This study was carried out forecasting of pollution inflow of the Small Mountainous Catchment, namely; Seolma-cheon experimental catchment. Pollutographs of DO, BOD, T-N, Conductivity, T-P, pH, COD, SS from this catchment were obtained from in-situ data of total ten events using QUAL2E-PULS model. From the analysis results, between up stream(Sabang-bridge) and down stream (Memorial-bridge, outlet) obtained relation formula of water quality component. Determination coefficient of relation formula, Conductivity, COD, BOD, DO, pH, T-N, T-P, and SS showed high relation of 0.87～0.99. The increases of DO, BOD, COD, and pH concentration of Memorial-bridge were associated with pollution inflow by road building far 2.25 km from Sabang-bridge to down stream. The analysis results of QUAL2E-PULS simulation and up/down stream relation formula, pollution amounts of DO, BOD, COD and pH increased at Memorial-bridge and pollution source site. Therefore, pollution inflow can be forecasted exactly by up/down stream relation formula at pollution source site.

The frequency analysis and the probability plot were applied to heavy metal contents of soils collected from the Goseong Cu mine area as a statistic method for the determination of the threshold value which was able to partition a population comprising largely dispersed heavy metal contents into the background and the anomalous populations. Almost all the heavy metal contents of soil showed a positively skewed distributions and their cumulative percentage frequencies plotted as a curved lines on logarithmic probability plot which represent a mixture of two or more overlapping populations. Total Cu, Pb and Cd data and extractable Cu and Pb data could be partitioned into background and anomalous populations by using the inflection in each curve. The others showed a normally distributed population or an largely overlapped populations. The threshold values obtained from replotted frequency distributions with the partitioned populations were Cu 400 mg/kg, Pb 450 mg/kg and Cd 3.5 mg/kg in total contents and Cu 40 mg/kg and Pb 12 mg/kg in extractable contents, respectively. The thresholds for total contents are much higher than the tolerable level of soil pollution proposed by Kloke(Cu 100 mg/kg, Pb 100 mg/kg, Cd 3 mg/kg), but those for extractable contents are not exceeded the worrying level of soil pollution proposed by Ministry of Environment(Cu 50 mg/kg, Pb 100 mg/kg). When the threshold values were used as the criteria of soil pollution in the study area, 9～19% of investigated soil population was in polluted level. The spatial distributions of heavy metal contents greater than threshold values showed that polluted soils with heavy metals are restricted within the mountain soils in the vicinity of abandoned mines.

A grouting method is the way to effectively prevent pollutants from spreading into the ground during the digging process of groundwater. This study, based on the comparative study of grouting methods being generally accepted, suggests various construction methods which are suitable for geological structure as follows: In Jeju Island, it is very likely that rocks may fall in shuttered zones such as cracks, joints, scoria layers, and clinker layers. For this reason, it is recommended that materials be injected from the bottom toward the top, not from the top to the bottom. In the case where the amount of injected materials become too large in the areas of cracks or joints because of high level of permeability coefficient, grouting materials which smeared into surrounding areas may cause unwanted cut in the aquifer of the bottom level. To avoid this, the amount of water should be reduced from the typical water-cement ratio of 1:2, and grouting materials with larger grading should be used. If the deep excavation of ground is made in Jeju Island, it is likely to have lots of voids because of geological characteristics. Based on the results of this research, it is found that to construct interior casing, the centralizer should be attached to the casing to prevent the casing from being in contact with the counter fort. The grouting in Jeju Island should be thicker than usual. To avoid over-use of grouting materials, to prevent grouting in more than necessary zone, and to facilitate grouting of void areas, the flexible selection of materials is required. And, to exactly figure out the interior of dug well, an examination through CCTV should necessarily be performed when grouting work is in progress.

This study focuses on analyzing the inflow characteristic of contaminants of city water that flows into a main water system like a reservoir, and intends to provide basic data which can be efficiently reflected on water quality management policy and decision making of a reservoir. The conclusion obtained from the analysis of the inflow of a main water system by analyzing the inflow property of city water contaminants is as follows. In the case of Chungju-cheon stream which is the city water, pollution load from the basic outflow is low when it rains, and with high load of basic outflow during the dry season, due to the discharge of pollutants from the city, the quality of water becomes worse. In the case of Chungju-cheon stream, average BOD is 4.53mg/ℓ when it rains, and the contaminants increase and flow in about 7.8% compared to the average BOD during the average ‧ droughty season. The average SS concentration in water is 798.67mg/ℓ and increased 97.2% compared to the average ‧ droughty season.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the water pollution degree in the Mid-Nakdong River watershed regarding to landcover types using GIS method. As a result of landcover classification, rate of urban appeared highly on Daegu Metropolitan city. Also, rate of agriculture showed highly in the riparian zones of the Nakdong and Guemho River and rate of forest appeared highly in the borders of the study area. To identify the groups of watershed with similar landcover patterns using the Cluster Analysis. According to the cluster analysis, the fifty sub-watersheds were grouped in three clusters, "Urban watershed", "Agriculture watershed", "Forest watershed". The proportion of urban area in each cluster had a positive correlation with water pollution degree. Otherwise, the proportion of agriculture in the Agriculture watershed had a high positive correlation with water pollution degree. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate environmental capacity of water quality considering ecological and environmental characteristics of watershed ecosystem and expand water quality monitoring systems to small stream.

