Under the bilateral nuclear cooperation agreements (NCA) and its administrative arrangement (AA), Korea annually exchanges the inventory of subject items (including nuclear materials (NM), non-nuclear materials, equipment, and related information) with US, Canada and Australia. Also, the government performs export control procedures such as notification or prior consent during importing and exporting of relevant items. It makes NCA a means of realizing the nuclear non-proliferation regime. However, it raises difficulties in management because the entity that uses and treats those items are end-user, not the authorities of AA, the government agency of each country. Accordingly, to increase the accuracy and effectiveness of item management at the national level, it is required to establish a system for the individual company that has the NCA items, considering the characteristics of each company. In this study, significant companies are classified into more than three types, and the management system of the items subject to the agreement is analyzed. Each company’s item management status has different characteristics depending on its role (position) within the entire nuclear fuel cycle, the type of facility, its possessed items, the main form of national trade, and the frequency of domestic movement. Those differences lead to diversity in the management systems currently owned by each company. For example, from the perspective of nuclear materials, institutions requiring bulk management have systematically organized their management system and obligation code program compared to the ‘item institutions’ that can track batch history for all facility inventory changes. Although Domestic law imposes only the duty of origin management on NMs, fuel manufacturers or research institutes have established their standard obligation codes to manage multiple obligations. The non-nuclear materials and equipment can be easily tracked and controlled by individual items. However, the management of NCA items is a complicated task involving various processes, from importing goods to using, storing, managing inventory change, selling to others, or fulfilling the obligations of AA when exporting. In particular, when the movement of items within a company or international trade occurs frequently, or when the end-users are diverse, the management difficulties increase. So a system that can accurately convey and track items subject to the AA is needed. In addition, since various entities are related, it is necessary to improve understanding of NCA items to increase the system’s utilization and effectiveness. The comparison result and requirement for system improvement based on the review above will be reflected in the history management system for items subject to NCA under development.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), one of the international multilateral export control systems, has designated Trigger List Item and Nuclear Dual-Use Item as control items. The Trigger List Item includes the “Especially Designed or Prepared (EDP)” term as control context. This term is very subjective and vague. Why this ambiguous term reflected in the control context? The EDP term is one of the essential elements of multilateral nuclear export controls since the NPT came into effect in 1970. The EDP concept is the basis of the rules in the Trigger List of NSG Part 1. NSG control items and contexts are decided through consensus among Participate governments, and there are three main reasons for reflecting EDP term in the guideline. First, it is to expand the control network by preventing the diversion of concerned traders. Secondly, technology development is faster than the regulatory speed, and it is tough to put all the items on the list. And last, it is to control other sensitive information such as concerned traders’ shopping list. To reduce the ambiguity of EDP, the US, UK, and Canada presented their interpretation methods at LEEM, a sub-group of the NSG. The United States and Canada have four location criteria (inside the containment building, RCS system or control, RCS system attachment, outside the containment building) and three purpose criteria (custom-made for nuclear power, whether it is an item according to the nuclear industry standard, not made to order) to determine the EDP items. The United Kingdom considers the original design intent and the purpose for which the item was originally designed. They also think about the nature of any specific or unique design features in terms of an item’s “fit,” “form,” and “function” that determine EDP item. Currently, in the case of KINAC, although it is not a controlled item in Korea, items designated by other countries are controlled as EDP items, and detailed standards for parts are prepared and controlled as EDP items. The interpretation of TL’s EDP differs from country to country, and differences are allowed between member states to some extent. Suppose Korea, like the US, UK, and Canada, examines measures to control EDP and reflects it after benchmarking. In that case, it is expected that it will contribute to reducing the export control loopholes for advanced technologies in the future and improve nuclear transparency through strict implementation of Korea’s export controls.

