Introduction Despite the rise of digital media, TV remains the number one place children spend their media time (Moses, 2014). Past research has shown that less healthy food and beverages such as those containing high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) are prominent in TV commercials (e.g., Carter, Patterson, Donovan, Ewing, & Roberts, 2011). In these commercials, various persuasive techniques (e.g., taste/smell, convenience), which promote the purchase of the products, have been used (Hebden, King, & Kelly, 2011). Extensive studies have found that exposure to advertising for HFSS products, including confectionery, soft drinks, crisps or savory snacks, fast food, pre-sugared breakfast cereals, is associated with children‟s cognition, food consumption, and obesity (e.g., Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Macklin, 1994; see also Moore, Wilkie, & Desrochers, 2017). Since younger children, especially those in the “perceptual stage” of development, may not understand the persuasive or selling intent of commercials (e.g., John, 1999), they may be vulnerable to this advertising. As a result, several countries such as UK and Ireland (Hawkes, Lobstein, & For the Polmark Consortium, 2011) have introduced restrictions or regulations for broadcasting food and beverage commercials for children. The commercials of HFSS food and beverage have sometimes introduced these products with healthier images and words / phrases like health and nutrition claims. Health claims refer to any representation that states, suggests, or implies that a relationship exists between a food (/beverage) or a constituent of that food (/beverage) and health. Nutrition claims mean any representation which states, suggests or implies that a food (/beverage) has particular nutritional properties including but not limited to the energy value and to the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States & World Health Organization, 2013). Using health messages for HFSS food presents the risk of a biased image of the products (i.e., they are „healthy‟), which may result in unhealthy life styles and conditions. In recent years, there has been regulatory pressure on food advertisers to market their products responsibly (e.g., WHO regulations; Kraak et al., 2016). At the same time, the Children‟s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) emerged, in which several leading companies pledged to market their products to children responsibly (see editorial by Boyland & Harris, 2017). Therefore, we were interested in seeing if food and beverage advertising had changed in 2017. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative frequency of food and beverage commercials targeting children with a focus on healthy aspects of the products, their health and nutrition claims, as well as other persuasive techniques. Method A total of twenty hours of programming targeting children was recorded on Nickelodeon and Cartoon Networks in the United States during the hours of 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on two weekdays in September 2017. The advertisements were coded for product type (“food”, “beverage”, fast-food restaurant (“Restaurant: Quick-service/fast food restaurant”), and sit-down restaurant (“Restaurant: Sit-down restaurant”), food type (e.g., “confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”, “bread”, “fruits”, and “vegetables”) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2016; Suzuki, 2018), and persuasive techniques (e.g., “health claims”, “nutrition claims”, “taste/smell/flavor”, “convenience”, “scientific information”, “celebrities/a well-known person”, and “eating /drinking behavior”) (e.g., Hebden et. al., 2011; Jenkin, Madhvani, Signal & Bowers, 2014; Kraak & Story, 2015; Warren, Wicks, Wicks, Fosu, & Chung, 2008). Food type can be classified into two categories; Less healthy (“confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “sweet bakery wares”, “other sweets/desserts”, “Sugared breakfast cereals”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”) or healthier categories related to other food categories (Ofcom, 2004; Nutrition Australia, 2013; Suzuki, 2018). Seven coders independently evaluated the advertisements, with two coders assigned to every programming block. They were trained for about three weeks to read the coding manual, practice coding and discuss the coding scheme, and revise their coding after receiving feedback of the trial coding. To check coding reliability, two independent coders evaluated the same programs. 94.3% agreement was achieved for product type. Results and discussion A total of 856 commercials appeared. Food and beverage advertisements represented 29.0% (N=248). On average, children were exposed to 12.4 food and beverage advertisements per hour. Of all the food, beverage and restaurant advertisements, “food” and fast-food commercials were frequently broadcasted; 40.7% (N=101) were for “food” commercials, and fast-food restaurant commercials accounted for 43.5% (N=108). 