Both Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Laodelphax striatellus Fallén has been known as the major rice pests which were irregularly migrated into Korea by wind current from China. We re-arranged and compared the resistance profiles to detect the existence convergent adaptation by using the previously published dataset (N. lugens at 2014, 17:711-716 and L. Striatellus at 2016, 19:247-252 in J. Asia Pac. Entomol., respectively). Both species commonly exhibited the high level of resistance to imidacloprids. Especially, the immigrant populations of L. Striatellus exhibited higher resistance level to indigenous populations, suggesting that they would settle down in Korea with insecticide resistance traits being predisposed. To detect the convergent adaptation to insecticide, pearson correlation analysis were employed by comparing mean dosage of LD50 and resistance ratio to nine insecticides. Strikingly, high and similar dosage responses were observed between the two species with high correlation coefficients of 0.928 (df=7, P <0.001) and 0.950 (df=7, P <0.001), respectively, in the comparison of LD50 vs. resistance ratio. This finding indicates that convergent adaption has occurred in both species through consistent selection by insecticides with similar usage patterns.

In order to understand the contribution of seaweed aquaculture to nutrients and carbon cycles in coastal environments, we measured the nutrients & carbon uptake rates of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda sampled at Nakdong-River Estuary using a chamber incubation method from November 2011 to April 2012. It was observed that the production rate of dissolved oxygen by P. yezoensis (n=30~40) was about 68.8±46.0 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and uptake rate of nitrate, phosphate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was found to be 2.5±1.8 μmol gFW -1 h-1, 0.18±0.11 μmol gFW -1 h-1 and 87.1±57.3 μmol gFW -1 h-1, respectively. There was a positive linear correlation existed between the production rate of dissolved oxygen and the consumption rates of nitrate, phosphate and DIC, respectively, suggesting that these factors may serve as good indicators of P. yezoensis photosynthesis. Further, there was a negative logarithmic relationship between fresh weight of thallus and uptake rates of nutrients and CO2, which suggested that younger specimens (0.1~0.3 g) were much more efficient at nutrients and CO2 uptake than old specimens. It means that the early culturing stage than harvesting season might have more possibilities to be developed chlorosis by high rates of nitrogen uptake. However, N & C demanding rates of Busan and Jeollabuk-do, calculated by monthly mass production and culturing area, were much higher than those of Jeollanam-do, the highest harvesting area in Korea. Chlorosis events at Jeollabuk-do recently might have developed by the reason that heavily culture in narrow area and insufficient nutrients in maximum yield season (Dec.~Jan.) due mostly to shortage of land discharge and weak water circulation. The annual DIC uptake by P. yezoensis in Nakdong-River Estuary was estimated about 5.6×103 CO2 ton, which was about 0.03% of annual carbon dioxide emission of Busan City. Taken together, we suggest more research would be helpful to gain deep insight to evaluate the roles of seaweed aquacul-ture to the coastal nutrients cycles and global carbon cycle.

The genus Thomsonina is a small group of Proctotrupidae, with two described species in Palaearctic region: T. boops from Europe; T. scymni from Japan. These species are parasitoids of Scymnus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Genus Nothoserphus was erected on the single species N. mirabilis Brues (1940) from Taiwan (Oriental). Since then two genera, Thomsonina Hellén (1941) from Europe (Western-Palaearctic) and Watanabeia Masner (1958) from Japan (Eastern-Palaearctic), proposed and the taxonomy was revised by Townes (1981) who synonymized Thomsonina and Watanabeia, including three species groups (boops- group, afissae-group and mirabilis-group). At present one genus classification Nothoserphus, is universally accepted. But, Masner (1958) suggested that Thomsonina and Watanabeia should be separated in two distinct genera from the Nothoserphus. This is supported by the different characters and biological data. In this study, the Authors are also agree to the Masner’s proposal and first report the genus Thomsonina from South Korea based on T. scymni. Also, we provide comparison of main different characters and host data for three genera.