It is still questionable if the Nuclear Damage Compensation Act can be applied to security accidents on nuclear facilities caused by hacking or drone attacks. If the Act is applied, the nuclear operator shall be liable for compensation for the damage even if there is no negligence, and no other person shall be liable. If it is not, victims must prove the negligence of nuclear operators and not only nuclear operators but also suppliers must be responsible. According to Article 5 of this Act, a nuclear operator cannot operate a reactor before signing liability insurance contract or a compensation contract or depositing in order to compensate for nuclear damage. The liability insurance contract includes the hacking accident, but it is not applied to drone attacks since only hacking accident is included in design basis accidents. However, Article 2 of this Act defines a nuclear accident as an event that may cause nuclear damage so it can be said that the ‘event’ includes intentional attacks. Article 3 stipulates that nuclear operators are not liable for compensation for damages caused by armed conflicts, hostile acts between countries, or civil war or rebellion. Therefore, if nuclear power plant is attacked by missiles from North Korea, the nuclear operator is not liable for compensation. And, it can be interpreted that the nuclear operator is liable for compensation for damages caused by actions of a third party that do not fall under this category. According to the Act on Indemnity Agreement For Nuclear Damage Compensation, nuclear damage caused during normal operation is included in the scope of compensation, but damage caused by actions of third parties is excluded. In the end, damage caused by actions of third parties is included in the scope of nuclear damage, but not included in the loss compensated by the government. According to the Act on Physical Protection, the Nuclear Safety & Security Commission is required to establish a design basis threat that is the standard for designing and evaluating physical protection systems. Therefore, it is reasonable to include the contents of design basis threats in liability insurance, or to apply the principle of no negligence liability and focus of responsibility to protect victims, if not.

Recently, about 70 Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are being developed around the world due to various advantages such as modularization, flexibility, and miniaturization. An innovative SMR (i- SMR) is being developed in South Korea as well, and the domestic nuclear utility is planning to apply for the Standard Design Approval in 2026 after completing the basic design and standard design. Accordingly, the regulatory body is conducting research on the regulatory system for reviewing the i- SMR standard designs by referring to the IAEA and the U.S. NRC cases. A SMR is expected to many changes not only in terms of cyber security due to new digital technology, remote monitoring, and automatic operation, but also in terms of physical security according to security systems, security areas, and vital equipment. Accordingly, related technical documents issued by the IAEA require nuclear utilities to consider regulatory requirements of security from the design phase by integrating security regulations into SMR licensing. The U.S. NRC has also identified 17 issues affecting SMR design since 2010 (SECY-10-0034), and among them, ‘Consideration of SMR security requirements’ was included as a major issue. Accordingly, the NuScale applicant conducted security assessment and design in consideration of the Design Base Threat (DBT) in the initial SMR design process through the Gap Analysis Report (2012) and the NuScale’s Security System Technical Report (TR-0416-48929), and the NRC developed the Design Specific Review Standard for NuScale (DSRS) and then reviewed the applicant’s security design process, standard design results, and testing criteria for security system (ITAAC). This paper analyzed the case of security review activities during the NuScale standard design review, and through this, it is intended to be used in the development of domestic regulatory system for the i-SMR security review in the future.

The measurement activities to evaluate material balance of nuclear material are usually performed by operator. It is because that the IAEA does not have enough manpower to carry out nuclear measurement accountancy of all nuclear materials in the world. Therefore, the IAEA should consider scenarios which facility operator tries to divert nuclear material for misuse by distorting measurement record. It is required to verify the operator’s measurement data whether it is normal or not. IAEA measures inventory items using their own equipment which is independent of facility operator equipment for verification. Since all inventory lists cannot be verified due to limited resources, the number of items to be verified is determined through statistical method which is called as sample size calculation. They measure for the selected items using their own equipment and compares with operator’s record. The IAEA determines sample size by comprehensively considering targeted diverted nuclear material amount and targeted non-detection probability and performance of measurement equipment. In general, the targeted diverted nuclear material amount is considered significant quantity (plutonium: 8 kg, uranium-235: 75 kg). If the targeted non-detection probability or the performance of the verification equipment is low, the sample size increases, and on the contrary, in the case of high non-detection probability or good performance of verification equipment, even a small sample size is satisfied. It cannot be determined from a single sample size calculation because there are so many sample size combinations for each verification equipment and there are many diversion scenarios to be considered. So, IAEA estimates initial sample size based on statistical method to reduce calculation load. And then they calculate non-detection probability for a combination of initial sample size. Through the iteration calculation, the sample size that satisfies the closest to the target value is derived. The sample size calculation code has been developed to review IAEA’s calculation method. The main difference is that IAEA calculates sample size based on approximate equation, while in this study, sample size is calculated by exact equation. The benchmarking study was performed on reference materials. The data obtained by the code show similar results to the reference materials within an acceptable range. The calculation method developed in this study will be applied to support IAEA and domestic inspection activities in uranium fuel fabrication facility.

