The classification of airflow patterns during high ozone (O3) and PM10 episodes on Jeju Island in recent years (2009-2015), as well as their correlation with meteorological conditions according to classified airflow patterns were investigated in this study. The airflow patterns for O3 and PM10 were classified into four types (Types A-D) and three types (Types E-G), respectively, using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and synoptic weather charts. Type A was the most dominant airflow pattern for O3 episodes, being characterized by the transport of airflows from urban and industrial areas in China with the highest frequency (about 69%, with a mean of 67 ppb). With regard to the PM10 episodes, Type E was the most dominant airflow pattern, and was mostly associated with long distance transport from Asian dust source regions along northwesterly winds, having the highest frequency (about 92%, with a mean of 136 μg/m3). The variations in the concentration of O3 and PM10 during the study period were clarified in correlation with two pollutant and meteorological variables; for example, the high (low) O3 and PM10 concentrations with high (low) air temperature and/or wind speed and vice versa for precipitation. The contribution of long-range transport to the observed PM10 levels in urban sites for different airflow patterns (Types E-F), if estimated in comparison to the data from the Gosan background site, was found to account for approximately 87-93% (on average) of its input. The overall results of the present study suggest that the variations in O3 and PM10 concentrations on Jeju Island are mainly influenced by the transport effect, as well as the contribution of local emissions.

Wind information is one of the major inputs for the prediction of urban air flow using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models. Therefore, the numerical characteristics of the wind data formed at their mother domains should be clarified to predict the urban air flow more precisely. In this study, the formation characteristics of the wind data in the Seoul region were used as the inlet wind information for a CFD based simulation and were analyzed using numerical weather prediction models for weather research and forecasting (WRF). Because air flow over the central part of the Korean peninsula is often controlled not only by synoptic scale westerly winds but also by the westerly sea breeze induced from the Yellow Sea, the westerly wind often dominates the entire Seoul region. Although simulations of wind speed and air temperature gave results that were slightly high and low, respectively, their temporal variation patterns agreed well with the observations. In the analysis of the vertical cross section, the variation of wind speed along the western boundary of Seoul is simpler in a large domain with the highest horizontal resolution as compared to a small domain with the same resolution. A strong convergence of the sea breeze due to precise topography leads to the simplification of the wind pattern. The same tendency was shown in the average vertical profiles of the wind speed. The difference in the simulated wind pattern of two different domains is greater during the night than in the daytime because of atmospheric stability and topographically induced mesoscale forcing.

In this study, pressure drop was measured in the pulse jet bag filter without venturi on which 16 numbers of filter bags (Ø140 × 850 ℓ) are installed according to operation condition(filtration velocity, inlet dust concentration, pulse pressure, and pulse interval) using coke dust from steel mill. The obtained 180 pressure drop test data were used to predict pressure drop with multiple regression model so that pressure drop data can be used for effective operation condition and as basic data for economical design. The prediction results showed that when filtration velocity was increased by 1%, pressure drop was increased by 2.2% which indicated that filtration velocity among operation condition was attributed on the pressure drop the most. Pressure was dropped by 1.53% when pulse pressure was increased by 1% which also confirmed that pulse pressure was the major factor affecting on the pressure drop next to filtration velocity. Meanwhile, pressure drops were found increased by 0.3% and 0.37%, respectively when inlet dust concentration and pulse interval were increased by 1% implying that the effects of inlet dust concentration and pulse interval were less as compared with those changes of filtration velocity and pulse pressure. Therefore, the larger effect on the pressure drop the pulse jet bag filter was found in the order of filtration velocity(Vf), pulse pressure(Pp), inlet dust concentration(Ci), pulse interval(Pi). Also, the prediction result of filtration velocity, inlet dust concentration, pulse pressure, and pulse interval which showed the largest effect on the pressure drop indicated that stable operation can be executed with filtration velocity less than 1.5 m/min and inlet dust concentration less than 4 g/m3. However, it was regarded that pulse pressure and pulse interval need to be adjusted when inlet dust concentration is higher than 4 g/m3. When filtration velocity and pulse pressure were examined, operation was possible regardless of changes in pulse pressure if filtration velocity was at 1.5 m/min. If filtration velocity was increased to 2 m/min. operation would be possible only when pulse pressure was set at higher than 5.8 kgf/cm2. Also, the prediction result of pressure drop with filtration velocity and pulse interval showed that operation with pulse interval less than 50 sec. should be carried out under filtration velocity at 1.5 m/min. While, pulse interval should be set at lower than 11 sec. if filtration velocity was set at 2 m/min. Under the conditions of filtration velocity lower than 1 m/min and high pulse pressure higher than 7 kgf/cm2, though pressure drop would be less, in this case, economic feasibility would be low due to increased in installation and operation cost since scale of dust collection equipment becomes larger and life of filtration bag becomes shortened due to high pulse pressure.