12.1% (N=30) “beverage” commercials and 3.6% (N=9) sit-down restaurant commercials were included. Food, beverage and restaurant commercials were more likely to appear on Nickelodeon (36.2%, N=129) than on the Cartoon network (28.4%, N=419) (χ2=5.43, df=1, p<.05). As for the appearances of product type, “food” advertisements frequently appeared on Nickelodeon (54.6%, N=65), whereas the programs of Cartoon network included a lot of fast food commercials (61.2%, N=79). In examining the appearances of “beverage”, “food”, “fast food”, and “others (except food, beverage, and restaurant)” between the channels, the results showed that the programs of Cartoon network were more likely to broadcast “fast food” commercials than those of Nickelodeon, whereas the programs of Nickelodeon were more likely to broadcast “food” commercials (χ2=38.23, df=3, p<.01)1. The majority of food types were “confectionary” (25.7%, N=26), “savory snacks” (16.8%, N=17), “breakfast cereals” (14.9%, N=15), and “pre-prepared convenience foods” (13.9%, N=14). In classifying various kinds of foods into two big categories related to health (healthier or less healthy) as above-mentioned, less healthy food accounted for 88.1% (N=89). No commercials were categorized into three of the healthier categories (bread, fruits, and vegetables). As persuasive techniques for consumers, “health claims”, and “nutrition claims” were low (8.9%). For example, grape juice produced by Welch‟s used the appeal “sugar free”. In the commercials with nutrition claims, there was no significant difference in the appearance between the “beverage” and “food” commercials (χ2=1.70, df=1, n.s.). The other persuasive techniques like “convenience” (75.8%, N=188), “taste/smell/flavor” (51.2%, N=127), and “eating/drinking behavior” (49.2%, N=122) were frequently used. In contrast, the rates of some techniques (e.g., “celebrities/a well-known person”, “scientific information”) were very low. As for the persuasive technique of “celebrities/a well-known person”, the category of product type was classified in only the “beverage” category. Thus, this study indicated that there were not many less-healthy food commercials that appealed to health and nutrition aspects of the products by using health and nutrition claims, or scientific information. In previous studies, the rate of health and nutrition claims varied between less than 10% to more than 30% (Jenkin et al., 2014). This may be due to the differences in the definitions of health and nutrition claims. Our study referred to the international standard definitions. Therefore, the findings regarding the rate of health and nutrition claims in this study can contribute to overall knowledge about the current spread of health and nutrition claims in “less healthy” food commercials of children‟s television programs. It may also be the case that food companies are acting more responsibly by limiting their persuasion techniques to those that relate to taste or convenience and not by misrepresenting the products as healthy. However, overall, the proportion of less healthy food commercials was high, and various persuasive techniques were used. At the same time, there were no commercials for fruits or vegetables presented during this time frame despite governmental regulations for eating these healthier foods. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the ways that certain foods are promoted (or are not promoted) among parents and policy-makers. As the sample used in this study was recorded only on weekdays and through the two kids' channels. It would be expected that the future study develop the analysis for the recorded commercials on weekends and on the other local channels. The sample used in this study was analyzed only on weekdays and through two children‟s channels. Future research might examine food and beverage advertising across different time frames and channels.

Over the past few years, companies have started moving into specific niches in plus-size fashion. The purpose of this study was to verify the marketability of young plus-size clothes in the USA. Data were collected from female consumers aged from 20 to 39 who have experience of purchasing plus-size items. A total of 282 responses were used for statistical analysis. The research result is as follows. First, the obesity stress is affected more by the subjective obesity level than by the objective obesity level and by how people recognize their body types. Second, from an analysis of the factors affecting the shopping orientation of plus-size consumers, style consciousness, pursuing reasonable, emphasizing comfort, and body consciousness are found to be important factors. Third, even if responders are aware of their exact body size, they actively look for the correct size. Fourth, fit evaluation of plus-size products is based on the factors of size fit and movement fit. The respondents were unsatisfied with chest and arm measurements, which deviate widely by body type for tops. Fifth, the overall dissatisfaction with the plus-size market is attributed to the fact that the product assortment range from which to select styles is narrow, and trend reflection is low. Sixth, the respondents tended to avoid fabrics that make their body type more obvious, textures that give the impression of a larger body size, or stiff textures. These results show that the psychological and physical characteristics of obese consumers should be considered to develop products for the young plus-size market.

