하고, 표 준시시력표를 이용하여 나안시력을 측정하였다. 결 과: 한국과 일본의 시력선별검사 결과의 일치도는 낮았으며(k=0.40, p<0.001), 시력선별검사시표가 주된 요인으로 나타났다. 표준시시력표와 한국의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 낮았으나(k=0.27, p<0.001), 표준시시력표와 일본의 시력선별검사 결과는 일치도가 높았다(k=0.89, p<0.001). 한국 시력선별 검사법 중 시력 판정 결과의 특이도(Specificity)는 100%로 높지만 연령별 민감도(Sensitivity)는 17.1% 이 하로 낮았다. 란돌트환시표를 사용하고 연령별 시력 판정기준을 다르게 적용했을 때 민감도와 특이도는 각 각 3세(시력 0.5 기준)에서 100.0%와 93.9%, 4세(시력 0.7 기준)에서 97.3%와 96.7%, 5세(시력 1.0 기준) 에서 85.4%와 99.1% 및 6세(시력 1.0 기준)에서 88.9%와 100.0%로 나타났다. 결 론: 현재 국내에서 유아를 대상으로 시행하는 시력선별검사법은 임상에서 적용하는 기준에 비하여 민감도가 낮다. 그러므로 그림시표를 란돌트환시표로 대체하고 연령별 시력의 판정기준을 다르게 적용할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

목 적: 성장기 아동 및 청소년기에 있어 난시유병률과 굴절이상도 분석을 통해 안보건 및 눈 관리의 필 요성을 인식시키고자 한다. 방 법: 보건복지부 산하 질병관리본부에서 시행한 2010 국민건강영양조사 자료를 통해 만 5세에서 만 18 세의 성장기 아동 및 청소년 총 280명을 대상으로 난시 유병률, 난시굴절력, 난시축, 구면굴절력을 분석하 고 난시교정굴절력이 교정시력에 미치는 상관성을 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 유의 수준 p<0.05로 처리하였다. 결 과: 연령별 난시 유병률은 5-6세 50.0%, 7-9세 33.8%, 10-12세 48.8%, 13-15세 67.7%, 16-18세 63.4%를 나타내었고, 연령대가 증가할수록 난시 유병률은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, C-1.00D 이하일 때 구면굴절력이 큰 경우 교정시력은 0.93, 난시굴절력이 큰 경우 교정시력은 0.83으로 유의한 결과를 나타내 었으며 교정시력에는 난시굴절이상도가 더 많은 영향을 주었다. 결 론: 난시는 교정시력에 영향을 주어 약시를 유발할 수 있기에 난시유병률 증가에 대한 중요성을 인식 하여 국민의 안보건과 시력저하 방지를 위한 제도적 장치와 사회적 관심이 더욱 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted on young children safety helmet to prevent risk of head injuries from external shock. Young children helmet shall be easy to wear and use comfortably. But the young children helmet market in domestic has imported dependently and widely variations in quality because the euro product of high priced and the east asia product of low priced are selling at the same time. Therefore, this study surveyed children under 13 years of age and Married people and studies their actual state of wearing. Furthermore, this study is going to propese the improving wearing of helmet and the major points of quality of helmet and the problem by comparing and reviewing regulations of domestic and foreign.

본 연구는 유아기에 출산에 대한 긍정적인 가치관을 형성할 수 있도록 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램을 개발하였으며 이는 저출산 문제를 극복하고자 하는데 궁극적인 목적을 두었다. 저출산 및 가치관 교육과 관련된 연구, 출산친화적 가치관형성 교육프로그램에 관한 선행연구와 함께 누리과정의 사회관계영역과 자연탐구영역의 나와 가족, 사회, 생명체에 관한 세부내용을 바탕으로 프로그램의 이론을 확립한 후 활동안을 개발하였고 각 회기마다 Active코칭 대화모델 6단계를 적용하였다. 이를 토대로 총 12회기의 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램을 개발하였으며 전문가 2인과 함께 적합성 여부를 검토하였다. 출산친화적 가치관 형성 코칭프로그램의 내용은 총 12회기로 이루어졌으며 언어, 인지가 발달한 만 5세를 대상으로 하였다. 1-4회기는 결혼가치관에 관한 내용으로 결혼을 주제로 브레인스토밍, 이야기나누기, 미술, 편지쓰기, 역할극 등 다양한 활동내용과 학습목표를 제시하였으며, 5-8회기는 가족가치관에 관한 내용으로 문학, 이야기 나누기, 역할극, 미술활동 등을 통해 부모의 소중함과 고마움, 9-12회기는 자녀가치관으로 이야기나누기, 문학, 역할극, 미술, 탐색활동을 통해 형제와 사이좋게 지내고, 형제의 소중함과 고마움을 통해 존재를 인정해 주는 것을 활동목표로 하여 회기별 활동안을 구성하였다. 각 회기마다 Active코칭 대화모델 6단계를 적용하여 교사가 유아의 의견을 존중하고, 유아가 자유롭게 의사표현을 할 수 있도록 피드백 한다.

본 연구는 에니어그램 코칭을 적용한 유아 셀프리더십 프로그램을 개발하여 유아들의 셀프리더십 향상을 도모하고자 한다. 이를 위해 에니어그램 코칭의 기본원리 세 가지를 적용하였으며 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모든 유아에게는 신성이 있다. 둘째, 유아에게 필요한 해답은 모두 그 유아의 내부에 있다. 셋째, 해답을 찾기 위해서는 파트너가 필요하다. 이 세 가지 기본 원리를 바탕으로 유아 셀프리더십 프로그램을 만들었으며, 유치원 교육과정에서 적용할 수 있는 프로그램을 만들고자 하였다. 에니어그램 코칭을 적용한 유아 셀프리더십 프로그램 내용은 총 8회기로 다음과 같다. 1회기는 “서로 인사해요”, 2회기는 “나 자신을 이해하기”, 3회기는 “나 자신을 조절하기”, 4회기는 “나는 멋진 어린이”, 5회기는 “나는 과제를 잘해요”, 6회기는 “나는 무엇이든 해결해요”, 7회기는 “나는 즐겁게 지내요”, 8회기는 “나는 칭찬을 좋아해요”로 구성하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 개인의 효율성과 잠재력을 극대화시키는 에니어그램 코칭을 접목하여 유아셀프 리더십 프로그램을 개발함으로써 유아를 위한 에니어그램 코칭 셀프 리더십을 실용화할 수 있는 실천방안을 제시하였다는 점에 있다.

William Butler Yeats’s poem “Among School Children” is a meditation on love, essence, and change. This paper attempts to relate the Buddhist theories of essence and change to the core philosophical premises of the poem itself. Furthermore, through two specific Buddhist texts, Milindapanho by Nàgasena and Mūlamādhyamikakārikā by Nagarjuna, the paper illustrates similarities in terms of imagery and philosophical ideas in the specific stanzas of the poem, highlighting a philosophical foundation in musings on love and essence as they emerge in the poem.