In this study, we performed non-elastic dynamic analyses using LS-DYNA for plate structures made of laminated composite materials. It was used mat_59_composite_failure_shell_model providing from LS-DYNA as material model of composite material The material which is applied in the analysis as CFRP and GFRP, were compared by performing the dynamic analysis in accordance with various layup sequences. Numerical results show structural resistance against impact loading for different materials. In addition, The significance of the layup sequence in analyzing composite structures under impact loading is enunciated in this paper

면진장치는 지진력을 감소시키기 위하여 사용되어왔다. 원자력발전소에 면진장치가 적용된다면, 운영기간동안 구조물과 기기들은 동일한 내구성 및 성능이 확보되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 면진된 원전의 지진에 대한 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 면진구조물의 장기거동을 해석적으로 분석하였다. 경년열화에 의한 면진장치 특성을 분석하였고, 다른 온도환경에서 면진장치의 경년열화에 의한 구조물의 지진응답을 분석하였다. 해석결과에 의하면 면진장치의 경년열화에 의하여 면진구조물의 고유진동수는 증가하였다. 그러나 면진 구조물의 최대가속도와 최대변위는 온도에 따라 크게 변하지 않았다. 면진장치의 열화에 의하여 구조물의 손상은 발생하지 않았지만 목표진동수 영역에서 스펙트럼가속도는 온도에 따라 증가하였다. 따라서 면진구조물에서 면진장치는 온도에 따른 지진응답의 증가를 고려하여 설치 및 제작해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Fe-based amorphous coatings were fabricated on a soda-lime glass substrate by the vacuum kinetic spray method. The effect of the gas flow rate, which determines particle velocity, on the deposition behavior of the particle and microstructure of the resultant films was investigated. The as-fabricated microstructure of the film was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Although the activation energy for transformation from the amorphous phase to crystalline phase was lowered by severe plastic deformation and particle fracturing under a high strain rate, the crystalline phases could not be found in the coating layer. Incompletely fractured and small fragments 100~300 nm in size, which are smaller than initial feedstock material, were found on the coating surface and inside of the coating. Also, some pores and voids occurred between particle-particle interfaces. In the case of brittle Fe-based amorphous alloy, particles fail in fragmentation fracture mode through initiation and propagation of the numerous small cracks rather than shear fracture mode under compressive stress. It could be deduced that amorphous alloy underwent particle fracturing in a vacuum kinetic spray process. Also, it is considered that surface energy caused by the formation of new surfaces and friction energy contributed to the bonding of fragments.

This study carried out finite element deflection analysis of cylindrical shell structures made of composite materials, which is based on the micro-mechanical approach for different fiber-volume fractions. The finite element (FE) models for composite structures using multi-scale approaches described in this paper is attractive not only because it shows excellent accuracy in analysis but also it shows the effect of the material combination. New results reported in this paper are focused on the significant effects of the fiber-volume fraction for various parameters, such as fiber angles, layup sequences, and length-thickness ratios. It may be concluded from this study that the combination effect of fiber and matrix, largely governing the dynamic characteristics of composite shell structures, should not be neglected and thus the optimal combination could be used to design such civil structures for better dynamic performance.

면진장치는 상부구조물의 지진력을 감소시키는데 크게 기여하지만, 고감쇠고무 적층받침에 사용되는 고무재료는 시간이 경과함에 따라 열화되어 상부구조물의 동특성과 기기들의 지진응답에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 면진장치의 경년열화를 고려한 구조물의 지진응답을 분석하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 문헌을 통하여 분석된 고무의 경년열화 특성을 사용하여 면진장치를 모델링하였다. 면진된 원전의 지진응답을 평가하기 위하여 격납건물과 보조건물을 대상 구조물로 선정하고, 진동수 성분이 다양한 입력지진동을 사용하여 구조물의 고유진동수, 최대지진응답, 층응답스펙트럼을 시간의 경과에 따라 분석하였다. 해석결과에 의하면 면진장치의 경년열화에 의하여 지진응답이 소폭 증가하였으며, 면진장치가 설치된 후 20년까지 지진응답의 증가율이 크게 나타나므로 이 기간에 상세한 검사가 시행되어야 할 것이다.