전통적인 아케이드게임 강국이라 불리던 미국이 중국과 일본을 중심으로 발전하고 있는 VR 테 마파크산업 발전에 대항하여 VR 기술의 도입을 적극적으로 추진하고 있다. 한 때 PC방 문화를 이끌면서 온라인 게임강국이란 이름으로 불리던 우리나라 게임업계와 테마파크업계도 에버랜드나 롯데월드와 같은 기존의 대형 놀이공원에 VR 기술을 도입하는 수준이었으나, 최근 송도, 이태원, 홍대, 동대문 등의 시내에 도심형 테마파크들을 속속 개장하면서 VR 테마파크 산업을 새로운 VR 산업의 핵심 분야로 발전시키고 있다. VR 테마파크산업이 발전하기 위해서는 VR 관련 하드웨어나 소프트웨어를 개발하는 민간기업 뿐만 아니라 정부의 지원 대책도 필요하며, 사용자들이 VR 콘텐츠를 체험하는 과정에서 발생 가능한 다양한 문제점들을 극복할 수 있는 대책이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는, 정부의 강력한 지원과 대규모 잠재고객의 확보로 전 세계 VR 테마파크 시장을 선점하고 있는 중국의 VR 테마파크산업과 롤러코스터와 아케이드로 활황을 누렸던 과거의 테마 파크산업을 다시 부흥시키기 위해 VR 기술을 도입하여 VR 테마파크산업을 발전시키려는 미국의 테마파크산업과 비교와 분석을 통해 한국 VR 테마파크산업이 가져야 할 경쟁력 강화 방안을 도출해 보고자 한다.

목적 : 우리나라와 선진국의 보조공학 서비스체계를 비교 검토하여 향후 국내 보조공학 서비스체계 개선에 사용될 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 결과 : 자격증 제도를 기반으로 한 미국, 일본, 한국은 각각 약 4000명, 1000명, 1200명의 보조공학 서비스 전문 인력을 배출하였고, 호주는 별도의 자격증 제도가 없이 약 19,000명의 작업치료사를 포함한 여러 직종이 보조공학 서비스 제공 보건 전문 인력으로 지정되어 있다. 4개국 모두 보조공학 서비스 인력에 작업치료사가 포함되어 있다. 호주를 제외한 미국, 일본, 한국 3개국은 보조공학 단독법이 제정되어 있고, 최초 제정 시기는 미국은 1988년, 일본은 1993년, 한국은 2015년이다. 서비스 전달체계의 경우, 미국, 일본, 한국은 연방정부나 중앙정부의 규제 아래 있지만, 호주는 주 별로 서비스체계가 다르다. 나라별 서비스전달체계 유형은, 미국은 지급자-전문가 중심, 일본은 공급자-매개자 중심, 호주는 전문가-수혜자 중심, 한국은 공급자-지급자 중심으로 분류된다. 결론 : 선진국의 서비스체계와 비교하여 한국은 서비스의 보급도, 접근성, 전문성 측면에서 미비함을 보이며, 이를 개선하기 위해 보조공학센터 활성화 및 서비스 전문 인력 제도의 재정비가 필요하다. 서비스전달체계의 무게중심은 나라별로 차이가 있는데, 미국과 호주는 전문가 중심, 일본과 한국은 공급자 중심이라는 공통점이 있다. 특히 한국의 서비스전달체계는 4개국 중 가장 공급자 중심으로써, 집행체계의 기능이 보강되는 형태로 제도가 개편될 필요가 있다.

