수용액과 유기용액에 방향족 단량체를 사용하여 계면중합을 통하여 폴리아미드 나노여과막을 제조하고 황산내구성, 내열성 실제 제련액 투과물성을 평가하였다. 수용액에 지방족 디아민을 사용한 나노여과막에 비해서 방향족 디아민을 사용한 경우에 내산성이 매우 우수하였다. 방향족 단량체를 사용한 경우에는 1 가 이온 제거율 낮추기 위하여 첨가제 사용하였다. 내열성은 실제 제련액의 경우는 2가 이상의 이온에 대해서는 회수가 가능하였고 1가 이온 및 황산의 경우 에는 투과수로 빠져 나오는 것을 확인하였다.

In commercial solar cells, the pattern of the front electrode is critical to effectively assemble the photo generated current. The power loss in solar cells caused by the front electrode was categorized as four types. First, losses due to the metallic resistance of the electrode. Second, losses due to the contact resistance of the electrode and emitter. Third, losses due to the emitter resistance when current flows through the emitter. Fourth, losses due to the shading effect of the front metal electrode, which has a high reflectance. In this paper, optimizing the number of finger on a 4 ´ 4 solar cell is demonstrated with known theory. We compared the short circuit current density and fill factor to evaluate the power loss from the front metal contact calculation result. By experiment, the short circuit current density(Jsc), taken in each pattern as 37.61, 37.53, and 37.38 mA/ cm2 decreased as the number of fingers increased. The fill factor(FF), measured in each pattern as 0.7745, 0.7782 and 0.7843 increased as number of fingers increased. The results suggested that the efficiency(Eff) was measured in each pattern as 17.51, 17.81, and 17.84 %. Throughout this study, the short-circuit current densities(Jsc) and fill factor(FF) varied according to the number of fingers in the front metal pattern. The effects on the efficiency of the two factors were also investigated.

최근 테러에 대한 위험성의 증가로 대중들의 폭발 피해에 대한 인식이 증가하였다. 우리나라에 방폭 설계에 대한 기준이 미흡하며, 현재 적용하고 있는 방폭 설계도 정적해석으로 건물의 안정성 및 경제성을 위해 방폭 설계를 개발해야 하는 상황 이다. 또한 지진 발생 증가로 내진 설계 의무화가 확대된 가운데 방폭 설계를 하지 않고 내진 설계를 적용한 부재의 방폭 성능을 판단을 연구한다. 현재 보편적인 폭발 하중의 해석 방법은 UFC 3-340-02 매뉴얼을 참고하는 것이다. UFC 3-340-02 매뉴얼을 통한 폭발 하중의 특성을 적용하고 KBC 2016의 내진 상세를 적용한 보를 등가 단자유도 시스템으로 변환하여 폭발 저항 성능을 연구하였다. 보통, 중간, 특수 모멘트 골조의 연성 능력에 대한 최대 처짐을 고려하여 폭발물의 이격 거리를 통해 평가하여 내진 상세 적용 시 폭발 저항 성능이 향상된다는 것을 입증하였다.

Imported 313 cases of Dengue fever and 16 cases of Zika virus disease were reported in the ROK during 2016. Aedesalbopictus has been reported as a major vector mosquito for Dengue and Zika virus. Various class of pesticides havebeen used locally different pesticide class. To investigate the pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticide resistance, genomicDNA was used for Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) genotyping of the acethylcholine esterase to detect Gly119Ser mutationsand kdr gene to detect Phe1534Cys mutations. Detoxification enzyme activities were assessed using Ae. albopictus fromYeosu and Jeju. Activities of four detoxification enzymes eg., glutathione S-transferase (GST), Non specific esterases (α-naphthylacetate and β-naphthyl acetate), and cytochrome C oxidase were determined for each Ae. albopictus strain. In our studies,Ae. albopictus showed only susceptible sequences for AchE and kdr. Activity of cytochrome P-450 and non specific esterasewas higher in a field population than a laboratory strain, except for GST. This study might be helpful to understandthe insecticidal susceptibility and resistant for effective vector mosquito control program.

