Surface tension as a function of concentration and temperature was measured for aquous solution of sodium N-acyl sarcosinate, RCON(CH3)CH2 COONa, From the intersection points in the (γ-logC) curves, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) was determined at 20, 30, 40, and 50℃. Structural effects on the cmc maximum and the minimum area per molecule at the aquous solution/air interface were discussed. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of micellization and adsorption of surfactant solution also were investigated. Numberous investigators have dealt with sodium N-acyl sarcosinates and their applications as wettings, flooding and reducing agents and as corrosion inhibitors.

This study tries to compare the architectural thought of Michel Foucault with that of Manfredo Tafuri in order to make clear the architectural identity as a social institution. In Michel Foucault's case, the archeology of discourse and the geneology of power were central method to understand the history of occidental society since the Renaissance. Four him, architecture is assumed as a mechanism of operation which make the power effectively radiate in th space. He thinks that a new discursive space was arranged since the 18th century in Europe, the architecture played a role to coordinate divers powers. Mafredo Tafuri, architetural historian, depends on the criticism of ideology in search of the relation between the economic system of capitalism and modern architecture and urbanism. He thinks that all architecture is an institution. And any attempt to overthrow the institution, is bound to see itself turned into a positive contribution and into an ideology, So all architectural attempts to conceal the contradiction of capitalism are negated. This different perspective on architecture exposes many points of dispute: historical periodization, disciplinary limit of architecture, understanding of Enlightenment architecture, utopia and heterotopia, etc.

계면활성제는 수용액에서 미셀을 형성함에 있어서 자기확산이 분자 운동과 상변화에 대하여 자세한 정보를 제공하고 공업적으로 응용할 수 있는 기술이 점차 증가하고 있다. 계면활성제가 미셀을 형성함에 있어 자기확산 정도는 화학구조의 변화성과 상호 결합 및 회합현상에 매우 민감한 것은 사실이다. 특히 계면활성제 용액의 넓은 범위의 분자 시스템과 콜로이드 상태의 변화성은 다향한 물리, 화학적 성질에 기여됨이 많다. 더욱이 미셀 형성에서 자기확산 계수는 분자 치환에 직간접적으로 상호관계가 있어 NMR 분광학에서 스핀 이완속도의 해석과 분자의 재배열, 스핀 이완에 대한 모델선정 등에 많은 관심을 갖는다. 그중 미셀형성에 있어서 자기확산에 대한 측정 방법중 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 Fourier Transform Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo(FT-PGSE) 측정법은 계면활성제의 미셀형성에 대한 상변화성 및 물리, 화학적 성질을 다루는데 새로운 도구로 제공되고 있다. 이는 이 계통의 기술적 측정방법에 있어서 적절한 개선과 새로운 응용분야를 확장하는데 있어서 많은 가능성을 갖고있다. 그리하여 이들에 대한 역사적 배경과 기초적인 이론을 가지고 미셀 형성에 있어 자기확산에 대한 개념을 말하고 그에 대한 응용성을 계통적으로 설명하고자 한다.

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the development of new functional surfactant including new type of anionic surfactants. Anionic surfactants, α-sulfo fatty acids that straight long chain alkyl group having from 12 to 18 carbon atoms, were synthesized with sulfur trioxide-dioxane complex to good yield. Xylitol α-sulfo fatty acid esters were obtained by reaction that the acetification and esterification of xylitol, by addition reaction with sodium chloride and hydrolysis respectively. These compounds were a new group of destructible surfactants which readily hydrolyzed and oxidized in natural water reservoirs. Physical properties of these new compounds involved surface tension, critical micelle concentration(cmc), foaming power, emulsion power, and hydrolysis properties, were measured. The cmc values of the compounds by ring method were assumed to 7.0×10-3~3.0×10-2mol/l range and surface tensions at cmc were 25~31dyne/cm respectively.

폴리올류 비이온성 계면활성제인 sucrose monolaurate, sucrose monomyristate, sucrose monopalmitate, sucrose monostearate 그리고 sucrose monooleate와 같은 5종의 sucrose monoester 유도체들을 선택하여 묽은 수용액내에서 임계미셀 농도와 미셀화 영역을 결정하는 방법으로서 컴퓨터 프로그래밍에 의한 표면장력 곡선의 최대화를 제안하였다. 임계미셀 농도와 미셀화 영역은 몇몇 실험치를 직접 프로그램에 대입함으로써 곡선의 최대화에 의해서 이론적으로 산정할 수 있다. 이론적으로 구한 임계미셀 농도값들은 실측치와 거의 일치함을 알 수 있다.