Background: Research has been conducted on pain neuroscience education (PNE) for the relief of pain and symptoms associated with chronic neck pain (CNP). Focusing on the neurophysiology and neurobiology of chronic pain, pain processing, and particularly the function of the central nervous system for chronic pain, PNE helps patients to understand the causes of pain. Objectives: To investigate and systematically review interventional studies on the effectiveness of PNE for patients with CNP and to analyze the effect size by performing a meta-analysis. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Methods: The following databases and electronic collections will be searched for primary studies without time limits: PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID Embase, and CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library. Reference lists from identified studies will be manually hand-searched for additional relevant works. Patients 18 years of age and older with nonspecific neck pain lasting 3 months or longer will be included in the study, with exclusion criteria as follows: cancer pain, fractures of the spine or surgical intervention, cognitive impairment that does not allow the patient to follow the PNE program, pregnancy, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and other related pathologies that may prevent full participation in the PNE program. There are no geographic restrictions; however, non- English studies will be excluded. Discussion: This study aims to evaluate the effects of PNE on pain and disability in chronic neck pain. Its results will help clarify whether the use of PNE alone can improve chronic pain. The advantages of systematic reviews include clear definitions and inclusion and exclusion criteria, standardized search formats, and objective independent reviews.

60+ Years of nuclear power generation has led to a significant legacy of radioactively contaminated land at a number of nuclear licenced “mega sites” around the world. The safe management and remediation of these sites is key to ensuring there environmental stewardship in the long term. Bioremediation utilizes a variety of microbially mediated processes such as, enzymatically driven metal reduction or biominerialisation, to sequester radioactive contaminants from the subsurface limiting their migration through the geosphere. Additionally, some of these process can provide environmentally stable sinks for radioactive contaminants, through formation of highly insoluble mineral phases such as calcium phosphates and carbonates, which can incorporate a range of radionuclides into their structure. Bioremediation options have been considered and deployed in preference to conventional remediation techniques at a number of nuclear “mega” sites. Here, we review the applications of bioremediation technologies at three key nuclear licenced sites; Rifle and Hanford, USA and Sellafield, UK, in the remediation of radioactively contaminated land.

Protected agriculture has great potential for the vegetable industry in the Philippines as it allows the application of modern cultivation techniques to mitigate adverse weather conditions and enable farmers to manage pests and diseases efficiently. Thus, to address the increasing demand for food in the Philippines, one strategy to increase vegetable production which is tested and/or proven is through the intensified use of protective structures. This review describes the magnitude and potential of agriculture in the Philippines, focusing on the protected cultivation of horticultural crops. The Philippines is far behind in greenhouse technologies compared to other Asian countries where thousands to millions of hectares are used for protected vegetable cultivation. Several studies have investigated the economic viability and applicability of low- and high-cost protective structures in typhoon-prone countries such as the Philippines, demonstrating that protective structures are feasible and profitable. Also, the impact of protected cultivation as compared to the open field has resulted in significantly higher yield and better quality of produce. Hence, the Philippine government with the assistance of the Republic of Korea agreed to improve the country’s flagging vegetable industry and endeavor to attain the status of a food-secure country through the establishment of smart greenhouse technologies. Overall, despite the limitations due to the high cost of electricity and construction protected cultivation facilities including required technologies provide greater advantages for seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable crop production compared to that in the open field. Moreover, such technology can be applied to various geographical locations such as plains, hills, deserts, rural, and urban areas.

