We investigated the change mRNA expression of GtHs subunits (FSHβ, LHβ) in the pituitary, androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ERα) in gonad and histological observation of gonads in longthooth grouper Epinephelus bruneus by treatment Femara, an aromatase inhibitor (AI). Longtooth grouper (body weight 408±43.1 g; one year) cultured in Future Aquaculture Research Center, NFRDI were used in the experiments. The experiment was conducted for 12 weeks from 21 August 2013. Fish received intramuscular injection of AI at 5 mg/g BW dose in three times every 3 weeks. Fish were sampled pituitary and gonads at 3, 6, 12 weeks post-injection (n=50). The mRNA levels of FSH-β, LH-β in pituitary and AR, ERα mRNA in gonad were evaluated using qRT-PCR and qPCR. The histological change of gonads observed on light microscope. The gonads of control group contained most perinucleolus oocyte. At 3 to 6 weeks post-injection, the gonads of AI-treated group contained a few degenerated oocytes, spermatogonia and spermatocytes. At 12 weeks post-injection, gonads contained spermatids undergoing spermatogenesis. From 6 to 12 weeks post-injection, the expression level of GtHs subunits mRNA in pituitary was significantly higher than control group. The expression level of AR mRNA in gonad was higher than control group from 3 to 12 weeks post-injection. The expression level of ERα mRNA in gonad was lower than control group from 6 to 12 weeks post-injection. These results suggest that immature longtooth grouper with AI treatment induced masculinization via change of GtH subunits in pituitary, AR and ERα mRNA in gonad.

Cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus, typically live as part of a mated adult pair or an adult pair and an immature individual and social ranking in the group controls the sexes of the fish. In general, the female is the larger and dominant individual. If a dominant female dies or is absent, the male partner undergoes a sex change to become a female. This special reproductive characteristic provides a good model for which to study the mechanism of sex change. Sexual development and gonadal maturation in fish are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and other neurohormones, gonadotropins, and gonadal steroid hormones and peptides. Specially, light is among the most important natural environmental factors that regulate reproduction in fish. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which is a new form of lighting technology can be designed to output specific wavelengths such as narrow bandwidth light which is important because it can be tuned to the environmental sensitivity of a target species. In the experiment, the white fluorescent bulb and different LED (red, peak at 630 nm; green, 530 nm) were used. The effects of different illuminations were assessed by measuring the mRNA and protein expressions of HPG axis genes and sex steroid hormone level. For green LED light, significantly higher levels of HPG axis genes expressions, GSI, and plasma sex steroid hormone were obtained, compared to the red LED light spectra. Histological analysis also revealed the presence of vitellogenic oocytes in fish exposed to green LED light. The results indicate that exposure to short wavelength lighting accelerates gonadal maturation and sex change, and is likely to facilitate development of more energy-efficient aquaculture procedures. Also, have investigated that light reaction in marine organism's mechanism using LED lights, and high potential of application of Bio-photonics for the aquaculture.

슈페너와 프랑케로 이어지는 교회내적인 온건한 경건주의는 결혼은 하나님에 의해 세워진 제도로 수용되며, 부부간의 성은 비록 타락한 인간의 특징이긴 하지만 죄의 심판으로부터 자유롭게 된다는 루터의 입장을 견지하였다. 슈페너는 부부간의 성은 유일하게 하나님에 의해 죄의 오명으로부터 순화된 정욕의 형식이라고 보았다. 하지만 그에게 부부의 성은 “길들여지긴 악마”이긴 하지만, 경계하지 않으면 안 되는 악마였다. 인간의 육체성에 대한 긍정은 경건주의자들에게 이르러 루터보다 훨씬 약화되었다. 성과 결혼에 대한 문제는 급진적인 경건주의자들에게는 더욱 예민하였다. 그들은 야콥 뵈메에 의해 영향을 받았던 크리스토프 호흐만 폰 호헨나우가 제시한 결혼의 5가지 유형에 깊은 영향을 받았다. 특별히 네 번째 결혼 유형인 동정(童貞) 결혼과 다섯 번째 유형인 순결한 어린 양이신 그리스도와의 결혼을 지향하였다. 이들은 단순한 결혼의 유형이 아니라, 영적인 상승적인 발전 단계로 인식하였다. 경건주의의 흐름 중에서 독특한 특징을 보여주었던 친첸도르프와 헤른후트 형제단은 경건주의의 영향을 받아 성의 쾌락적인 측면을 경계하면서도 급진적 경건주의자들과 달리 성과 결혼을 긍정하는 독특한 관점과 실천을 보여주었다. 친첸도르프는 그리스도와 교회, 신랑 그리스도와 신부 그리스도인의 성서비유를 근거로 성과 결혼에 관한 신학적 형이상학을 전개하였다. 그의 ‘신부-신비주의’와 ‘성례전으로서의 결혼 이해’가 바로 그것이다. 이것은 친첸도르프가 말하는 ‘복음적인 결혼’과 하나님 나라를 위한 ‘동지(투사)들의 결혼’의 이론적 근거가 되었다.