The thermodynamics of micellization of a new series of ionic surface-active agents, dimethyl alkyl-2-deoxy-2-epi-inosityi-ammonium chlorides, has been examined, A minimum in the critical micelle concentration versus temperature has been observed at 25℃ It has been found that the standard entropy of micellization is always positive showing that miceliization is governed by the gain in entropy associated with the removal of the monomer from an aqueous environment to the micelle over a 15℃ to 45℃ temperature while governed by enthalpy directed process below 25C˚.

2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonia decanoate, 2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonio dodecanoate, 2-N,N,N-trimethyl ammonia tetradecanoate and 2-N,N,N-hexadecanoate with in straight long chain alkyl carboxybetaines, and N-decyl N,N-dimethyl ammonio ethanoate, N-dodecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate, N-tetradecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate and N-hexadecyl N,N-dimethyl ammonia ethanoate with in nitrogen-straight long chain alkyl carboxy betaines measured respectively surface tensions by the stalagmometer method at various temperature, also their critical micelle concentration were evaluated. In micellization, the contribution of standard free energy change(δG˚m), standard enthalpy change(δH˚m) and standard entropy change (δS˚m), have been calculated, with increasing temperature. δH˚m changes from negative, and a similar change in the sign of δH˚m is observed with increasing chain length at 25℃, while the entropy of micellization, δS˚m is positive over the temperature range studied, it becomes less so at higher temperatures. Estimates of the enthalpy and entropy contribution attributable to the ion head group and alkyl chain have been made. The enthalpy and entropy change, per methylene group increase respectively with increasing chain length the result are discussed in terms of current theories of micellization.

The adsorptions of 2-(dimethylalkylammonio)propanoates with straight chain alkyl group having from 12 to 16 carbon atoms on the liquid-air interface were decreased while lowering the surface tensions at critical micelle concentrations. In micellization, the standard free energy changes per methylene in alkyl group were found to make same contribution to the micelle formation of corresponding C-alkylcarboxybetaines, and the standard enthalpy and entropy changes were studied within the range of temperature from 30 to 50℃.

In this study, an effective fluorescence pH sensor based on conjugated polyelectrolyte micelles (CPMs) was devised for detecting extremely acidic conditions. An amphiphilic coumarin derivative (CC12-N), a building block, was prepared, into which an ionizable amino group, aryl amine, was incorporated as a potential hydrophilic moiety. This monomer displays self-assembled micelle formation in extremely acidic pH ranges, giving a hydrophobic π-extended conjugated system at the inner part and hydrophilic functionality at the periphery, resulting in efficient fluorescence intensity enhancement. This new micelle-based fluorescence provides an efficient sensing platform for detecting very low pH values in the presence of competing substances.

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(TTABr) solution including alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). Dephosphorylation of DPNPIN is accelerated by BI⊖ ion in 10-2 M Carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of 4×10-4 M TTABr solution up to 80 times as compared with the reaction in Carbonate buffer by no benzimidazole(BI) solution of TTABr. The value of pseudo first order rate constant(kψ) of the reaction in TTABr solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. The reaction mediated by R-BI⊖ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI⊖, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI⊖ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, TTABr, strongly catalyzes the reaction of DPNPIN with R-BI and its anion(R-BI⊖) in Carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, 4×10-4 M TTABr in 1×10-4 M BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=99.7×10-4 1/sec) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca. 28, when compared with reaction(kψ=3.5×10-4 1/sec) in BI solution(without TTABr). And no TTABr solution, in BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=3.5×10-4 1/sec) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca. 39, when compared with reaction (kψ=1.0×10-5 1/sec) in water solution(without BI).

립스틱의 보습력을 개선하기 위해 수용성 콜라겐(30 wt%)을 역미셀 방법으로 립스틱의 유상 내에 포접하였다. 콜라겐을 포함하는 역미셀은 외부상으로서 caprylic/capric triglyceride와 계면활성제인 polyoxyethylene(10) octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100)와 보조계면활성제로 aliphatic alcohol인 1-dodecanol을이용하여 제조되었다. 콜라겐을 포접하는 역미셀의 형성 조건은 전기전도도와 methylene blue (MB)를 이용한UV-vis spectrum을 통해 확인하였고, 콜라겐 포접체를 함유하는 역미셀의 립스틱에서 안정성 및 보습력은 레올로지 측정, 수분량 측정 및 아미노산 정량을 통해 확인하였다. 물과 계면활성제의 농도비인 W (water-pool),[H2O]/[Triton X-100]는 10이하에서 안정한 역미셀이 형성되었다. 20 wt%의 콜라겐 포접 역미셀을 함유한립스틱은 역미셀을 함유하지 않은 립스틱과 경도에서 큰 차이없이 안정하였으며, 수분량은 59%까지 개선되었고, 아미노산 함량은 92.7%였다.