길 정거의 <이프 온리>는 자본주의 사회에서 살아가는 현대인의 분주한 삶에 나타나는 문제를 짚어보고 인간 삶의 중요한 가치가 무엇인지를 탐색하는 영화이다. 이 작품은 인간에게 가장 중요한 사랑과 행복의 추구를 종교성의 맥락에서 조명하고 있다. 지금까지 <이프 온리>는 많은 관객에게 깊은 공감을 불러일으켜 왔으며 훌륭한 예술작품으로 받아들여졌다. 그러나 이 영화가 지니는 종교·철학적 의미에 대하여서는 언급이 거의 없었다. 작품에서 이안과 사만다라는 두 주인공이 서로 만나서 진정한 사랑의 의미를 찾고 공유하는 공간인 음식점 이름이 탄트라라는 사실이 소홀히 다루어져 왔다. 영화에서 탄트라라는 글자가 의도적으로 클로즈업되는 장면을 주목해 볼 필요가 있다. 탄트라는 불교를 포함한 범인도적 종교사상에 영향을 끼친 종교이다. 탄트라는 현실 세계에서의 순수한 사랑이 초월적 세계에서의 행복으로 승화되는 것을 추구한다. 이안은 사만다로부터 현실 세계에서의 사랑의 가치를 배우고, 그 사랑의 에너지를 죽음을 넘어 초월의 세계로까지 확장한다. <이프 온리>는 현대인의 삶에서 사랑의 가치를 복원하고 그것을 종교적 차원의 의미로까지 연결한 종교성이 반영된 의미 있는 작품이다.

As the era of Covid-19 provoked the demand for online learning environments, research on the use of IT technologies in the teaching of Chinese is also drawing attention. This paper presents an overview of studies on mobile applications for learning Chinese in Korea, China, and the U.S.. This study aims to identify the current status of research on mobile applications for learning Chinese in Korea, and suggests directions for further research. In the review, a total of 135 studies were closely examined based on the year of publication, the subject, the method, and the research topic. After this, the features and overall flow of research in each country was identified. The necessity of revitalizing related research in Korea was highlighted. To this end, this study recommends actively conducting research, specifying the characteristics of the research subject, and extending the general process in studies of mobile applications for learning Chinese. This study expects Chinese education research on using various technologies to be further discussed.