Korea had experienced second epidemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and there were the seven affected farms, including two breeder duck farms, from 22nd November 2006 to 6th March 2007. Here, we reported the clinico-pathological characteristics of domestic breeder ducks farms naturally infected with HPAI virus (H5N1). Clinically, the most ducks showed various signs from depression, decreased egg production and feed consumption to even, death. The most commonly gross changes were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on the liver surface, a white stripe on the cardiac muscle, and severely hemorrhagic and deformed eggs. The most significant histopathological changes were necrosis of various cells such as neuron, lymphocytes, cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, blood vessels and pancreatic acinar epithelium. The viral antigen was mainly detected in the endothelium of blood vessels of various organs and tissues, peripheral nerves and neuronal cells. Based on the above results, we identified that HPAI H5N1 induced systemic infection in the adult breeder ducks.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is one of the most important pests of cole crops in the world and is the first insect to evolve resistance to Bt toxins in open-field populations. To search for useful molecular markers for Bt reistance monitoring, the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles of three aminopeptidase N (PxAPN1, PxAPN2 and PxAPN4) were determined for 15 representative regional field populations of P. xylostella. Most regional samples had similar RFLP patterns, whereas PxAPN1 from four regions and PxAPN4 from two regions showed different banding patterns after restriction enzyme treatment, but no differences were found in PxAPN2 among populations. The DNA sequence analysis revealed that a point mutation at the restriction site was responsible for the polymorphism of PxAPN1 but no mutations were observed in PxAPN4. Comparing amino acid sequences of PxAPNs from regional populations with reference PxAPNs (GenBank accession no. AAB70755) revealed that four regional populations possessed a point mutation in the Cry1A binding site of PxAPN1 and five regional populations possessed a deletion of eight amino acids in PxAPN4. These RFLP patterns were consistently observed in Southern regions of Korea, including Kyungsangnam-Do and Jeju-Do. The functional association of these RFLP with Bt resistance is currently under investigation

Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a potential biological control agent of spider mites in orchards. The field occurrence of this species was first reported from citrus orchards in Jeju Island and recently this mite started to be sold as a commercial product in Korea. However, the natural occurrence of N. californicus in the Korean mainland is unclear or quite limited. At this time, it is not certain whether N. californicus can overwinter in the Korean mainland or not. This mite is presently planning to be used as a biological control agent against spider mites in apple orchards of the Korean mainland. The main objective of this study was to investigate natural overwintering sites of N. californicus and possible factor increasing winter survival of this species, to develop effective method for collecting overwintering population of N. californicus. For the first objective, we conducted field survey in two citrus orchards of Jeju in early and late February 2008. Samples were collected from various possible overwintering sites: citrus trees, ground covers and windbreaks. Total 259 phytoseiid mites were collected, 94% of the mites were identified as N. californicus and 98% of them were adult females. Most of N. californicus were collected from ground covers, specially the weed species which had rosette leaves: Youngia japonica (L.) DC. and Erigeron spp. This result seemed to suggest that N. californicus try to hide beneath weed leaves near ground surface during winter to get successful survival. Thus, the second experiments were conducted in Andong from December 2007 to early March 2008. N. californicus conditioned in a greenhouse with natural day length was individually put in a small tube, and the tubes were kept under different ground surface conditions: bare, fallen leaves and urethane foam. When water had been added in the tube, the mites on bare ground had died after one month, while 70% of the mites of the other cover treatments were surviving. In these cover treatments, 7-10% of the mites had survived until two months, and eventually all died within three months. This result showed that hiding under cover structure near ground surface may be effective to increase winter survival of N. californicus. Therefore, collecting weeds which have rosette leaves may be an effective method to estimate of the overwintering possibility of N. californicus in the Korean mainland.

In order to investigate the oceanic condition of fishing ground in the southwestern coastal sea of Korea, the oceanographic observation were carried out by the trainingship of Yosu university on May, August and November in 1998. Main features in the observation are as follows; 1) the ranges of temperature, salinity, density and chlorophyll-a were from 14.5℃ to 18.0℃, from 33.5‰ to 34.5‰from 24.0 to 25.5 and from 1.0μg/l in spring (May) from 15.0℃ to 27.5℃, from 0.0‰ 35.0‰9.0 to 26.0 and from 0.5μg/l to 4.0μg/l in summer(August), and from to 21.0˚ 31.0‰, from 22.0 and from 4.0μg/l to 20.0μg/l in autumn(November), respectively, 2) the temperature in the coastal region was higher than that in the open ocean while salinity, density and chlorophyll-a were lower, and the convection was identified between the surface and the bottom during in spring and autumn, 3) the chlorophyll-a in the this region was varied in each season, being highly distributed offshore Yosu Bay, 4) on evidence of sea water intrusion toward Kumun island was observed.