This study analyzed mass concentrations of TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 and elemental constituents according to the isentropic backward trajectories of air parcel from Cheongwonin East Asia during the period January – October, 2011. Mass concentrations of the continental polluted airflow (CP) showed levels of TSP and PM10 mass concentrations higher than the continental background airflow (CB). Also, PM2.5 mass concentrations of anthropogenic fine particles ran higher in CP than in CB. The elemental constituents and elemental constituent ratio ended up varying depending on the origin of atmospheric aerosols generated. The average absolute content of elemental constituents reached its height in CB, the ratio of anthropogenically originating elements (PE) among the all elements (AE) analyzed marked a high in CP, and Mg+Na/AE reached its height in the oceanic airflow (OA). At the same time, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations, the ratio of PM2.5/TSP and PE/AE element ratio ran higher in CP than CB. Episodes of large-scale transport of atmospheric pollutants as observed at Cheongwon were 8 cases and 22 days. The ratios of PM10, PM2.5 among TSP mass concentrations showed different results and the ratios of PM2.5 showed an increasing trend in the episodes of anthropogenic air pollution transport. Overall, dustfall episodes show a level of elemental constituents higher than those of anthropogenic air pollution.Dustfall episodes were observed to contain more of Fe, Al and Ca originating from continental soils and those of air pollution were observed to contain more of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. By difference in contents of absolute elemental constituents, episodes of anthropogenic air pollution showed a high PE/AE rate, and dustfall episodes a high SE/AE rate.

A pilot-scale pulse-jet bagfilter was designed, built and tested for the effects of four operating conditions (filtration velocity, inlet dust concentration, pulse pressure, and pulse interval time) on the total system pressure drop, using coke dust from a steel mill factory. Two models were used to predict the total pressure drop according to the operating conditions. These model parameters were estimated from the 180 experimental data points. The empirical model (EM) with filtration velocity, areal density, inlet dust concentration, pulse interval time and pulse pressure shows the best correlation coefficient (R=0.971) between experimental data and model predictions. The empirical model was used as it showed higher correlation coefficient (R=0.971) compared to that of the Multivariate linear regression(MLR) (R=0.961). The minimum pulse pressure predicted by empirical model (EM) was 5kg/㎠.

The new empirical static model was constructed on the basis of dimension analysis to predict the pressure drop according to the operating conditions. The empirical static model consists of the initial pressure drop term (N dust = ω0υf / P pulse t) and the dust mass number term (Δp initial), and two parameters (dust deposit resistance and exponent of dust mass number) have been estimated from experimental data. The optimum injection distance was identified in the 64 experimental data at the fixed filtration velocity and pulse pressure. The dust deposit resistance (K d), one of the empirical static model parameters got the minimum value at , d=0.11m, at which the total pressure drop was minimized. The exponent of dust mass number was interpreted as the elasticity of pressure drop to the dust mass number. The elasticity of the unimodal behavior had also a maximum value at , d=0.11m, at which the pressure drop increased most rapidly with the dust mass number. Additionally, the correlation coefficient for the new empirical static model was 0.914.

The pressure drop through pulse air jet-type bag filter is one of the most important factors on the operating cost of bagfilter houses. In this study, the pilot-scale pulse air jet-type bag filter with about 6 ㎡ filtration area was designed and tested for investigating the effects of the four operating conditions on the total pressure drop, using the coke dust collected from a steel mill factory. When the face velocity is higher than 2 m/min, it is not applicable to on-spot due to the increase of power expenses resulting from a high-pressure drop, and thus, 1.5 m/min is considered to be reasonable. The regression analysis results show that the degree of effects of independent parameters is a order of face velocity > concentration > time > pressure. The results of SPSS answer tree analysis also reveal that the operation time affects the pressure drop greatly in case of 1 m/min of face velocity, while the inlet concentration affects the pressure drop in case of face velocity more than 1.5 m/min.