Temperature can affect the ability of insects to tolerate prolonged period of food deprivation through altering the amountof energy storage, the speed of energy expenditure, or the threshold energy storage for survival. In this study, we examinedthe mechanistic basis of the temperature-dependence of starvation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Starvation resistancedecreased as the temperature experienced during starvation rose from 18 to 28 ̊C. This warming-mediated decrease instarvation resistance was due to accelerated energy expenditure. However, the threshold energy storage for survival wasnot affected by starvation temperature. Exposure to warm temperatures during feeding led D. melanogaster to accumulatemore energy reserves and thus to become more starvation resistant. This study highlights the important role played bytemperature in shaping the phenotypic responses of insects to starvation.

Aedes albopictus is an important vector for yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus. This mosquitohas been exposed to organophosphates and pyrethroids in Republic of Korea for a long time. Using the direct contactmortality bioassay, susceptibility strain and two field populations of Ae. albopictus from Busan, and Damyang. Insecticidalproperty were indicated to RR ratio values (Resistant ratio to strain of susceptibility) of LC50 (Midian Lethal concentration)to organophosphats and pyrethroids. Genomic DNA was used for Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) genotyping of the acethylcholineesterase to detect Gly119Ser mutations and kdr gene to detect Phe1534Cys mutations. Detoxification enzyme activitiesof Ae. albopictus from Busan and Damyang were assessed using microplate enzyme activity assays. Activities of fourdetoxification enzymes eg., glutathione S-transferase(GST), Non specific esterases (α-naphthyl acetate and β-naphthyl acetate),and cytochrome C oxidase were determined for each Ae. albopictus strain. This study might suggest that Ae. albopictuscontrol programs should be prepared for the management of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticide resistance.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of task-oriented progressive resistance strength training and functional electrical stimulation (FES) on the gait speed and activity of daily living (ADL) in stroke patients. Twenty one patients diagnosed with stroke were randomly divided into 3 groups: the task-oriented progressive resistance strength training group (TPRSTG, n=7), the task-oriented progressive resistance strength training with FES group (TPRSTFESG, n=7), and the control group (CG, n=7). The length of intervention for each session in all groups was 30 minutes, and was performed once a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 6 weeks. The gait speed was measured using 10m walking velocity Test (10MWT) and the ADL was measured using the functional independence measure (FIM). TPRSTFESG demonstrated the most statistically significant lapse in 10MWT (p<.05). While post-intervention analysis showed a significant difference in ADL (p<.05), further analysis between each group indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the groups post-intervention. These findings suggest that application of both task-oriented progressive resistance strength training with FES is the most effective intervention in improving gait speed.

The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia (E.) coli is a major problem in pig farms. To tackle this issue, in July 2011, the Korean government banned the use of antimicrobials for growth promotion of animals in farms. Moreover, E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene cause edema disease which results in high mortality and morbidity in pig farms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli encoding the Stx2e gene isolated from weaned piglets with diarrhea before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in Korea from 2007 to 2016. In this period, 479 E. coli isolates were obtained from weaned piglets with diarrhea, and of them, 144 E. coli isolates encoding the Stx2e gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to antibiotics were tested using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The most frequently observed resistances in isolates obtained from weaned piglets in the last 10 years were to tetracycline (92.4%) and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The prevalence of resistance to colistin (3.1% to 16.5%) and tetracycline (86.2% to 97.5%) was also observed to have increased over this period. Additionally, multi-drug resistance was also found to have increased (87.7% to 97.5%) after the ban on AGPs. These findings provide useful data for designing prevention and treatment strategies for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, and can be used in future studies on antimicrobial resistance in Korea.