This study attempts to propose the possibility of the sex reversal in Sinonovacula constricta and Gomphina veneriformis by confirming the changes in the sex ratio with the shell length in the same population level. For analysis of sex ratio, 100 individuals of S. constricta (SL 26.5-95.0 mm) and 2385 individuals of G. veneriformis (SL 15.1-60.1 mm) were used. Sex was analyzed histologically. Both species displayed the tendency of increase in the female proportion with increase in shell length. In this study, changes in the sex ratio in accordance with the growth of S. constricta and G. veneriformis are determined to be indirect evidence that signifies their sex reversal.

This study describes the developmental process of gonads in chameleon goby, Tridentiger trigonocephalus from the stage of hatching to 100 days after hatching (DAH). Based on histological observation, the primordial germ cells were observed in mesentery between mesonephric duct and gut at 15 DAH (total length, TL: 6.8±0.2 mm). At 20 DAH (TL: 7.9±0.1 mm), the primordial gonad began to protrude into peritoneal cavity and developed between mesonephric duct and gut. Initial ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and oogonia in the gonads at 55 DAH (TL: 21.1±1.3 mm). Testicular differentiation started at 65 DAH (TL: 23.7±0.9 mm) with appearance of spermatogonial cells in the gonads. These findings indicate that sex differentiation in T. trigonocephalus occurs earlier in females than males, suggesting that this species can be classified as an undifferentiated gonochorist.

To understand the sex reversal characteristics in the longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus), this study examined the sex reversal and artificial masculinization of wild caught E. bruneus reared in indoor rearing tank after a 17α-methyltestosterone injection. To domesticate a broodstock, 64 wild caught E. bruneus, between 47.0 to 110.0 cm in total length and from 1.5 to 21.4 kg in body weight, were reared in indoor rearing tank (4.0 to 5.0 m wide, and 2.5 to 3.0 m depth) for four years. Seven specimens showed sex reversal from female to male during indoor rearing condition, whose total length and body weights were from 63.0 to 99.0 cm and from 4.4 to 13.2 kg, respectively. After inducing artificial masculinization in 14 female E. bruneus with a 17α-methyltestosterone (2.0 mg/kg BW) implants for 3 years, spermiation occurred in 9 specimens (total length: 54.0 to 68.0 cm, body weight: 2.3 to 4.3 kg). Among the female to male sex reversals, two specimens returned back to being female, whose body weights were 2.8 kg (initially 2.6 kg) and 2.7 kg (initially 2.3 kg). Therefore, this study suggested that E. bruneus (> 3.0 kg) was more effective in masculinizing by 17α-methyltestosterone implants.

The sex ratio (F:M) in the same population of oyster, Crassostrea gigas at the commencement of the study (2007) was 1:1.0, but changed to 1:2.8 by the end of the study (2008). The sex reversal rate in two-year-old oysters was 40.2%. Specifically, female to male sex reversal rate was 66.1%, which is higher than the male to female sex reversal rate of 21.1%. The sex reversal pattern of C. gigas appears to go from male female male, and as such is determined to be rhythmical hermaphroditism.

We investigated the changes in plasma sex steroid hormones, testosterone (T), estradiol- (), 17,-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and cortisol levels from ribbed gunnel, Dictyosoma burgeri in associated with annual reproductive cycle. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females increased from November, peaked in February and decreased rapidly from March. The GSI of males also increased from November, peaked in January and then decreased gradually. In females, levels increased and remained high from December to February. The levels of T showed a similar tendency and correlated (=0.898, p<0.01) with levels. The levels of increased rapidly in February () and peaked in July (). Cortisol level was peaked in March and correlated with levels (=0.696, p<0.01). In males, the levels of T was peaked in January and then decreased rapidly. The levels of 11KT were remained high from October to January. On the other hand, the levels of fluctuated during reproductive cycle. These results suggest that plasma sex steroids in ribbed gunnels have annual periodicity, and that cortisol may involve in maturation of females.