Research results for the pressure drop variance depending on operation conditions such as change of inlet concentration, pulse interval, and face velocity, etc., in a pulse air jet-type bag filter show that while at 3kg/cm2 whose pulse pressure is low, it is good to make an pulse interval longer in order to form the first layer, it may not be applicable to industry because of a rapid increase in pressure. In addition, the change of inlet concentration contributes more to the increase of pressure drop than the pulse interval does. In order to reduce operation costs by minimizing filter drag of a filter bag at pulse pressure 5kg/cm2, the dust concentration should be minimized, and when the inlet dust loading is a lower concentration, the pulse interval in the operation should be less than 70 sec, but when inlet dust loading is a higher concentration, the pulse interval should be below 30 sec. In particular, in the case that inlet dust loading is a higher concentration, a high-pressure distribution is observed regardless of pulse pressure. This is because dust is accumulated continuously in the filter bag and makes it thicker as filtration time increases, and thus the pulse interval should be set to below 30 sec. If the equipment is operated at 1m/min of face velocity, while pressure drop is low, the bag filter becomes larger and thus, its economics are very low due to a large initial investment. Therefore, a face velocity of around 1.5 m/min is considered to be the optimal operation condition. At 1.5 m/min considered to be the most economical face velocity, if the pulse interval increases, since the amount of variation in filter drag is large, depending on the amount of inlet dust loading, the operation may be possible at a lower concentration when the pulse interval is 70 sec. However, for a higher concentration, either face velocity or pulse interval should be reduced.

제주 연안에 서식하는 용치놀래기, 어렝놀래기, 황놀래기, 놀래기를 대상으로 체장에 따른 성 분포와 생식소의 성 특성을 조직학적으로 탐색하여 성 전환 양상을 조사 비교하였다. 용치놀래기, 어렝놀래가, 황놀래기, 놀래기는 자성선숙형 자웅동체어로 조직학적 관찰 결과 정소조직(정자형성부위)이 퇴화기 난소의 전역에 출현하는 혼재형 2에 속하는 어종이었다. 용치놀래기, 황놀래기 그리고 놀래기는 1차 수컷과 2차 수컷이 존재하는 복웅성 어류이고, 조사된 어렝놀래기는

In order to work out statistics of environmental functions of indoor landscape plants in architectures, this study aims to conduct a simulation of how much control plants have over overheating phenomena in atria in summer, involve themselves in air current speed and maintain indoor comfort index, with a numerical analysis model. Thus, nine kinds of representative plants which are usually used for indoor environments were selected, and purified with two irrigations a day for two weeks. And then, their transpiration and photosynthesis amounts were measured three times with a photosynthesis analysis system LICO-6400 at 38℃, which is the highest temperature in the atrium in summer. The data were organized, and another three plants with similar transpiration and photosynthesis amounts were selected. The leaf area which accounts for 10% green zone rate inside the atrium was calculated, and the leaf surplus was removed. And then, the plants were left inside the atrium, and transpiration amount and temperature change were automatically measured for three hours. The maximum temperature change by transpiration of plants was found to be 2.21~2.92℃, which means 0.21~0.23℃ per every 100cm² of leaf area.It is hard to see air current change in atria as convection by plants as the change is at undetectible level with a distribution of 0.08~0.005m/s. However, if air current change is made with fans even in natural air current situations, air current becomes active inside atria as rather cold air moves upward. Therefore, if 0.5 m/s of air current change is made with upward and downward fans in atrium models, the air current speed in the entire atrium converges to the level which gives the most comfort to human.

Draft is defined as an unwanted local cooling of the human body caused by air movement. It is a serious problem in many ventilated or air conditioned buildings. Often draft complaints occur although measured velocities in the occupied zone maybe lower than prescribed in existing standards. Purpose of this study is to clarify the evaluation of thermal comfort based on temperature and air velocity in winter. Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber in winter. Indoor temperature and air velocity was artificially controlled. The experiments were performed to evaluate temperature conditions and air velocity conditions by physiological and psychological responses of human. According to physiological responses and psychological responses, it was clear that the optimum air velocity is about 0.15 m/s and 0.30 m/s.

The change of pressure drop according to the change in the inlet concentration, pulse interval, and injection distance of pulse air jet type bag filters, and the effect of venturi installation are as follows. The pressure drop with the range of 30 to 50mmH2O varies according to the injection distance with 30, 50, 70, 90sec and the inlet concentration of venture built-in fabric filters. For the lower concentration of 0.5g/m3 and 1g/m3, the pressure drop(ΔP) was stable 60 to 90minutes after operation. For the higher concentration of 3g/m3, as ΔP continues to go up, pulse interval should be set shorter than 30 seconds. The pressure drop with the injection distance of 110mm, when inlet dust concentration is 0.5g/m3 or 1g/m3, is 1.3 to 2 lower than with the injection distance of 50, 160, and 220mm, which means that the inflow amount of the secondary air by the instant acceleration is large. The injection distance of 2g/m3 and 3g/m3 has the similar pressure distribution. The higher inlet concentration is, the more important pulse interval is than injection distance. The pressure drop has proved to be larger when inlet concentration is lower and injection distance closer, on condition that the venturi is installed. The change in the pressure drop was smallest when injection distance was 50mm, followed by 220mm, 160mm, and 110mm.