목적 : 성인 발달장애인을 대상으로 한 국내·외 스노즐렌(다감각환경) 중재를 체계적으로 분석하여 알아 보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : EBSCOhost, Embase, PubMED, KISS, RISS 데이터베이스에서 2021년 12월까지 게재된 모 든 문헌들을 대상으로 분석하였다. 최종 선정된 13편의 연구를 체계적으로 고찰하여 대상자의 인구학적 특성, 종속변수 및 중재효과, 사용된 평가도구, 스노즐렌 중재 제공의 형태 등을 제시하였다. 결과 : 선정된 모든 연구는 국외에서 진행된 실험연구였으며, 연구에 참여한 대상자의 평균연령은 약 35.8 세였다. 스노즐렌 중재 대상자는 지적장애인이 가장 많았으며, 다수의 연구에서 대상자의 도전행동과 관 련된 종속변인을 설정하였다. 최종 선정된 13개의 연구 중 한 가지 이상의 영역에서 스노즐렌 중재의 긍정적인 영향을 보고한 연구는 총 10개(76.2%)로 대부분의 연구에서 중재의 효과가 있음을 보고하였 으며, 효과는 주로 행동관찰법을 사용하여 평가했다. 스노즐렌 제공의 평균 시간은 약 30분으로 개별 중 재로 진행된 연구가 주를 이뤘다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 스노즐렌 중재가 성인 발달장애인에게 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 적절한 중재방법임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 향후 성인 발달장애인을 대상으로 하여 임상적판단의 근거로 사용되거나 관련 분야의 기초자료로 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 소비자가 경험재인 웹소설을 선택하는 상황에서 사실적 메시지와 평가적 메시지를 담은 온라인 리뷰를 보았을 때 더 유용하다고 판단하는 리뷰가 무엇인지 탐색하고, 이러한 유용성 평가의 차이에 대한 개인의 분석적 의사결정 성향 수준의 조절효과를 검증하기 위하여 실시되었다. 경험재를 구매하기 전 객관적 정보를 수집하는 소비 자의 성향에 근거하여 웹소설의 소비자는 사실적인 온라인 리뷰의 유용성을 더 높이 평가할 것으로 예상하였다. 또 한 인지적 성향에 따라 구분되는 의사결정 유형 중 분석적 의사결정자는 정확한 정보를 수집하여 논리적인 판단을 내린다. 따라서 분석적 의사결정 성향 수준이 높아짐에 따라 사실적인 온라인 리뷰의 유용성 평가가 높아질 것으로 예상하였다. 실험 1의 결과 사실적인 리뷰를 제시받은 집단이 평가적인 리뷰를 제시받은 집단보다 리뷰의 유용성을 높이 평가하였으며, 실제 웹소설 선택 상황과 유사하게 두 유형의 리뷰를 동시에 제시한 실험 2에서도 리뷰의 유용 성 평가에 대한 리뷰 메시지 유형의 주효과가 확인되었다. 또한 실험 2에서는 분석적 의사결정 성향 수준이 높아짐 에 따라 사실적인 리뷰의 유용성을 높이 평가하는 경향이 드러나 분석적 의사결정 성향 수준의 조절적 역할이 확인 되었다. 본 연구는 경험재인 웹소설을 선택하는 상황에서 리뷰 메시지 유형 및 소비자의 분석적 의사결정 성향 수준 이 소비자의 리뷰 유용성 평가에 영향을 끼친다는 사실을 확인함으로써 웹소설 소비자의 행동 양식을 밝혔다는 이론 적, 실무적 의의를 갖는다.

대통령 배우자의 역할 논쟁은 사적이면서 동시에 공적인 정체성을 지 니는 대통령 배우자의 특성으로 인해 체계적인 연구는 물론 담론 형성에 서도 많은 난관에 봉착한다. 본 연구는 대통령 배우자 관련 기존 문헌연 구를 통해 대통령 배우자의 역할 논쟁이 그 정체성을 규정하는 접근으로 부터 시작된다고 설명한다. 대통령 배우자의 공적 정체성에 무게를 둔다 면 그 역할도 제도화되어야 하며, 선출되거나 위임된 공적 권력이 없는 대통령의 배우자로 인식한다면 그 역할은 최소화되어야 한다. 다른 한편 결혼 여부를 떠나 한 독립적 개인으로 인식한다면 공적인 역할 논쟁에서 벗어나되 고위 공직자의 가족이라는 범주에서 책임성을 확보하는 문제에 주목해야 한다. 본 연구는 대통령 배우자의 역할에 관한 학술적 논의를 진전하기 위해서, 대통령 “배우자”로서의 사적 존재, “대통령실의 일부” 인 공적 존재, 그리고 결혼이라는 요소를 배제한 한 개인으로서의 “독립 적 주체”로 보는 세 가지 시각을 제안하였다. 이를 토대로 독립적 주체 로 바라보되 사적, 공적 책무성을 통합적으로 담아내는 ‘독립적/통합적 (independent/integrative)’ 역할 구분을 구체적으로 담아내는 사회적 담론 형성과 제도적 보완에 대한 전문적인 논의가 필요하다.