In this paper, the relation between the applied load distribution and the natural frequency of vibration of some structural elements is presented. In this paper, the effects of the loading sizes on the natural frequency of vibration of some structural elements is presented. Many junior engineers get confused on such relations. This method extended to two dimensional problems including advanced composite laminated structures. It is hoped that this paper gives some guideline to such junior engineers.

The dynamic analysis of poles made of advanced composite materials is carried out for different length-thickness ratios and layup sequences. The numerical results using ABAQUS obtained for plates and shells are in good agreement with those reported by other investigators. The new results for laminated composite pole structures in this study mainly show the effect of the interactions between the radius-length ratio and other various parameters. The effect of fiber angles of long composite poles also investigated. Key observation points are discussed and a brief design guideline is given.

In order to prevent the high velocity bullet from penetration, aluminum alloy and RHA(Rolled Homogeneous Armour) steel, which have a high tensile and compressive strength, are usually used as the bullet-proof armor material. Although these materials have a good bullet proof performance, but not an area density which is a weight increasing factor of bullet-proof armor. Therefore, Mg(magnesium) alloy is a promising substitute for the traditional bullet-proof armor material due to the relatively low areal density. The spatial efficiency of Mg alloy, however, is inferior to the traditional material's, which is a volume(thickness) increasing factor of bullet-proof armor. In this study, we select the multi-layered hybrid armor which consist of Ceramic, with a high strength; Mg alloy, with a low areal density; Kevlar, with a high tensile strength-to-weight ratio; in order to make up for the poor spatial efficiency of Mg alloy. By predicting V50 of the multi-layered armor against 9mm FMJ(Full Metal Jarket). we show that the multi-layered armor have the capability in improving bullet-proof performance in the respect of the areal density, but also the spatial efficiency.

The properties of SOFC unit cells manufactured using the decalcomania method were investigated. SOFC unit cell manufacturing using the decalcomania method is a very simple process. In order to minimize the ohmic loss of flattened tube type anode supports of solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC), the cells were fabricated by producing an anode function layer, YSZ electrolyte, LSM electrode, etc., on the supports and laminating them. The influence of these materials on the power output characteristics was studied when laminating the components and laminating the anode function layer between the anode and the electrolyte to improve the output characteristics. Regarding the performance of the SOFC unit cell, the output was 246 mW/cm2 at a temperature of 800˚C in the case of not laminating the anode function layer; however, this value was improved by a factor of two to 574 mW/cm2 due to the decrease of the ohmic resistance and polarization resistance of the cell in the case of laminating the anode function layer. The outputs appeared to be as high as 574 and 246 mW/cm2 at a temperature of 800˚C in the case of using decalcomania paper when laminating the electrolyte layer using the in dip-coating method; however, the reason for this is that interfacial adhesion was improved due to the dense structure, which leads to a thin thickness of the electrolyte layer.

This study deals with an enhanced assumed strain (EAS) three-dimensional element for free vibration analysis of laminated composite and sandwich structures. The three-dimensional finite element (FE) formulation based on the EAS method for composite structures shows excellence from the standpoints of computational efficiency, especially for distorted element shapes. Using the EAS FE formulation developed for this study, the effects of side-to-thickness ratios, aspect ratios and ply orientations on the natural frequency are studied and compared with the available elasticity solutions and other plate theories. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with those reported by other investigators. The new approach works well for the numerical experiments tested, especially for complex structures such as sandwich plates with laminated composite faces.

본 연구에서는 고체요소를 사용하여 내재된 층간분리의 크기 및 위치 변화에 대한 복합소재 적층구조의 자유진동 특성을 분석한다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 3차원 유한요소 모델은 기존의 접근 방법에 비하여 정확성 뿐만 아니라 전 체 진동 모드를 보여준다는 점에서 장점을 갖는다. ABAQUS가 적용된 유한요소 모델은 다양한 내재된 층간분리를 포함하는 적층구조의 자유진동을 분석하기 위하여 사용되었다. 도출된 수치해석 결과는 기존의 연구결과와 비교하 여 잘 일치함을 보였다. 특히, 본 연구에서 제시한 결과는 층간분리의 크기, 길이-두께의 비율, 그리고 층간분리의 위치변화에 대하여 국부 진동 모드에 미치는 중요한 영향들에 대하여 초점을 둔다.