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTABr) solution including alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) on dephosphorylation of isopropyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(IPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). The reactions of IPNPIN with R-BI⊖ are strongly catalyzed by the micelles of CTABr. Dephosphorylation of IPNPIN is accelerated by BI⊖ ion in 10-2 M carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of 4×10-3 M CTABr solution up to 89 times as compared with the reaction in carbonate buffer by no benzimidazole(BI) solution of 4×10-3 M CTABr. The value of pseudo first order rate constant(kψ) of the reaction in CTABr solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalyzed bimolecular reactions. The reaction mediated by R-BI⊖ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI⊖, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI⊖ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, CTABr, strongly catalyzes the reaction of IPNPIN with R-BI and its anion(R-BI⊖) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, 4×10-3 M CTABr in 1×10-4 M BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=98.5×10-3 sec-1) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.25, when compared with reaction(kψ=3.9×10-4 sec-1) in 1×10-4 M BI solution(without CTABr). And no CTABr solution, in 1×10-4 M BI solution increase the rate constant(kψ=3.9×10-4 sec-1) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.39, when compared with reaction (kψ=1.0×10-5 sec-1) in water solution(without BI). This predicts that the reactivities of R-BI⊖ in the micellar pseudophase are much smaller than that of BI⊖. Due to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of alkyl group substituents, these groups would penetrate into the core of the micelle for stabilization by van der Waals interaction with long alkyl groups of CTABr.

This study is mainly focused on micellar effect of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl) solution including alkylbenzimidazole( R-BI) on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). The reactions of DPNPIN with R-BI⊖ are strongly catalyzed by the micelles of CPyCl. Dephosphorylation of DPNPIN is accelerated by BI⊖ ion in 10 -2 M carbonate buffer(pH 10.7) of 4×10 -3 M CPyCl solution up to 100 times as compared with the reaction in carbonate buffer by no BI solution of 4×10 -3 M CPyCl. The value of pseudo first order rate constant(k m BI) of the reaction in CPyCl solution reached a maximum rate constant increasing micelle concentration. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalyzed bimolecular reactions. The reaction mediated by R-BI⊖ in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by BI⊖, and the reaction rate were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups of R-BI⊖ in Stern layer of micellar solution. The surfactant reagent, cetylpyridinium chloride(CPyCl) , strongly catalyzes the reaction of diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate(DPNPIN) with alkylbenzimidazole (R-BI) and its anion(R-BI⊖) in carbonate buffer(pH 10.7). For example, 4×10 -3 M CPyCl in 1×10 -4 M BI solution increase the rate constant (kψ=1.0×10 -2 sec -1 ) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.14, when compared with reaction (kψ=7.3×10 -4 sec -1 ) in 1×10 -4 M BI solution(without CPyCl). And no CPyCl solution, in 1×10 -4 M BI solution increase the rate constant (kψ=7.3×10 -4 sec -1 ) of the dephosphorylation by a factor ca.36, when compared with reaction (kψ=2.0×10 -5 sec -1 ) in water solution(without BI). This predicts that the reactivities of R-BI⊖ in the micellar pseudophase are much smaller than that of BI⊖ . Due to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of alkyl group substituents, these groups would penetrate into the core of the micelle for stabilization by van der Waals interaction with long alkyl groups of CPyCl.