서론 : 본 논문은 수동휠체어와 전동휠체어를 지원하는 제도에 관해 국내와 국외를 분석하고, 한국⋅미국⋅일본의 제도를 비교하여 한국에서 이동성 보장구 지급을 위한 제도적 발전방향을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본론 : 한국⋅미국⋅일본 세 개 국가의 이동성 보장구 지원정책에 대해 분석하고, 각 나라별로 지급하는 이동성보장구의 종류와 지원서비스에 관하여 고찰하였다. 분석 결과 미국과 일본에서는 수동 및 전동휠체어를 기능별로 세분화시켜 장애인의 기능에 적합한 보조기기를 제공하고 있다. 또한 보조기기를 제공하는 전담기관을 설치하여 휠체어지급에 필요한 서 비스뿐만 아니라 치료와 훈련과 같은 종합적인 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 마지막으로 휠체어 지급 시 전문가의 의견을 토대로 적합한 휠체어를 제공하고 있다. 결론 : 우리나라 역시 장애인들에게 적합한 보조기기를 지급하기 위해 지급되는 수동 및 전동휠체어의 종류를 세분화 할 필요가 있고, 다양한 서비스를 제공하기 위한 제도적 개선이 필요하다. 본 연구가 보조기기 지급제도의 개선에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

Teacher quality is a topic of international concern, as it impacts student learning and teacher preparation. This study compared the undergraduate secondary science teacher preparation programs from two universities in Korea with those of Oregon, USA. We examined the programs’ structural curricular coherence, conceptual curricular coherence, and curricular balance. Structural curricular coherence was determined by examining the overarching goals of the institutions’ programs, the organization of the programs of study in terms of meeting those goals, and outside bodies of evidence. All universities were in structural coherence for various reasons. Conceptual curricular coherence was determined by examining students’ perceptions of the connection between their preparation and their clinical practice. In case of Korea, most students from both universities were not satisfied with their practical preparation. In the US, the students from both institutions felt well prepared to transition to inservice teaching. To determine curricular balance, we examined the institutions’ preparation programs looking at the credit hours taken in the four main areas of the teacher knowledge base: GPK (General Pedagogical Knowledge), SMK (Subject Matter Knowledge), PCK (Pedagogical Content Knowledge), and CK (Contextual Knowledge). The total credit hours taken in each category was very similar by country but the application and field component in the USA was far greater than those of Korea where the focus was heavily on SMK and PCK. The main reason for these may be the nations’ licensing and employment processes. Keywords: teacher quality, teacher preparation program, inservice, preservice, curricular coherence

이 연구의 목적은 한국과 미국의 테러대응 입법 및 개정과정에서의 정 책의 변동과정을 정책흐름모형을 적용하여 심층 검토함으로써 정책적 함 의를 찾고 향후, 우리나라의 테러방지법을 발전을 위한 의사결정과정의 효율성을 제고하는데 있다. 이를 위해 9/11 테러사건 이후 현재 적용되 고 있는 테러대응 법률 입법과정에 대한 기존연구와 정책흐름 모형의 선 행연구를 검토하였다. 그리고 우리나라의 테러방지법과 미국의 애국법· 자유법의 입법절차와 법적용에 있어서의 쟁점사항을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 첫 번째 김대중 정부(16대 국회)∼노무현 정부(17대 국 회)∼이명박 정부(18대 국회)에서는 국가전체의 절박성과 정책선도자의 의지가 부족하여 정치의 흐름을 이끌지 못하였지만, 박근혜 정부(19대 국회)에서는 여당의 국회의원들은 강한 의지를 가지고 입법안을 발의하 는 등 정책선도자로서 정부의 강력한 법제정 추진의지에 의해서 법을 제 정할 수 있었다. 또한 2015년 11월 파리 동시다발 테러사건과 북한의 핵 문제 등 안보현안이 정책변동의 영향력으로 결정적으로 활용될 수 있 었다. 그러나 국회를 통과하는 과정에서 진보진영의 반대에 대한 타협안 을 만들면서 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 중요한 법 목적에 관 련된 사항을 양보하여 정책의 성과 면에서 실효성이 부족하다는 평가를 피하지 못하고 있다. 두 번째, 미국의 경우 9/11 테러사건이라는 전대미문의 테러의 공포가 미국 전체를 패닉상태로 몰아넣었다. 