The runoff characteristics of non-point source pollutions in the municipal area of Jeonju were investigated and analyzed by using the SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). The flow rates and water qualities of runoff from two types of drainage conduits were measured respectively. One was a conventional combined sewer system and the other was a separated sewer system constructed recently. From August to November in 2004, investigations on two rainfall events were performed and flow rate, pH, BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P were measured. These data were also used for model calibration. On the basis of the measured data and the simulation results by SWMM, it is reported that 80-90% of pollution load is discharged in the early-stage storm runoff. Therefore, initial 10-30 mm of rainfall should be controlled effectively for the optimal treatment of non-point source pollution in urban area. Also, it was shown that the SWMM model was suitable for the management of non-point source pollution in the urban area and for the analysis of runoff characteristics of pollutant loads.

Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive X-ray analyzer(SEM/EDX) has played an important role for evaluation the source of atmospheric particle because it is a powerful tool for characterizing individual particles. The SEM/EDX system provides various physical parameters like optical diameter, as well as chemical information for a particle-by-particle basis. The purpose of the study was to classify individual particle emitted from the point sources based on clustering analysis and physico-chemical analysis by SEM/EDX. The total of 490 individual particle were analyzed at 8 point sources including coal-fired power plant, incinerator, B-C oil boiler, and metal manufacturing industry. The main components were Si and Al in the coal-fired power plant, Cl and Na in the domestic waste Incinerator, S in the B-C oil boiler and S and Fe in the metal manufactory industry, respectively.

Samples of water, soil, and sediment were taken from 10 streams of Andong city in Gyeongbuk province in October 2004. To assess the degree of environmental pollution for each stream site, the chemical analyses of pollutants such as T-N, T-P, COD, heavy metal, organophosphorous and organochlorine pesticides, and dioxin-like PCB congeners were implemented using the standard process tests or the U. S. EPA methods. In addition, biological assessment using insect immune biomarkers was conducted on the same environmental samples to complement the chemical assessment. Except Waya stream (T-N; 2.91 mg/L, T-P; 0.16 mg/L, COD; 14.0 mg/L) with above the environmental quality standards, the T-P and COD concentrations of 9 sites are relatively low. The contents of Pb and Cd in samples taken from each stream were much lower than environmental quality standards. However, in comparison with soil samples of other streams, several times higher concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in locations at Mi, Gilan, Yeonha, and Waya stream sites. Dementon-S-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate compounds among organophosphorous pesticides were detected as concentrations of ppb levels, respectively, from soil samples collected in the vicinity of Gilan, Mi, Norim, and Waya stream. On the other hand, 16 organochlorine pesticides and 12 dioxin-like PCB congeners selected in this study were not found in all samples. In particular, considering significant disrupting effects of Waya stream's samples on insect immune capacity, this stream seems to be contaminated with investigated and/or uninvestigated pollutants in this study.

This study presents the characteristics of nocturnal inversion layer and their effect on the concentration variations of surface air pollutants using tethersonde and automatic weather station (AWS, 2 layer tower) system in Ulsan during 2003. The method for the distinction of inversion intensity was decided based on the sum of nocturnal temperature gradient. As the results, there was a close correlation (correlation coefficient of 0.76) between the maximum inversion height obtained from tethersonde and the sum of nocturnal temperature gradient. The air pollutant concentration was also directly proportional to the inversion intensity. When the inversion intensity was strong in the nighttime, ozone (O3) concentration was lower, while nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration was higher. The carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was gradually higher according to the nocturnal inversion intensity, whereas sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentration was relatively constant. In addition, we found that there was no correlation between the inversion intensity and TSP concentration.