We screened 108 cultivars of grapevine (Vitis spp.) for resistance to grape ripe rot, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. We evaluated the resistance to ripe rot of berries and vine leaves from grape cultivars by measuring the lesion size after inoculation with C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. ‘Aki Queen’ (Table grape) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Wine grape) were shown to be moderate resistant against inoculation of C. acutatum both in berries and leaves. ‘Emperatriz’, ‘Honey Red’, ‘Honey Venus’, ‘Izumo Queen’, and ‘Rosario Rosso’ in table grapes, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Chancellor’, ‘Chardonnay Decoupe’, and ‘Ventura’ in wine grapes, were shown to be resistant to C. gloeosporioides both in berries and leaves of them. Grape cultivars were classified into four classes based on its level of resistance to C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The present data for determining ripe rot resistance will be very useful in developing effective disease management strategies in the vineyards and selecting grape genetic resources to be used in disease resistant grape breeding programs.

백색칼라 ‘White Heart’는 2013년 국립원예특작과학원에서 육 성하였다. 절화수량이 많은 Zantedeschia aethiopica ‘Childsiana’ 와 무름병에 강하지만 수량이 적은 Zantedeschia aethiopica ‘Wedding March’를 2004년 교배하였다. 2005년부터 2007년까지 구근증식과 양성을 거쳐 2008년부터 2012년 4년간 1, 2차 생육과 개화특성을 평가하여 화형이 우수하고 무름병에 저항성이 있는 ‘Z. cw-116’를 선발하였다. 2013년에 ‘원교 C4-8호’로 계통명을 부여하여 3차 특성검정 및 기호도 평가를 수행한 결과, 화형이 우수하고 무름병에 강한 계통으로 평가되었다. 2013년에 직무육 성품종심의회를 통과하여 ‘White Heart’로 명명 받았다. ‘White Heart’의 생육 및 개화특성은 부본으로 사용된 ‘Wedding March’을 대비품종으로 하여 조사하였다. ‘White Heart’는 초장 73cm, 엽장 27cm로 부본과 비슷하나, 꽃이 더 크고 둥글며 예쁜 백색(RHS color chart, W155C) 중형의 절화용 품종이다. 주당 화수는 1.4개 로 대조품종보다 약간 많으며 꽃대길이가 61cm로 대조품종 (74cm)보다 짧은 편이다. 절화수명은 13일(대조 12일)로 약간 길며 무름병에는 강한 저항성을 갖고 있다.

Excessive body weight gain during the growth period of early life may predispose individuals towards obesity and metabolic disorder in later life. We investigated the possibility of using the food efficiency ratio as an early indicator for predicting susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Four-week-old, prepubertal, male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into obesity-prone and obesity-resistant groups based on food efficiency ratio values after five days on a high-fat diet. Metabolic parameters measured after 2, 6, and 10 weeks, and specific phenotypes were compared with each group. Obesityprone rats had higher increases in body weight and fat mass compared to obesity-resistant rats over the study period. Obesity-prone rats became glucose intolerant early in this study and remained so throughout the experimental period, with increases in fat weight and leptin levels occurring first, followed by increases in insulin level. Gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance significantly increased in obesity-prone groups in which activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were increased and glucokinase activity decreased. Higher food efficiency ratio at an early age was closely correlated with body fat accumulation, hyperleptinemia, and hyperinsulinemia of middle and elderly age. We suggest a high food efficiency ratio in prepubertal subjects may be a useful predictor of future obesity and insulin resistance.