For the gonadal sex management of younger longtooth grouper (Epinephelus bruneus), this work investigated the timing and histological process of ovary differentiation and oocyte development of longtooth grouper larvae and juvenile. Specimens (from 1 to 365 DAH) were collected for gonadal histological study from June 2008 to August 2009. Rearing water temperature was ranged from 20 to . The primordial germ cells could be observed from 10 to 15 DAH, while undifferentiated gonad occurs from 20 to 50 DAH in longtooth grouper. The initial ovarian phase was 60 to 110 DAH with the formation of ovarian cavity and the increased in size of gonad. The ovarian phase started at 140 DAH with appearance of oogonia. The gonad at 365 DAH appeared to have full of oogonia and primary growth stage oocyte. Formation of ovarian cavity indicates that the ovarian differentiation beginning at 60 DAH in longtooth grouper. The gonads in longtooth grouper differentiated directly into ovaries in all fish examined.

This study attempts to propose the possibility of the sex reversal in Tegillarca granosa and Ruditapes philippinarum by confirming the changes in the sex ratio with the shell length (SL) in the same population level. For analysis of sex ratio with SL, 1500 individuals of T. granosa (SL 10.1-45.0 mm) and 712 individuals of R. philippinarum (SL 15.1-70.0 mm) were used. Sex was analyzed histologically. The average sex ratios (F:M) of T. granosa and R. philippinarum were 1:1.22 and 1:0.96, respectively. However, sex ratio was found to differ when the clams were divided into groups according to SL in 5.0 mm intervals. Both species displayed the tendency of increase in the proportion of female with increase in SL. In this study, changes in the sex ratio in accordance with the growth of T. granosa and R. philippinarum are determined to be indirect evidence that signifies their sex reversal.

In T. S. Eliot’s early poetry there is a fascination with sexual behavior, sexual criminality, and even instances of cannibalism. These occur in both his published work and in his unpublished Columbo and Bolo poems. Critical attention on this aspect of Eliot’s early work has focused on the themes of gender and race. His attitudes towards women have been well studied by feminist scholars. The critical focus on the Columbo and Bolo poems has emphasized Eliot’s attitudes towards African Americans and his consciousness of race in the American context. But there is another way of understanding these themes and this has rather more to do with class than gender or race. Eliot’s emblematic figure for the ordinary man from the lower classes, namely his Sweeney persona, has a decidedly Irish character. Eliot’s references to sex crimes and cannibalism emphasize the presence of such savagery, not in what used to be called ‘primitive’ societies, but in the very heart of civilization. For a well-educated, upper middle class young man with a New England background during the period of Irish immigration to America and to the political assertiveness of the Irish in both the United States and Great Britain, there is more to fear from the Sweeneys than from comical characters like King Bolo.

This study attempted to verify the possibility of using germ cell aspiration (GCA) method as a non-fatal technique in studying the life-history of equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Veneridae) and granular ark, Tegillarca granosa (Arcidae). Using twenty-six gauge 1/2" (12.7mm) needle, GCA was carried out in equilateral venus through external ligament. In granular ark, GCA was performed by preventing closure of the shells by inserting a tongue depressor between the shells while still open. The success rate of sex identification using the GCA method was 95.6% for the equilateral venus (n=650/680) and 94.3% for the granular ark (n=707/750). Mortality of equilateral venus, which spent 33 days under wild conditions, was 13.8% (n=90/650) while the mortality of granular ark, which spent 390 days under wild conditions, was 2.4% (n=17/707). Although we believe that GCA does not appear to cause death in equilateral venus or granular ark, the success rate in employing of this methodology may differ depending on the level of proficiency of the researcher and reproductive stage of the bivalve. This study concludes that GCA is a convenient non-fatal methodology, which can be employed to identify sex and investigate gonadal maturity in Gomphina veneriformis and Tegillarca granosa.

We investigated the androgenic effects of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) on gonadal sex reversal and spermatogenesis in honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra by method of gonadal biopsy. 11-KT was injected intramuscularly at a concentration of 1 and body weight. The proportion of cross sectional area of the gonad occupied by each germ cell type was measured and compared pre- and post-injection group. During the sex change phase, the distribution ratio of oocytes was decreased in all fish of 11-KT treatment group while the distribution ratio of spermatocytes was increased than pre-injection group. In male phase, all fish of 11-KT treatment group shown the increased distribution ratio of spermatocytes, but the distribution ratio of spermatozoa was decreased than pre-injection group. The present results suggest that 11-KT can stimulate degeneration of oocytes, proliferation of spermatocytes and spermiation in honeycomb grouper.