부시행정부(114대 연방의회)는 안 보매파의원의 주도로 국가정보기관에게 무차별적 개인정보 수집 등 시민 의 자유와 사생활 보장이라는 선진민주주의의 가치를 희생시키면서 애국 법을 제정하는데 성공하였다. 테러사건 이후 불과 20여일 만에 이룬 법 제정의 성과였다. 그 후 여러 인권관련 사건을 거치면서 시민의 자유와 사생활 보장을 위한 법의 개정을 주장하였고 10여 년 동안 꾸준히 애국 법 개정안을 내놓았다. 그러나, 2013년 에드워드 스노든(Edward Joseph Snowden) 폭로사 건은 애국법을 개정하기 위한 결정적인 계기로 작용하였다. 애국법 연장 에 대한 안보매파들의 법 수호 의지는 극렬했으나 오바마 대통령은 상원 을 압박하여 자유법을 통과시켰다. 이 과정에서 정략적 차원을 넘어서 공화당원 중에서도 애국법 제정을 주장하였고, 긍정적 정책변동과정은 국가안보’와 ‘미국시민의 기본권 보장’의 균형을 이루었다는 평가를 받으 면서 현재까지 현행법으로써의 역할을 다하고 있다. 2016년 3월 3일 우리나라도 숱한 정책변동을 겪으면서 테러방지법을 보유한 국가가 되었지만 정책성과면에서 부족한 점이 많다는 비판을 받 고 있다. 테러의 정의, 테러위험인물의 범위 등 개정해야 할 여지가 많다 는 관계자들의 의견이 또한 비등하다. 무엇보다도 이러한 정책산출(정책 성과)의 실효성이 부족한 우리의 정치문화를 되짚어봐야 한다. 그리고 앞으로 정책산출이 높은 테러방지법으로 개정·보완하기 위하여 의사결 정 과정에 있어서 효율성을 제고할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate EU, UK and USA’s laws and standards related to safety criteria for commercial kitchen machines. The study was based on literature survey and web surfing. The results revealed that EU has relevant directives by kitchen machines and harmonized standards according to the directives. The directives and harmonized standards are translated into the laws and standards of EU member countries, respectively. The kitchen facility relevant legal systems of UK and USA do not prescribe the safety devices or measures, but only the basic health and safety requirements. The requirements were forcefully implemented through the certificate systems such as CE(Confommite European), UL(Underwriters Laboratories), etc. Only products with CE, UL or NRTL(ationally Recognized Testing Laboratory) certificate marking can be placed on the market of EU and USA, or put into service. For achieving the certificates, all requirements regulated in the relevant standards should be met. The standards of UK and USA were presented by kitchen machines or by standards themselves, respectively. Safety devices required by the standards were also summarized by kitchen machines and their risk factors.

Even though we had a lot of obstacles to solve these issues, Jeju National University , Hokkaido University, Hawaii University, American Graduate School of the Paris, and University of Sydney have raised reparation topics through the Peace Island Forum, Peace Island Leadership School and Global Peace Bultuk Assemblies (Bultuk being a meeting place of Jeju woman divers surrounding stones at the sea side) since July of 2010. It was a cornerstone achievement that we presided over at "SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE: THE MASS KILLING OF KOREA JEJU ISLANDERS DURING U.S. PEACETIME OCCUPATION" with the University of Hawaii Law School and Hokkaido University together. Based on these gatherings we can start the Petition by Jeju people on Jeju Island Korea, which is calling for A JOINT SOUTH KOREA AND UNITED STATES JEJU 4.3 INCIDENT TASK FORCE TO FURTHER IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND FOSTER COMPREHENSIVE AND ENDURING SOCIAL HEALING THROUGH JUSTICE to advance the mutual interests of Jeju residents and the governments and people of South Korea and the United States ( March 27, 2014).