고속 활주선에서 차인은 활주자세 변화 뿐 아니라 선체의 균형을 잡아주는 역할을 하며, 저항성능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 그러나 이러한 차인의 설계는 배수량, 선저경사각, 흘수, 선폭 등 다양한 설계 인자들에 영향을 받는 변수로 많은 경험을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에 서는 경험식이 아닌 계산을 통해 차인에 대한 설계 시 형상에 대한 기본적인 지침 마련을 목적으로 고속 활주선의 차인의 형상에 따른 저항성능에 대해 계산하였다. 설계는 상용 설계 프로그램인 Yacht-one을 이용하였으며, 유동해석은 상용 해석프로그램인 STAR-CCM+으로 DFBI(Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction)방법을 적용하여 수행하였다. 초기 설계 차인 각도인 17도를 기준으로 차인 15도, 차인 16도, 차인 19도 로 변경하여 설계 속도인 30노트에서 해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, trim은 4개의 차인 중 16도가 가장 컸으며, heave는 차인 15도에서 가장 우수하였다. 해석 결과를 봤을 때 저항 측면에서 초기 설계 각도인 차인 17도 보다 차인 16도가 우수함을 보이고 있어 실제 설계 시 초기 설계 각도에서 +2도, -2도의 범위로 계산을 통해 저항 성능과 자세에서 우수한 차인을 선택해야 함을 알 수 있다.

For enhanced cavitation erosion resistance of vessel propellers, an electroless Ni-P plating method was introduced to form a coating layer with high hardness on the surface of Cu alloy (CAC703C) used as vessel propeller material. An electroless Ni-P plating reaction generated by Fe atoms in the Cu alloy occurred, forming a uniform amorphous layer with P content of ~10 wt%. The amorphous layer transformed to (Ni3P+Ni) two phase structure after heat treatment. Cavitation erosion tests following the ASTM G-32 standard were carried out to relate the microstructural changes by heat treatment and the cavitation erosion resistance in distilled water and 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions. It was possible to obtain excellent cavitation erosion resistance through careful microstructural control of the coating layer, demonstrating that this electroless Ni-P plating process is a viable coating process for the enhancement of the cavitation erosion resistance of vessel propellers.

국내 고속도로 콘크리트 중앙분리대는 SB5-B(270kJ)의 충돌등급에 저항하도록 설계되어 있다. 그러나 최근 대형 화물차 량의 충돌사고가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있어 SB6(420kJ) 등급으로의 상향이 필요하다. 충돌등급 상향을 위한 새로운 중앙분리대 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 실제 충돌시험을 수행하여 기준 통과여부를 결정하며, 충돌시험 수행을 위한 적정 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 충돌해석을 통해 선정한다. 이러한 충돌해석의 정확도 향상을 위해서는 차량 모델, 콘크리트 단면 열화상태, 콘크리트 피복 두께 등 다양한 변수에 대한 정확한 변수 선정이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공차 중량, 단면 열화, 콘크리트 피복 두께에 대한 변수연구를 수행하여 충돌저항성능 저감을 확인하였다. 전체 중량뿐만 아닌 공차 중 량에 따라 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 10cm 이하의 콘크리트 피복 두께에서는 충돌저 항성능이 민감하게 증가 또는 감소한다. 단면 열화가 발생할 경우 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능의 감소가 발생하여 열화정도 에 따른 보수 및 보강이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 콘크리트 구조물과 차량의 충돌해석을 수행할 경우 트럭 의 공차중량 비율, 콘크리트의 피복두께 및 열화에 대한 영향이 상세하게 고려될 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

A metallic oxide layer of a heat-resistant element contributes to the high-temperature oxidation resistance by delaying the oxidation and has a positive effect on the increase in electrical resistivity. In this study, green compacts of Fecralloy powder mixed with amorphous and crystalline silica are oxidized at 950oC for up to 210 h in order to evaluate the effect of metal oxide on the oxidation and electrical resistivity. The weight change ratio increases as per a parabolic law, and the increase is larger than that observed for Fecralloy owing to the formation of Fe-Si, Fe-Cr composite oxide, and Al2O3 upon the addition of Si oxide. Si oxides promote the formation of Al2O3 and Cr oxide at the grain boundary, and obstruct neck formation and the growth of Fecralloy particles to ensure stable electrical resistivity.