지난 70년 이래 헝가리자연사전문관의 북한지역 탐사를 통해 채집보관된 표본을 대상으로 검경한 결과 북한산 잎말이나방과 총 26종이 분류.동정되었다. 그중 갈색잎말이, 솔잎말이, 매실애기잎말이, 팥나방, 흰갈퀴잎말이등 5종을 제외한 21종은 북한지역에서는 처음으로 보고되는 종들이다.

To understand the composition, quantity, and quality of Suspended Particulate Organic Matter (SPOM) in the Gangneung Namdae Stream, Korea, we examined spatiotemporal variations in water temperature, salinity, chlorophlly a (Chl a), Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), and carbon stable isotope (δ13C) of SPOM at six stations in June (pre-monsoon), July (monsoon), and September (post-monsoon) 2017. With increasing precipitation, the average POC and C/N values increased significantly in July than in June. In September, the values decreased with decreasing precipitation. The δ13C values showed irregular spatiotemporal fluctuations among the stations and periods, thereby suggesting a greater contribution of autochthonous organic matter to the pool of SPOM than that of allochthonous organic matter derived from upstream. In addition, the large and irregular changes in POC, C/N ratio, C:Chl a, and δ13C compared to that of PON were observed for all periods among the stations, indicating a serial discontinuity of the stream. Our results suggest that the Gangneung Namdae Stream is significantly influenced by the increase in freshwater discharge caused by heavy rainfalls during the summer monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

농가를 방문하는 가금관련업체의 관계자 및 차량은 HPAI 질병 확산의 매개체가 된다. 농가들의 가금관련업체 이용 정보를 이용하면 농가간의 연결을 확인할 수 있고 HPAI 확산 가중 네트워크를 구성할 수 있다. 네트워크 분석중 중심성 측정은 질병에 취약하거나 타 농가에 영향력이 큰 역할을 하는 농가를 분석하는 방법으로 HPAI 초기 확산을 통제하는 방법으로 이용된다. 단, HPAI 바이러스는 네트워크의 연결선 가중치에 따라서 확산 경로가 달라질 수 있다.

계해정변(인조반정, 1623)의 명분은 대개 廢母殺弟 등의 패륜 및 대북의 전 횡에 대한 다른 붕당들의 반발로 이해되어 왔다. 그러나 정변이 성공한 다음날 반포된 반정교서에는 반정의 명분이 광해군의 背明親後金외교(43%), 폐모살제 (31%), 대북의 전횡(14%), 토목공사(10%) 등의 비중으로 발표되었다. 그렇다 면 반정 직후에 널리 강조되었던 외교문제가 이후에 어떻게, 왜 명분에서 사라 졌을까? 병자호란 때 인조는 직접 청 태종 앞에 나아가 叩頭禮를 행하며 항복하 였으며, 정묘호란 때에도 사실상 후금의 무력에 굴복하여 화친을 맺었다. ‘반정’ 을 한 지 4년 만에 그 핵심 명분 하나를 상실한 것이다. 이에 다른 명분인 폐모 살제를 집중적으로 거론할 수밖에 없었고, 그런 記述들이 후대에 이르도록 사 실로 받아들여졌다. 그런가 하면, 폐모 논의에 가담하였던 북인계열 저자들은 폐모살제보다 권력의 전횡을 더 강조하는 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 폐모 논의에 참 여한 약점을 덮기 위해 폐모문제를 최대한 덮고, 그 다음 명분인 권력의 전횡을 강조한 것이다. 이렇듯 인조의 거사가 反正이라는 점에는 다들 동의하였으나, 어떤 亂에서 어떤 正으로 돌이켰는지에 대한 세부 문제에 있어서는 강조점이 시대에 따라, 또 저자의 정치적 배경에 따라 달랐다. 결국, 반정의 본래 명분에 대한 후대의 손질은 ‘반정’의 명분으로부터 자유로울 수 없었던 조선후기사회 의 성격을 잘 보여준다.