온난화와 같은 전지구적 변화는 기온과 강수 등 기상요소에 직접적으로 반영되어 곡물 수확량의 변화를 가져온다. 기후변화 시나리오에 기초한 선행연구들에서는 GCM (general circulation model)의 공간해상도 문제로 인하여 상세한 모의가 어려웠고, 시계열통계법을 활용한 연구들에서는 기후요소를 통합하여 수확량을 예측한 사례가 매우 드물었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 상세화된 기후재분석자료의 시계열모델링을 통하여 옥수수와 콩의 수확량 예측실험을 수행하였다. 미국 아이오와 주의 99개 카운티를 대상으로 1960년부터 2009년까지 50년간의 고해상도 기후재분석자료와 정부통계 수확량 DB를 구축하고, 시계열통계법인 VAR (vector autoregression)와 ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average)를 이용하여 다음해 수확량 예측실험을 10개 연도에 대해 수행하여 예측력을 평가하였다. VAR는 16-18%, ARIMA는 11-14% 의 오차율로 다음해의 수확량을 예측할 수 있는 것으로 집계되었으며, 옥수수의 경우 표토의 산성도, 심토의 점토와 나트륨 함유량 등의 토양특성 이 실제 수확량 및 예측정확도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Increasing consumer scepticism about corporate behaviour has led companies to actively manage and advertise their corporate brands. However, it remains unclear how receptive consumers across different markets have been to such efforts. This study examines (i) consumer involvement (a motivational state activated by personal relevance of a stimuli) levels and (ii) processes with corporate advertising to demonstrate differences and similarities with product advertising across multiple markets. Using between subject experimental design, the study was conducted across three different markets with varying degrees of economic development i.e. USA (n = 285), France (n = 217) and Pakistan (n=311). Results demonstrate that consumer involvement levels with corporate advertising is higher in USA than in France and Pakistan. American consumers tend to be involved with corporate advertising as much as they are with product advertising, whereas, French and Pakistani consumers are more involved with product advertising. Apart from differences in involvement levels, study findings demonstrate substantial similarities in involvement processing and how they impact ad attitude and consumers’ behaviour across both the markets. The study holds importance for corporate communication and product managers with cross national responsibilities as it establishes differences and similarities for corporate and product ad involvement across developed and emerging markets.

Coastal areas across the globe and people who live in them are vulnerable to a host of natural disasters including hurricanes, typhoons, and tsunamis. During the past several decades, coastal communities of the world have also been seriously affected by man-made disasters resulting in severe social, economic, and environmental damages. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) was the worst man-made disaster for the Gulf coast communities of the US. Community residents and resource organizations in the Florida Gulf coast responded quickly to address social, economic, and environmental needs after this disaster. The purpose of this single case study is to determine these community responses. The research uses documents from community organizations and in-depth interviews with community leaders. Constant comparative analysis method was used to determine major and sub categories of community efforts. Results show that community efforts centered on collaboration, outreach, and grassroots mobilization for resiliency after the disaster.

The paper examines how culture and desire for status influence the consumption of luxury brands in two culturally dissimilar countries: Vietnam and USA. Based on survey data from the two countries, results confirm that desire for status is a key factor for the consumption of luxuries in both countries. The cultural context of collectivism reinforces the effect of desire for status. Of all the collectivist/individualist orientations, vertical individualism was found to increase desire for status.