New functional surfactant, N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecyl-N-(2-methyl benzimidazoyl) ammonium chloride(DDBAC) having benzimidazole(BI) functional group have been synthesized and the critical micellar concentration of DDBAC measured by surface tentiometry and electric conductivity method was 8.9×10-4M. Micellar effects in DDBAC functional surfactant solution on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate(p-NPA), p-nitrophenylpropionate(p-NPP) and p-nitrophenylvalerate(p-NPV) were observed with change of various pH (Tris-buffer). The pseudo first rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV in optimum concentration of DDBAC solution increase to about 160, 280 and 600 times, respectively, as compared with those of aqueous solution at pH 8.00(Tris-buffer). It is considered that benzimidazole functional moiety accelerates the reaction rates of hydrolysis because they act as nucleophile or general base. In optimum concentration of DDBAC solution, the rate constants of hydrolysis of p-NPP and p-NPV increase to about 1.5 and 3.0 times, respectively, as compared with that of p-NPA. It means that the more the carbon numbers of alkyl group of substrates, the larger the binding constants between DDBAC micelle and substrates are. To know the hydrolysis mechanism of p-NPCE(p-NPA, p-NPP and p-NPV), the deuterium kinetic isotope effects were measured in D2O solutions. Consequently the pseudo first order rate constant ratios in H2O and D2O solution, kH2O/kD2O, were about 2.8～3.0 range. It means that the mechanism of hydrolysis were proceeded by nucleophile and general base attack in approximately same value.

In the aqueous solutions the dephosphorylations of isopropyl phenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate(IPNPIN) mediated by hydroxide(OH⊖) and o-iodosobenzoate(IB⊖) ions are relatively slow, because of hydrophobicity of the substrate, and however it appears that OH⊖ is inherently better nucleophile than IB⊖, which is more soft ion. On the other hand, in cetyltrimetylammonium bromide(CTABr) solutions which contain cationic micelles, the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or IB⊖ are very accelerated to 120 or 100,000 times as compared with those in the aqueous solutions. The values of pseudo first order rate constants reach a maximum with increasing. Such rate maxima are typical of micellar catalysed bimolecular reactions and the rise in rate constant followed by a gradual decrese is characteristic of reactions of hydrophobic substrates. In the cationic micellar solutions of CTABr, IB⊖ accelerates the reactions much more than that OH⊖ does. The reason seems that IB⊖ which is more hydrophobic and soft ion than OH⊖ is more easily moved into the Stern layer of the CTABr micelles than OH⊖. In the anionic micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), the dephosphorylations of IPNPIN are slower than those in aqeous solutions. It means that OH⊖ or IB⊖ cannot easily move and approach to the Stern layer of the micelle in which almost all the hydrophobic substrate are located and which has a negative circumstance.

This study deals with micellar effects on dephosphorylation of diphenyl-4- nitrophenylphosphate (DPNPPH), diphenyl-4-nitrophenylphosphinate (DPNPIN) and isopropylphenyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphinate (IPNPIN) mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) in aqueous and CTAX solutions. Dephosphorylation of DPNPPH, DPNPIN and IPNPIN mediated by OH⊖ or o-iodosobenzoate ion (IB⊖) is relatively slow in aqueous solution. The reactions in CTAX micellar solutions are, however, much accelerated because CTAX micelles can accommodate both reactants in their Stern layer in which they can easily react, while hydrophilic OH⊖ (or IB⊖) and hydrophobic substrates are not mixed in water. Even though the concentrations (>10-3 M) of OH⊖ (or IB⊖) in CTAX solutions are much larger amounts than those (6×10-6 M) of substrates, the rate constants of the dephosphorylations are largely influenced by the change of concentration of the ions, which means that the reactions are not followed by the pseudo first order kinetics. In comparison to effect of the counter ions of CTAX in the reactions, CTACl is more effective on the dephosphorylation of substrates than CTABr due to easier expelling of Cl⊖ ion by OH⊖ (or IB⊖) ion from the micelle, because of easier solvation of Cl⊖ ion by water molecules. The reactivity of IPNPIN with OH⊖ (or IB⊖) is lower than that of DPNPIN. The reason seems that the 'bulky' isopropyl group of IPNPIN hinders the attack of the nucleophiles.

The effects of Ca^2+ ion on the formation of micelle colloid of nonionic surfactants, nonylphenol-(ethylene oxide)_n [NP-(EO)n; n=11,40,100) were investigated by the iodine solubilization method. The characteristics of spectra depended on the concentration of Ca^2+ ion and the number of EO unit. Above CMC(critical micelle concentration), the intensity of the CT (chargetransfer) band by the addition of Ca^2+ ion for the NP-(EO)_11 and NP-(EO)_40 increased and then decreased and for the NP-(EO)_100 continuously increased. The increase in the intensity of CT band were attributed to the compactness of micelle in the presence of Ca^2+ ion. These phenomena mad be explained by the fact that the linear ethylene oxide (EO) chain, relatively free to assume various configuration in aqueous solution, could form a pseudo-crown ether structures capable of forming complexes with Ca^2+ ion.