하천을 따라 분포된 비점 오염원을 하천 수질모형의 매개변수들과 동시에 추정하는 체계적인 방법을 제안하였다. 수립된 방법을 QUAL2E 모형과 함께 충주댐 하류의 남한강 구간에 적용하여 모형의 반응계수와 비점 오염 부하량에 대한 최적 추정을 수행하였다. 민감도 분석 결과로부터 선정된 반응계수들에 대한 초기 추정 결과에 따르면 하천 시스템에 대한 질량수지가 만족되기 위해서는 질소와 인의 비점 오염 부하량의 입력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 총질소와

This study was carried out to survey the pollution of nonylphenol (NP) in surface sediments around Gwangyang bay and Yeosu sound. NP was suspected chemicals as endocrine disruption. Gwangyang bay is located on the mid south coast of Korea. It is a semi-closed bay which Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO (Pohang Steel Company) and Gwangyang container harbor are there. The surface sediments were collected at 15 stations with gravity corer at October, 1999, February, May and August, 2000. Also, the stream and intertidal sediment were collected at 5 sites at August, 2000. Concentrations of NP in surface sediments were in the range of 6.89 to 202.70 ng/g dry wt.. Seasonal range (mean value) of NP is 13.98 to 30.48 (23.46) ng/g dry wt. at October, 10.35 to 54.91 (28.10) ng/g dry wt. at February, 29.05 to 202.70 (82.32) ng/g dry wt. at May and 6.98 to 83.40 (25.37) ng/g dry wt. at August. NP was seasonally fluctuated, and the highest mean value and range was detected at May, 2000. NP was highly distributed in the inner part of Gwangyang bay than Yeosu sound. Concentrations of NP in stream and intertidal sediments showed the highest value in downstream near Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex and Yondung stream. It suggests that the source of NP is industrial wastewater and municipal sewage.

체계적으로 분석된 대구지역의 PM10 오염도의 시간적 및 공간적 특성과 대조지역에서 측정된 PM10 오염도에 근거하여 대구지역의 PM10 오염에 대한 저감 방안이 다음과 같이 제시된다. 대구시의 지역특성에 따른 PM10 관리의 관점에서 볼 때 대구지역의 PM10 관리는 다른 지역보다는 도로변 또는 도로변 인근지역, 그리고 공업지역에서 우선적으로 이루어져야 하고 지역적으로 PM10 관리 전략을 달리하여야 함을 제시하고 있다. 남산동, 삼덕동 및 대명동을 포함하여 도로변 또는 도로변 인근의 주택에 거주하는 주민의 PM10으로부터 건강 위해성을 줄이기 위해서는 자동차 교통 관리가 가장 우선적으로 수행되어야 한다. 한편, 노원동과 중리동을 포함한 공업지역 또는 인근에 거주하는 주민의 PM10으로부터 건강 위해성을 줄이기 위해서는 자동차 교통 관리 보다는 공단 배출 PM10 관리가 가장 우선적으로 수행되어야 한다. 나아가, 본 연구결과에 기초할 때, 비록 만성영향과 밀접한 관련이 있는 평균농도는 모든 지역에서 PM10 대기환경 기준치 이하로 나타났지만, 급성영향과 밀접한 관련이 있는 최대 농도와 결코 낮지 않은 PM10 대기환경 기준치를 초과하는 빈도수를 고려할 때, 대구지역의 PM10 관리는 지속적으로 수행되어야 함이 강조된다. 대구지역의 시간대 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 대구의 일반 주거지역의 PM10 관리는 오전 10시에서 오후 1 3시에 집중되어야 효율적인 PM10 관리가 될 수 있음을 의미한다. 공업지역인 중리동과 노원동의 경우, 다소 이른 오전 7시부터 오후 1 2시 사이에 PM10 관리가 집중되어야 효율적인 PM10 관리가 될 수 있을 것이다. 반면에 상업/주거 지역인 삼덕동과 대명동 그리고 도로변 지역인 남산동의 경우, 특정 시간대가 아닌 거의 전 시간대에 걸쳐 PM10 관리해야 하고 특히 자동차 배출 PM10 관리대책 수립이 시급하다. 대구지역의 요일 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 모든 지역에 대하여 일요일과 월요일의 PM10 농도가 낮게 나타났으므로 화요일에서 토요일까지 집중되는 것이 PM10관리가 효율적으로 수행될 수 있음을 의미한다. 대구지역의 월 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 모든 지역에서 하절기인 7월, 8월 및 9월에 낮은 농도를 나타내었고, 동절기인 11월 2월 보다는 오히려 이른 봄인 3월에 최대 농도를 나타내고 있으므로 모든 지역에서 3월에는 특별한 PM10 관리가 이루어져야 하고, 특히 근본적인 문제점인 중국의 황사현상을 저감하기 위한 중국과의 외교적인 노력이 요구된다. 대구지역의 계절 별 PM10 관리 관점에서 볼 때, 계절적으로는 모든 지역에서 봄철에 가장 PM10 농도, 그 다음이 겨울, 가을 그리고 여름의 순으로 나타났다. 봄철의 가장 높은 PM10 농도와 여름철의 가장 낮은 PM10 농도는 앞의 월별 PM10 농도 변화에서도 설명된 바와 같이 각각 황사와 장마의 영향 때문인 것으로 사료된다. 여름과 가을 보다 높은 PM10 농도를 나타내는 겨울철의 경우, 난방 연료 사용의 증가로 인한 영향을 받는 것으로 사료되므로 청정연료 사용의 확대가 권장된다. 대부분의 경우, 대조지역에서 측정된 PM10 농도가 대구의 여섯 개 대기오염측정 지점에서 측정된 PM10 농도 보다 낮게 나타났고, 일부는 일반주거지역인 만촌동과 유사하게 나타났다. 따라서, 대구의 PM10 측정망 중에서 만촌동이 주위 PM10 오염원의 영향을 가장 적게 받는 주거지역임을 함께 고려할 때 대구시의 PM10 관리목표는 만촌동의 PM10 수준으로 유지함이 바람직한 것으로 제안된다.