Background & Research Objectives The ever-changing nature of fashion and multicultural consumption motives shape and challenge the contemporary global fashion world. To some extent, it has been experienced that individuals across countries engage in similar fashion movements simultaneously. Therefore, it may be assumed that there partially exists a homogenized, transnational global consumer segment when it comes to the purchase of clothing items. Nevertheless, on the other hand, there still remain several divergences in the consumption behavior of fashion products around diverse parts of the world (Yurchisin & Johnson, 2010). It is universally agreed that consumers engage in shopping with specific decision-making modes and styles which make the search for a common instrument that is able to describe the purchase orientation of fashion consumers across cultures quite problematic and challenging. Indeed, according to the buyer´s cultural backgrounds, fashion consumption motives and the benefits searched for when buying an apparel product could be very different (Tahmid, 2012).Today´s fashion consumer is characterized by a continuously evolving set of complex wants and needs that can be satisfied by a wide variety of competing alternatives (Pandey & Dixit, 2011). The different aspirations and motivations which consumers express are generally shaped by various shopping outcomes which they are prone to achieve (Yurchisin & Johnson, 2010).Motivation is described as an internal state that activates goal-oriented behaviour. It refers to the processes that lead people to behave as they do. It occurs when a need is aroused that the consumer wishes to satisfy. The need creates a state of tension that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate it. This need may be utilitarian (i.e., a desire to achieve some functional or practical benefit) or it may be hedonic (i.e., an experiential need, involving emotional responses or fantasies). Marketers try to create products and services to provide the desired benefits and help the consumer to diminish this tension (Solomon, 2013).It is advocated that fashion consumption is made up of two major categories of drivers, namely social consumption motives and individual consumption motives which both represent psychological determinants. Those psychological factors influencing apparel purchase behavior can be separated into rational, emotional (perceptional) and patronage motives (Diamond, 2005). Rational motives replicate a pragmatic orientation, such as quality- or price consciousness in purchase behavior. In contrast, emotional drivers include, amongst others, motivations linked to physical vanity and fashion consciousness, adventure-, gratification- and pleasure seeking, materialism, status and conspicuousness, impulsive and compulsive consumption. Patronage motives, on the other hand, reflect habitual buying and for instance are connected to brand-consciousness and store loyalty (Diamond, 2005). By profiling international apparel consumers based on their individual decision-making styles and modes, more meaningful ways to identify and understand different cross-cultural customer segments are offered. As a result, fashion industries are able to target each customer segment with more focused marketing-strategies, based on their motives and aimed-for benefits linked to purchasing clothing products.This topic raises a number of important questions for researchers and practitioners. To the authors´ knowledge no empirical contributions to compare and contrast prevalent motives of apparel consumption in Western nations exist. Hence, in order to fill this research gap and broaden this important research area, this explorative study focuses on the identification and discussion of similarities and differences in buying characteristics between the USA, France, Germany and Austria by analyzing valuable motives that have not yet been empirically examined in a cross-cultural fashion context. Methodology Starting with a review of existing literature regarding generic consumer decision making motives, like e.g. Sproles & Kendall (1986), Mokhlis (2009) and Hiu, Siu, Wang & Chang (2001), an initial classification into rational, emotional and patronage motiveswas undertaken for the field of fashion, which later on was expanded using the results of a qualitative pre-study conducted with 50 interviewees in New York to gain first insights as a basis for the proximate, main empirical research. In compliance with triangulation theory in social science (see e.g. Cohen & Manion, 2000), which advocates data collection from manifold sources, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research was carried out in the core study, consisting of expert interviews and an online consumer survey. Due to a lack of existing literature foundation, the main research is explorative and not based on specific hypotheses. In the first section, a qualitative analysis of the mentioned motives was done using NVivo on the grounds of 16 expert interviews