From the standpoint of developing a transformative service to create improvements in collective wellbeing (Anderson & Ostrom, 2015), evidence of a sport–resilience relationship is gradually accumulating in the literature (Kim et al., 2022). Sport management and social science scholars are making considerable efforts to understand how sport entities with transformative services can contribute to consumer resilience—an intervention through a sport consumption experience that affects people’s abilities to cope with adversity (Inoue et al., 2022; MacIntosh et al., 2020). However, little is known about the sport industry and spatial consumer behavior in terms of consumer resilience. Although previous researchers have identified a macro-level association between sport industry and community resilience from a bird's eye view (Kim et al., 2021), it could not determine how and where sport industry at a macro level can be related to individual-level resilience through metaphors of Consumer Desire. Specifically, the spatial patterns of sport consumption (i.e., consumer spatial behavior) can be a result of sport consumer behavior affected by spatial context upon heterogeneous features of sport industry across regions (Kim et al., 2021) in the environment–behavior paradigm (Olsson & Gale, 1968). The macrolevel clustering of the sport industry in a region (environment) can be a community resource to provide individuals with the opportunity for sport consumption (behavior), which promotes the micro-level psychosocial factors for sport consumer resilience (Inoue et al., 2022). Furthermore, recent work illustrates heterogeneous spatial interaction at the regional level of the sport industry and individual-level sport consumption (Kim et al., 2022), suggesting the elaboration of cross-level spatial interaction models (Kim et al., 2021). Accordingly, in this study we aim to not only (a) determine spatially heterogeneous interactions in the association between sport industry and consumer spatial behavior in affecting consumer resilience, but also (b) identify what effect spatial interaction has on cross-level relationships. Using data focused on a multiscale-based nested geographic structure (e.g., individual-level consumption by zip code, county, state, and nation) that could elucidate the sport consumer spatial behavior, We collected multiple types of data from Florida, including the location quotient of the main seven sport industries (e.g., sport facilities) and socioeconomic factors (e.g., social vulnerability) at the county level from secondary sources. In addition, we acquired individual-level data from Qualtrics panels (1,107 Florida residents) to measure sport consumer spatial behavior (e.g., location-based sport consumption experience) and consumer resilience using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. To address spatial interaction and heterogeneity, we used a comprehensive analytical model for global and local spatial analysis, including a spatial multilevel mediation (SMM) model and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. As a result of the SMM model, the county-level cluster of sport facilities affected individual-level participatory sport consumption, which enhanced consumer resilience (cross-level interaction effect). However, considerable spatial non-stationarity appeared in the spatial interaction, indicating interregional interactions in the cross-level effects within a county. The results of MGWR indicated significant spatially heterogeneous patterns in the association between the cluster of sport facilities and participatory sport consumption. That is, it was clarified that the spatial heterogeneous effects of the clustering of sport facilities on sport consumer spatial behavior are associated with consumer resilience. This empirical interdisciplinary work, including sport management, geography, and consumer psychology, advances knowledge of consumer spatial behavior and resilience by demonstrating heterogeneous spatial interactions. Practically, the current study calls for spatial management planning and strategy in sport industry for enhancing consumer resilience through spatial sport consumption, considering spatially varying patterns.

For the commercialization of hydrogen energy, a technology enabling safe storage and the transport of large amounts of hydrogen is needed. Porous materials are attracting attention as hydrogen storage material; however, their gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity (GHSC) at room temperature (RT) is insufficient for actual use. In an effort to overcome this limitation, we present a N-doped microporous carbon that contains large proportion of micropores with diameters below 1 nm and small amounts of N elements imparted by the nitrogen plasma treatment. The N-doped microporous carbon exhibits the highest total GHSC (1.59 wt%) at RT, and we compare the hydrogen storage capacities of our sample with those of metal alloys, showing their advantages and disadvantages as hydrogen storage materials.

Bentonite is a potential buffer material of multi-barrier systems in high-level radioactive wastes repository. Montmorillonite, the main constituent of the bentonite, is 2:1 type aluminosilicate clay mineral with high swelling capacity and low permeability. Montmorillonite alteration under alkaline and saline conditions may affect the physico-chemical properties of the bentonite buffer. In this study, montmorillonite alteration by interaction with synthetic alkaline and saline solution and its retention capacity for cesium and iodide were investigated. The experiments were performed in three different batches (Milli-Q water, alkaline water, and saline water) doped with cesium and iodide for 7 days. Alteration characteristics and nuclide retention capacity of original- and reacted bentonite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) analysis. From the results, cesium retention occurred differently depending on the presence of competing ions such as K, Na, and Mg ions in synthetic solutions, while iodide was negligibly removed by bentonite. Montmorillonite alteration mainly occurred as cation exchange and zeolite minerals such as merlinoite and mordenite were new-formed during alkaline alteration of the montmorillonite. CEC value of reacted bentonite increased by formation of the zeolite minerals under alkaline conditions.