In this study, we alalyzed the relationship between the time-variation trend of air pollution concentration index and the meteorological conditions with CO(carbon monoxide) concentration and meteorological observation data in high-CO episode days. CO is a representative automobil air pollutant. The results are as follows; 1. Most of the high-CO episode days within 30 classes appeared in winter season. 2.Most of them appeared under the surface weather conditions with east-west high-pressure system. The surface winds in this high-pressure area were very light. 3. The high-CO episode days were due to unusual accumulation within urban atmosphere in the morning. 4.The Atmospheric stabilities were more stable, and then the wind-ventilation conditions were worse than yearly mean atmospheric condition in Daegu.

This study was performed to investigate the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir in rural area. A series of field investigations were carried out for Kyongki-do area and chemical analysis were performed for sediment samples. It was found that some samples were heavily polluted with phenol and TPH and gave off a malodor. Soil Pollution Scores(SPSs) was determined for sediment samples. Some samples were classified to Soil Pollution Class(SPC) 2 and 3. For recycling and disposal of dredged sediments from stream and reservoirs, these polluted sediments should be carefully considered. In the environmental improvement operations of rural area, the degree of pollution of sediments of stream and reservoir are carefully investigated and suitable counterplan must be established.

본 연구에서는 소유역에서의 오염총량을 추정하기 위하여 위성영상 카테고리분류 인공신경망 모형과 지리정보시스템 기반의 오염총량모의시스템(Total maximum daily Loads simulation System, TOLOS)을 개발하였으며, 발안유역의 HP#6 소유역을 시험유역으로 선정하여 유역 수문·수질 모니터링을 수행하였고, 시험유역의 도형 자료를 구축하여 TOLOS의 적용성을 평가하였다. TOLOS의 오염총량추정 모듈인 SWAT 모형은 논에서의 지

연안 경비함정의 선상근무 환경은 육상근무 환경에 비하여 매우 열악하여 선상근무 기피와 선원 고령화의 원인이 되고 있다. 특히 선박내 공기오염과 전자파는 직업병을 유발시키는 원인이 된다. 따라서 안락한 선상근무 환경 및 거주 환경의 확보를 통하여 선상근무 피로도를 경감시키는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 선박내의 공기오염과 전자파의 실선 계측을 통하여 선상근무 환경을 체계적으로 평가한다. 그리고 선상근무 환경의 평가 결과에 기초하여 선상근무 피로도 경감대책을 제안한다.

To identify possible associations with concentrations of ambient air pollutants and daily mortality in Busan, this study assessed the effects of air pollution for the time period 1999-2000. Poisson regression analysis by Generalized Additive Model were conducted considering trend, season, meteorology, and day-of-the-week as confounders in a nonparametric approach. Busan had a 10% increase in mortality in persons aged 65 and older(95% CI : 1.01-1.10) in association with IQR in NO2(lagged 2 days). An increase of NO2(lagged 2days) was associated with a 4% increase in respiratory mortality(CI : 1.02-1.11) and CO(lagged 1 day) showed a 3% increase(CI : 1.00-1.07).

The purpose of this study is designed to estimate the air quality of subway stations that have the underground platforms in Pusan Metropolitan City, from September to November 2000, over seventimes. The subjects include Yonsan-dong station, Somyon station, Pusan station, Nampo-dong station, and Tushil station. The samplings were conducted at three points of each station, i.e. gates, ticket gates, and platforms. The major materials for analysis were CO, NO, NO2, and O3. The experiment was conducted at 7:00 pm with KIMOTO HS-7 Handy sampler and Tedlar Bag of SKC INC(U.S.A). In order to more fully understand station environments, we also measured temperature at each point. The results showed that O3 average concentration at Yonsan-dong station was higher than others with 38～51 ppb. The average concentration of NO was high at ticket gate and platform at Somyon station(119 ppb, 122 ppb), Nampo-dong station(102 ppb, 100 ppb). These results show that the air pollution of stations with underground shopping malls was higher than others. At Somyon station having a junction station, NO and NO2 concentration level of platform-2(noncrowded) was higher than platform-1(crowded). This is most likely due to the accumulation of air pollutants and inadequate ventilation systems.