알킬화제로 잘 알려진 ethane 1,2-dimethane sulfonate(EDS)는 여러 종에서 선택적인 Leydig 세포(LC) 독성과 정소 기능장애에 연구 모델로 널리 사용된다. EDS 투여에 의해 유도된 LC 녹아웃 흰쥐의 경우, 부정소와 저정낭과 같은 테스토스테론 의존성 부속 생식기관들의 급격한 무게 감소가 초래됨이 이전의 연구들에게 보고되었다. 본 연구는 EDS투여가 흰쥐 부속 생식기관에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사한 것이다. 생체 수컷 흰쥐에

눈동자개, Pseudobagrus koreanus의 성분화 과정을 밝히기 위해 부화 직후부터 250일령까지 생식소의 분화 및 발달을 조사하였다. 원시생식세포는 부화 후 1일(전장: 6.63～6.95 ㎜)에 나타났으며, 부화 후 5일(7.50～9.36 ㎜)에 생식융기를 형성하는 원시생식소 구조를 나타내었다. 부화 후 25일(11.58～13.21 ㎜)에서는 생식소 후단부 한쪽 끝에서 신장된 체세포 돌기가 생식소와 융합되어 작은 난소강이 형성되었다. 부화 후 30일(12.19～13.72 ㎜)에는 생식소 하단부에 정소관 원기가 출현하여 정소의 분화가 시작되었다. 부화 후 50일째 자어(16.28～17.06 ㎜)의 난소내에서는 주변인기 난모세포로 채워지기 시작하였으며, 정소내에서는 정원세포(spermatogonia, SG)의 활발한 증식을 관찰할 수 있었다. 부화 후 250일째 자어(35.49～51.12 ㎜)에서는 난소의 크기가 더욱 커지고 난모세포들로 가득 채워져 있었고, 정원세포의 수가 증가하기 시작하였다. 이상의 결과 눈동자개의 성분화 양상은 자웅이체형 중 분화형이었다.

자웅이체형 어류의 성결정 및 성분화는 일반적으로 각 개체의 유전형을 따른다. 자연환경에서는 자신이 가진 유전정보의 조절에 따라 성분화 시기에 아로마테이즈 유전자의 발현이 증가하거나 감소하고, 그 결과 스테로이드 호르몬들의 조성이 결정되어 각기 다른 방향으로 성분화하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 해산 태생 어류인 조피볼락(Sebasts schlegeli)의 ovarian type aromatase (P450aromA)와 brain type aro

내분비 교란물질들이 연안 어류의 정상적인 성적 발달을 위협할 수 있다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있지만, 해산 어종에 대한 이러한 위협을 파악하는 데 이용할 수 있는 적절한 시험 어종은 아직 개발되지 못했다. 그 이유 중의 하나는 성분화 초기에 어류의 생식소가 외형으로나 조직학적으로 암수 구분이 불분명한 경우가 많기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 조피 볼락 Sebastes schlegeli의 자연 성비, 생식소 구조, 그리고 외인성 성스테로이드 호르몬에 의한 성분화

본 연구의 무용과 여자대학생의 학년 및 전공에 따라 학습동기와 학습태도 간에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보는데 목적을 두었다. 연구대상은 무용과 여대생 673명이며 학습동기 및 학습태도 검사가 실시되었다. 자료분석은 빈도분석, 평균과 표준편차, 상관관계분석, 그리고 다변량분산분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 학년별에 따른 학습동기는 지식추구 요인에서 3, 4학년이 1, 2학년보다 높고 동일시 규제는 4학년이 1-3학년보다 높은 수준을 보였다(p<.01). 전공별 학습동기는 주입된 규제와 무동기에서 현대무용, 한국무용, 발레 전공자가 기타전공자에 비해 높은 수준을 보였다. 학년별 학습태도는 학습방법 요인에서 4학년이 1, 2학년보다 높고 학교에 대한 태도 요인은 3학년이 2, 4학년보다 높게 나타났다(p<.01). 전공별 학습태도는 현대무용, 한국무용과 발레 전공자가 기타 전공자에 비해 학업적 자신감이 높았다(p<.01). 이 결과를 토대로 학년과 전공의 차이점이 시사하는 의미와 중요성에 대해 논의하였다.

어류의 체내에서 성분화를 유도하는 물질이 성스테로이드호르몬(sex steroid hormone)이라는 사실이 잘 밝혀져 있으며, 성스테로이드 생합성 효소의 하나인 aromatase도 성분화에 직접적인 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 유전적으로 암컷인 틸라피아 자어(larvae) 집단을 aromatase 저해제(aromatase inhibitor, AI)인 Fadrozole로 침지 처리하여 초기 발생단계 중 어느 시기에 aromatase가