본 연구는 ‘국가 경제에 큰 영향을 미치는 중소기업들의 경쟁우위 강화와 성과 창출을 위해 어떠한 무형자원이 중요할까? 특히, 시장 환경 변화가 크고, 위기·재난 상황일 경우에는 어떤 역량이 필요할까? 시장 환경 변화가 클 때, 중소기업 중 플랫폼기업과 일반 기업의 기업성과에 미치는 역량은 다를 수 있지 않을까?’라는 질문에서 시작되었다. 이를 위해 중소기업의 경쟁우위와 성과에 영향을 미치는 주요 역량으로 기업가지향성, 흡수역량, 조직회복탄력성을 제시하였고, 특히, 최근 기업의 핵심역량으로 부상하고 있는 조직회복탄력 성이 기업성과에 어떠한 조절효과를 갖는지 실증하였다. 또한, 플랫폼기업과 일반기업을 비교하여 기업성과에 미치는 조직회복탄력성의 조절효과를 분석하였으며, 조직회복탄력성의 어떤 하위요소에 따라 조절효과가 달라지는지 실증하였다. 연구 결과, 기업가지향성, 흡수 역량은 모두 기업성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 조직회복탄력성도 기업성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 조직회복탄력성의 하위 구성요소인 위기준비 역량, 위기대응 역량, 변화주도 역량은 기업가지향성과 기업성과 간 관계를 유의하게 조절하고, 위기준비 역량과 변화주도 역량은 흡수역량과 기업성과 간 관계를 유의하게 조절하였다. 그리고, 기업가지향성과 기업성과 간 관계에서 위기준비 역량의 조절효과, 기업가지향성과 기업성과 간 관계에서 위기대응 역량의 조절효과는 플랫폼기업에서만 유의한 결과를 보였다. 연구 결과는 조직회복탄력성이 기업성과에 직접 영향을 줄 뿐 아니라, 기업가지향성, 흡수 역량과 상호작용하여 기업성과를 더욱 높여줄 수 있으며, 플랫폼기업과 일반기업 간 조직회복 탄력성의 조절효과가 다를 수 있음을 시사하였다. 이러한 결과는 중소기업의 경영에 실질적인 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

본 논문은 남북 정상회담에서 합의했고, 문재인 전 대통령이 유엔연설 에서 여러 차례 제의한 종전선언을 북한이 받아들이지 않은 이유를 김일 성이 밝힌 ‘3대혁명역량강화방침’에 입각해서 추론한 것이다. ‘북조선 혁 명역량강화’에서는 핵무력을 보유한 군사적 역량은 어느 때보다 강하지 만 국제제재와 경제난으로 주민들의 불만이 고조되는 등 정치·경제적 역 량은 매우 약화되었다. 이러한 체제내구력 보완을 위해 ‘강한 외부의 적’ 인 ‘미 제국주의’가 필요하므로 평화체제로 전환하는 첫 단계인 종전선언 카드를 받지 못한 것으로 볼 수 있다. ‘남조선 혁명역량강화’에서는 ‘이 석기 내란 선동 사건’처럼 제도권 침투를 비롯해 노동, 교육, 문화, 종교 계 등 사회 저변에 친북·반미 의식이 폭넓게 퍼져있다. 따라서 미-북 간 종전선언으로 인해 평화체제로 전환된다면 반미 명분이 약화되어 70여 년간 축적된 남한의 혁명역량이 치명적 타격을 받을 수 있다. ‘국제 혁명 역량강화’의 핵심은 국제사회에서 반제·반미 통일전선을 형성하여 미국을 고립시켜 궁극적으로 ‘혁명의 가장 큰 장애물’인 주한미군을 철수시키는 것이다. 미-북 간 종전선언이 합의된다면 적대관계가 청산되어 미국을 비롯한 반제·반미 이데올로기로 연대한 ‘국제 혁명역량’이 와해될 수도 있다. 따라서 향후 북한은 자체의 힘으로 충분한 대미 핵 억제력 및 체 제 내구력을 갖추고, 전술핵무기와 배합된 남조선 혁명역량을 완비할 때 까지 ‘종전선언 카드’를 받지 않을 것으로 전망된다.