With the aim to fabricate flexible, mobile, and low-energy powered electronics, laser treatment of paper-based materials from carbon, cellulose, and natural products may be viable as one of the strategies to achieve this objective as it potentially provides a sustainable and precise patterning of a graphene-based circuit for various emerging electronic applications, such as sensor, robot, energy, and memory devices. Irradiation of high-energy beam for induction of porous-rich graphene or reduction of graphene oxide is easily accomplished from a commercially available laser machine with various laser sources, power, and pulse number setting. Moreover, the process itself can easily be adapted in the various manufacturing sectors due to the technology’s maturity status and its ability to be computer programmed. In comparison to environmental-benign polymer, the selection of paper as a substrate for electronics may introduce a new idea into the design possibility of electronic devices since the paper is not only thin, lightweight, biodegradable, and mechanically stable, but is also able to be assembled into another form and shape simply by traditional origami and kirigami technique for many applications. Here, in this work, recent laser processing strategies for the preparation of graphene either from graphitization of cellulose or deoxygenation of graphene oxide for green electronics are reviewed with brief coverage of the deposition technique of graphene oxide paper prior to laser annealing and discussion on the emerging relevant electronics field that benefitted greatly from the laser-assisted fabrication. To conclude the literature study, a remaining challenge, and prospective outlooks of laser writing of graphene on paper are also highlighted.

The utilization of carbonaceous reinforcement-based polymer matrix composites in structural applications has become a hot topic in composite research. Although conventional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) have revolutionized the composite industry by offering unparalleled features, they are often plagued with a weak interface and lack of toughness. However, the promising aspects of carbon fiber-based fiber hybrid composites and hierarchical composites can compensate for these setbacks. This review provides a meticulous landscape and recent progress of polymer matrixbased different carbonaceous (carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanodiamond) fillers reinforced composites’ mechanical properties. First, the mechanical performance of neat CFRP was exhaustively analyzed, attributing parameters were listed down, and CFRPs’ mechanical performance barriers were clearly outlined. Here, short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite was distinguished as a prospective material. Second, the strategic advantages of fiber hybrid composites over conventional CFRP were elucidated. Third, the mechanical performance of hierarchical composites based on carbon nanotube (1D), graphene (2D) and nanodiamond (0D) was expounded and evaluated against neat CFRP. Fourth, the review comprehensively discussed different fabrication methods, categorized them according to performance and suggested potential future directions. From here, the review sorted out three-dimensional printing (3DP) as the most futuristic fabrication method and thoroughly delivered its pros and cons in the context of the aforementioned carbonaceous materials. To conclude, the structural applications, current challenges and future prospects pertinent to these carbonaceous fillers reinforced composite materials were elaborated.

In preparation of porous carbon materials microwave oven brightening is one of the warming modes used ever. The various procedures that take place in microwave combustion process include carbonization, incitation, and recovery and thus carbon is defined. This paper compares ideal conditions of traditional warming methods, as well as their implementation potential, losses, and specifications. This porous carbon with heat treatment possesses various properties and they are well suited for energy applications which require constrained space such as hydrogen storage in solid-state and supercapacitors. The enhanced properties are chemical and thermal stability, ready availability, low framework density and ease of processability. The recent trend in class of porous carbons is Activated Carbons that are employed traditionally as adsorbents or catalyst supporters but currently, they found potent applications in fabricating for hydrogen storage materials and supercapacitors. These activated carbons are much enhanced form in class of porous carbon materials and they possess the capability to enable hydrogen economy, where the energy carrier is hydrogen. Therefore, the utility of activated carbons as a source for energy storage experiences a rapid growth at current trend and they possess significant advances. This investigation is based on detailed cost development data and electrical imperativeness applications.

Various types of karst topographies are found worldwide. Owing to their global distribution, karst areas have been extensively studied by scientists who investigate new discoveries by linking the characteristics of karst topographies with their own research fields. However, there have been only a few studies on karsts in the Republic of Korea, and little research exists on their hydrogeology. Fragmentary studies have been conducted on the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in limestone areas, the causes of high arsenic concentrations in groundwater, and the hydraulic conductivity of limestone areas. Research on hydrogeological characterization and flow mechanisms in these areas has only began recently. Identification and the proper management of available groundwater resources in karst (limestone) areas is essential as their unique geological characteristics render it difficult to construct reservoirs or dams at appropriate scales. We have reviewed prior work on karsts in the Republic of Korea to provide information that supports water resource security in the karst areas, to improve the understanding of the equitable use of water resources, and to identify the best management practices for groundwater resource resilience improvement.