with fashion marketing communication and design experts in the four research countries. The second part of the empirical study was conducted via a quantitative consumer survey, to enable a Web based questioning through Lime Survey. To minimize possible language barriers, the questionnaire was delineated in three languages, translated from English into French and German by bilingual professionals in order to ensure best possible quality, precision, accuracy, reliability and validity of the empirical study. For this specific type of quantitative research, a stratified random sampling procedure was applied. Altogether, 693 individuals (482 female and 211 male subjects) participated in the online survey, 174 in USA, Germany and Austria respectively, and 171 in France. The total non-student sample included participants with a mean age of 28.4 years. Subjects were asked to evaluate 22 rational, emotional and patronage motives derived from literature and the pretest on a 7 point Likert scale. Cross-cultural similarities and differences were revealed throughout the examination process. An analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) on the mean values and a subsequent Post-Hoc Tukey Test disclosed significant variations between the four nations for 15 out of the 22 tested motivational determinants influencing fashion consumption behavior. In a first step, the authors refrained from using a factor analysis, in order to retain more detailed information. Findings demonstrate that American consumers pay the most attention towards price-value relations and cheap deals, compared to the remaining countries. They additionally consider quality attributes the least when deciding upon which fashion products to buy. In contrast to the other nations, American consumers are most pragmatically oriented when deciding upon which apparel items to purchase. Furthermore, they engage the least in spontaneous clothes shopping in the spur of the moment. An investigation of the preferred brand segments per country supported these outputs by highlighting the statistic that American consumers buy significantly less apparel from the upper-middle price segment than Austrian, German or French consumers. Accordingly, in comparison to the other nations, American consumers purchase the most value/discount fashion. Moreover, outcomes illustrate that French consumers have a higher tendency of buying garments from the same stores and boutiques than Austrian and German consumers. Correspondingly, Austrian and German consumers feel significantly less confused by over-choice of apparel offerings than French consumers. To that effect, in terms of country of origin being a characteristic that impacts fashion consumption, findings prove that French consumers value national heritage of clothing more than Austrian and German consumers. Indeed, they tend to also pay more attention to buying apparel that originates from the home country. Outcomes further pinpoint that compared to Austrian and German consumers, Americans and French utilize fashion significantly more to make a positive impression on others, feel socially belonging and accepted as well as to be part of a reference group. In contrast to Austrians and Germans, Americans are more likely to adjust their wardrobe to the specific expectations and norms of their working environments. In addition, results indicate that French consumers devote more consideration towards dressing in accordance to their job conventions than Austrian and German consumers. Interestingly, Austrian and German consumers value physical vanity significantly more than American and French consumers. French consumers, however, employ fashion the most as a means of boosting satisfaction with one´s self-image, compared to the other research nations. Detailed results of the empirical study will be thoroughly discussed in the presentation in order to explicitly highlight specific common and divergent archetypes and patterns between the research countries. Additionally, final key outcomes, in-depth implications as well as limitations and directions for future research will be addressed in the conference.

북미 교회에서 현대의 교회론에 관한 담론 중에 ‘선교적 교회’가 일종의 구호가 되어버렸는데, 한국 교회에도 점진적으로 영향력이 확대되고 있다. 하지만 선교적 교회의 신학담론은 많이 제시되고 있지 만, 그 실천 양상에 대해서는 논의가 더욱 확대되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 논문은 선교적 교회론의 신학적 기초와 미국교회에서 선교적 교회가 실천적으로 어떻게 적용되고 있는지에 대한 양태를 연구하였다. 본 연구를 통해 드러난 것은 미국에서 선교적 교회론은 과거의 선교적/ 교회론적 담론을 계승할 뿐 아니라 심화시켰다는 점이다. 또한 그 실천은 여전히 진행형이지만 다양하게 적용되는 양태를 보이고 있다. 실천양태를 통해 이원론적 접근방식의 극복과 균형진 문화적 적절성, 인식학적 겸손의 강조, 예수의 삶과 예수의 가르침에 대한 균형 잡힌 숙고, 성육신적 실천과 기하급수적 성장 사이의 균형이 필요함을 제시 했다. 선교적인 함의로는 한국교회에 대한 분석에 앞서 한국 사회에 대한 선교사회학적 분석이 필요하며 네트워크화한 집단논의를 통하여 선교적 교회 지표에 대한 합의가 필요함을 제시했다. 이런 지표들이 설정된다면 선교적 교회론의 방향성을 제시하는 역할을 할 것이다. 이 과정에서 이론과 실천이 한 방향이 아니라 양방향으로 작용하여야 한다. 이는 이론을 실천하는 과정과 결과를 모니터링하여 보완된 신학 적 이론이 새로운 실천되도록 하는 순환구조를 의미한다. 그런 순환구 조와 다양한 적용의 가능성을 열어두는 것은 실천가들이 전통적인 교회론적 가치들을 선교적 교회 신학의 관점에서 재해석하고 창조적으 로 새로운 적용을 하도록 만들 것이다. 선교적 교회론은 여전히 종말론 적인 목표를 지향하고 있는 순례과정이기 때문이다.