A bending experiment was conducted to verify the structural performance of the U-flange truss hybrid bean using rebars or steel pipes to reinforce the upper compression zone. As a result of evaluating the bending strength of the truss hybrid beam according to the Structural Design Standard (KDS 14 2020: 2022) by introducing the lattice member as a tensile resistance element, the following conclusions were obtained. Considering the lattice element as a tensile resistance element, the nominal bending strength was increased by 38.57 to 47.90 kN.m. As a result of reviewing the experiment as to whether the flexural member has proper ductility, it was found that it is desirable to place appropriate rebars, steel quality plans, and lateral restraints on the upper and lower parts of the hybrid beam to have sufficient ductility ratio.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and F-actin cytoskeleton dynamics play important roles in the survival rate of blastocysts after the vitrifiedwarming process. However, the protective effects of Mito-TEMPO against cryo-injury and viability through F-actin aggregation and mitochondrial-specific ROS production in vitrificated-warmed bovine embryos have not been investigated. The aims of the present study were to: (1) determine the effects of Mito-TEMPO on embryonic developmental competence and quality by F-actin stabilization during in vitro culturing (IVC), and (2) confirm the effects of Mito-TEMPO through F-actin structure on the cryotolerance of vitrification-warming in Mito-TEMPO exposed in vitro production (IVP) of bovine blastocysts. Bovine zygotes were cultured with 0.1 μM Mito-TEMPO treatment for 2 days of IVC. Mito-TEMPO (0.1 μM) exposed bovine embryos slightly improved in blastocyst developmental rates compared to the non-treated group. Moreover, the viability of vitrified-warmed blastocysts from Mito-TEMPO treated embryos significantly increased (p < 0.05, non-treated group: 66.7 ± 3.2% vs Mito-TEMPO treated group: 79.2 ± 5.9%; re-expanded at 24 hours). Mito-TEMPO exposed embryos strengthened the F-actin structure and arrangement in the blastocyst after vitrification-warming. Furthermore, the addition of Mito-TEMPO into the IVC medium enhanced embryonic survival and quality through F-actin stabilization after the vitrification-warming procedure. Overall, our results suggest that supplementing the culture with 0.1 μM Mito- TEMPO improves the embryonic quality and cryo-survival of IVP bovine blastocysts.

Quality standards of activated carbon for gas-phase applications have been deleted from the Korean national standard list since 2007, and the iodine adsorption test is the only measure currently used for quality assurance. This study was performed to propose a suitable test method and a quality standard for gas-phase activated carbon. The "1/2 saturated vapor adsorption" test has been developed as a simple and convenient method to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbon. In this study, the developed test method was evaluated using model VOCs including toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and ethyl acetate (EA). A virgin activated carbon revealed adsorption capacities of 344mg/g, 322mg/g, and 328mg/g for toluene, EA, and MEK, respectively, and the adsorption capacity for a mixture of the three VOCs was 334 mg/g. When a regenerated activated carbon was applied, the adsorption capacities dramatically decreased to 62 mg/g, 52 mg/g, and 61 mg/ g for toluene, EA, and MEK, respectively. In addition, the 1/2 solvent vapor adsorption tests using 13 different specimens of activated carbon showed that their capacities were closely related to the iodine adsorption numbers, and this study suggested the adsorption capacity of 300 mg/g as a new quality standard. The novel test method and its standard may help to guarantee the quality of gas-phase activated carbon used for VOCs abatement processes.

이 연구에서는 강관말뚝과 확대기초의 연결을 위한 유공강판 전단연결재를 개발하기 위하여 유공전단키의 형상을 결정하기 위한 인장실험과 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 즉, 인장시험편과 같은 평판 형태의 유공강판은 펀치 형 돌기와 굴곡형 돌기의 유공전단키를 갖도록 형성하고 이을 원주형 콘크리트 내에 매립하여 인장실험을 수행하였 으며, 실험 결과는 유한요소해석 결과와 비교하였다. 또한, 유한요소해석을 수행하여 적절한 유공전단키의 종류 및 돌기 폭을 결정하였으며, 이를 통해 결정한 굴곡형 유공전단키에 대한 높이를 결정하기 위한 추가 해석을 수행하였 다. 해석 결과, 굴곡형 돌기의 경우에는 전단저항력을 최대로 확보하고 인장력의 저하를 최소화하기 위하여 돌기의 높이를 두께의 2배로 하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

기업의 혁신적이고 적극적인 성향 또는 활동인 기업가 지향성은 최근 국제경영 분야에서 중요하 게 연구되고 있다. 특히, 기업가 지향성은 기업의 학습 및 역량 개발을 촉진하고, 새로운 시장의 기 회를 인지하고 포착하며, 경쟁 기업들과의 차별화를 가능하게 한다는 점에서 성과에 긍정적인 영향 을 미친다는 주장이 있다. 일부 연구에서는 기업가 지향성이 오히려 성과에 유의미한 영향을 미치 지 않는다는 연구결과도 나타났다. 하지만, 기업가 지향성과 성과 간의 관계는 기업의 자원 및 역 량 등 내부적 환경에 따라 상의할 가능성이 크다. 본 연구에서는 기업의 내부적 요인으로서 흡수 역량이 기업가 지향성의 실행에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인으로 작용할 수 있다는 점을 고려해서 흡 수 역량의 두 가지 차원(잠재적 흡수 역량, 실현적 흡수 역량)이 기업가 지향성-수출 성과에 미치 는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하고자 한다. 한국 수출 기업들을 대상으로 기업가 지향성, 흡수 역량, 수출 성과에 대한 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 기업가 지향성은 수출 성과에 긍정적인 영 향을 미치며, 기업의 실현된 흡수 역량이 높을수록 기업가 지향성의 긍정적인 영향은 강화되는 것 으로 나타났다. 이에, 본 연구는 기업가 지향성-수출 성과 간의 관계에 영향을 미치는 기업의 내부 적 요인을 검증함으로써 학문적 및 실무적 관점에서 의미 있는 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기 대된다.