대부분의 건설기술자들은 강판형교나 콘크리트 교량을 단위 폭을 가진 보로 해석 하나 이러한 구조물은 엄연히 복합재료로 이루어진 판(plate) 구조이다. 이러한 구조물은 균등단면에 등분포하중을 받고 4변 단순 지지된 경우가 아니면 정확한 해석이 불가능하다. 복합 재료의 이론은 일반 기술자들이 이해하기 힘드나. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 비교적 쉽게 정확히 해석하는 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문에서는 3경간 연속 판 교량과 포스트텐션된 강교에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다.

The finite element model of various laminated composite structures with delamination is developed based on the higher-order shear deformation theory. In the finite element formulation for the delamination, the seven degrees of freedom per each node are used with transformations in order to fit the displacement continuity conditions at the delamination region. The numerical results obtained for various composite plates and shells with delaminations are in good agreement with those of other preceding investigations. The new results for laminated structures in this study mainly show the effect of the interactions between the geometries and other various parameters, for example, delamination size, the number of layer and location of delamination in the layer direction. Key observation points are discussed and a brief design guideline is given.

This paper analyzed the partial differential equations of laminated composite shells of revolution by using the finite difference method. The proof that numerical results are reasonable and accurate is obtained through converge ratio analysis and commercial program LUSAS for the structural analysis. The purpose of this study is to examine closely the engineering advantages and to analyze the structural behaviors of the anisotropic shells of revolution. Thus, the relevant reinforcement and most suitable arrangement of fiber to produce the highest strength are proposed through the numerical results according to a variety of parameter study. Namely, the distribution of displacements and stress resultants are analyzed according to the change of meridian's curvature, the ratio of height-width of shell, subtended angle, fiber angle, and so on. Using these distribution, the most suitable shell may be proposed to produce the highest strength. Also, the configuration of the entire laminated composite conical shells is analysed, and a variety of the design criterion of circular conical shell are proposed and studied in engineering view points.

The long-period stacking order (LPSO) structures and stacking faults (SFs) in rapidly solidified powder metallurgy (RS P/M) Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations. The 18R-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ACBCBCBACACACBABAB and a period of 4.86 nm was observed in the as-extruded RS P/M Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy. After annealing at 773 K for 5 hr, the 18R-type LPSO structure was transformed to the 14H-type LPSO structure with a stacking sequence of ABABABACBCBCBC and a period of 3.64 nm. The 24R-type LPSO structure containing 24 atomic layers of ABABABABCACACACABCBCBCBC with period of 6.18 nm coexists with the 14H-type LPSO structure in the same grains. The LPSO structures contain intrinsic Type II SFs such as BCB/CABA and ABA/CBCB stacking sequences of a closely packed plane.

본 연구에서는 역학적 특성이 우수하여 다양한 구조에 적용되고 있는 복합적층판에 대한 추계론적 유한요소해석 정식화를 제안한다. 정식화의 제시는 추계론적 수치해석기법 중 그 정확도가 매우 높은 것으로 알려져 있는 가중적분법에 기초하였다. 공간적 불확실성을 가지는 인수로는 두 재료축에 대한 탄성계수와 면내 전단탄성계수가 고려되었다. 이들 재료인수들은 독립적인 추계장함수로 모델링 되었으며, 이들 추계장이 구조거동에 미치는 영향은 지수함수형태의 자기 및 상호상관함수를 적용하여 산정하였다. 수치예제를 통하여 복합적층판이 등방성 및 이방성의 재료에 의한 판 구조에 비하여 거동의 변동계수가 낮음을 보여주었으며, 제안된 해석법의 검증을 위하여 몬테카를로 해석을 동시에 수행하고 그 결과를 상호 비교하였다.