Large-scale adoption of alternative agricultural practices is needed to manage farm productivity and resources under global changes. Ecosystem models are a tool for developing and evaluating potential solutions at management and policy scales. However, data collection and compilation often lack documentation that hinders model calibration and testing. The objectives of this study were to describe the current soil datasets and to combine soil property data from various sources that are sufficient to support the use of agricultural models under Korean conditions. Numerous sources provide soil data that describe the farm environment by land cover, such as rice and other field crops. The interquartile range of soil organic carbon was 9.10–14.50 g kg-1 across paddy and non-rice field systems. The results suggest that it is premature to perform site-specific simulations of farming systems due to no direct carbon accounting and hydrological conditions of the soil. Global gridded soil information, such as SoilGrids, may supplement the local data, especially soil organic carbon (the interquartile range of 23.43–36.92 g kg-1). However, the descriptive statistics of soil properties extracted from the datasets were not in agreement. Because the Korean agricultural land is characterized by small size (less than 1 ha) and family operation as a management unit, it is crucial to build datasets more representative of small-size farms and relevant to the new generation of models.

Gyeongju radioactive waste repository has been operated to dispose low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Korea since 2016. Currently, only deep geological disposal facility (1st) is in operation, surface disposal facility (2nd) is scheduled to operate from 2024. As a result, the annual amount of radioactive waste that can be disposed of at deep geological disposal facilities and surface disposal facilities is almost determined. According to this result, it was possible to derive the total annual disposal amount to dispose of all radioactive waste at the Gyeongju repository after landfill disposal facility (3rd) construction. To evaluate it, a predictive model has been designed and radioactive waste generation, storage, and disposal data were input. The predictive model is based on system dynamics, which is useful to analyze the correlation between input variables. As a result of analysis, radioactive waste generation amount and maximum annual radioactive waste disposal were predicted to reach 741,615 drum and 17,030 drum per year respectively. From these results, it seems that the expansion of radioactive waste acceptance system or temporary storage is necessary.

Various radionuclides are released and contaminate soils by the nuclear accidents, nuclear tests and disposal of radioactive waste. Among radionuclides, 137Cs is a harmful radioactive element that emits high-energy β particles and γ rays with a half-life of 30.2 years. 137Cs is difficult to extract because it is fixed to soil particles. For the volume reduction technology development of contaminated soil, this study tried to evaluate the irreversible Cs adsorption capacity of granite-originated soil. The soil sample used in the study was collected from C horizon of the soil developed in Mesozoic mica granite. The soil texture, mineralogy, organic content, pH, EC, cation exchange capacity (CEC), water-soluble cation and anion content of the soil samples were determined. A kinetic adsorption experiment and an isotherm adsorption experiment were performed to understand the overall Cs adsorption characteristics using 133Cs. The desorption of Cs by 0.1 mM KCl was also tested for the sample spiked with 133Cs and 137Cs. The soil sample showed a pH of 6.73, EC of 24.50 μS cm-1, and CEC of 1.34 cmolc kg-1, organic matter of 0.53% and sandy loam in texture. Quartz, feldspar and mica were identified as the major mineral components of bulk sample. The clay fraction consists of mica, hydroxyl-interlayer vermiculite (HIV), vermiculite and kaolinite. In the kinetic adsorption experiment, the Cs adsorption showed fast adsorption rates at the initial stage (6 hours) regardless of the 133Cs concentration, and the adsorption equilibrium state was reached after 48 hours. It was the most suitable for the pseudo second-order model. The 133Cs adsorption increased nonlinearly from low to high concentration, which was well match with the dual site Langmuir model. As a result of the desorption experiment, desorption was not performed up to 1.1 mg kg-1 in the presence of competitive ions K+, which is about 0.035% of CEC calculated by the isotherm model. The adsorption of Cs was controlled by frayed edge sites (FES) at a low concentrations and by basal sites or interlayer sites at a high concentration. Irreversible Cs fixation of by FES may be contributed by mainly weathered mica, and when these minerals are separated from the granite origin soil, the possibility of reducing the contamination concentration and volume of radioactive soil waste can be expected.