In theory, reparations provide redress for past injustices. They reflect political attempts to seek to balance the scales of justice in the wake of crimes against humanity, gross human rights abuses, and other tortious state action. As one of the more politically salient legal academic subjects, however, it is clear that the sociopolitical processes within and between states greatly influence when, why, and how reparations are used. Reparations theorists have done an excellent job developing vital models for use by states to provide warranted redress. Roy L. Brooks and Eric Yamamoto, both of whom have contributed to this journal in the past, have developed the Atonement and Social Healing models of reparations respectively.

The uninhabited Senkaku islands, which have been administered by the Okinawan local government, have been claimed by Japan, China and Taiwan. The vicinity of the disputed islands has long been identified as possessing potential oil and gas resources. The territorial disputes have been intensified after the Japanese government nationalized the islands in 2012. The situation has been regarded as the most serious for Sino-Japanese relations in the post-war period in terms of the risk of militarized conflict. The Chinese government used “core interests” to describe national sovereignty over the islands which it will make no compromise at any price, while the Japanese government hardened its stance by insisting that there is no territorial dispute to negotiate with China over the islands. The peaceful settlements on the disputed islands are complicated because it involves history, economy, security and nationalism. This paper argues that the best way to ease territorial disputes will be to create a common economic zone based on mutual understanding and economic interests through the wisdom of the islands of Okinawa and Taiwan based on a growth triangle (GT) approach. China has been claiming that the disputed islands are under Taiwan’s jurisdiction. Both Japanese and Chinese central governments should leave all powers to both Okinawa and Taiwan governments for peaceful, joint development of the disputed waters.

Coastal areas across the globe and people who live in them are vulnerable to a host of natural disasters including hurricanes, typhoons, and tsunamis. During the past several decades, coastal communities of the world have also been seriously affected by man-made disasters resulting in severe social, economic, and environmental damages. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) was the worst man-made disaster for the Gulf coast communities of the US. Community residents and resource organizations in the Florida Gulf coast responded quickly to address social, economic, and environmental needs after this disaster. The purpose of this single case study is to determine these community responses. The research uses documents from community organizations and in-depth interviews with community leaders. Constant comparative analysis method was used to determine major and sub categories of community efforts. Results show that community efforts centered on collaboration, outreach, and grassroots mobilization for resiliency after the disaster.

Moon-Young Lee is a layman, not a theologian or pastor, who practiced and influenced Christian values and world view during his academic journey. His impact has been felt for 130 years in Korean Christianity. Moon-Young Lee declares that the foundation of American public administration is the 95Theses of Martin Luther in his book ‘Man, Religion, State’. He also interprets the 95 Theses insections of “Methodology, Work and Men”. In relation to “Methodolgy”, Articles 1-7 and 92-95 explain repentance in its entirety. These articles show how man should live through out his life. The section about “Work” is classified in an ethereal world(articles8-55). These articles teach that the work of man is to pursue God’s justice not “profit” symbolized by purchase of indulgences. The section about “Men” is described in articles 56-91 and states that man is a being standing before God(coramDeo) not before priests or the church. Moon-Young Lee’s motive for joining public administration with Christianity is his childhood motto of: “I will study hard for my country from now on, but within the scope of Christianity.” For him, the 95 Theses of Martin Luther show the origin of and the foundation of three courses of action for public servants within administrative organizations.

It is controversial to say just what kind of role the government bureaucracy actually had in the social conversions of the Korean society. By emphasizing the 'Growth First Belief' over everything else, the quality of life and happiness of the people have always taken a backseat. In the process of rapid industrialization the unattractive mingling of special privileges and rights with the blind worshipping and idolization towards power and riches which happened has led to the creation of new terms such as 'pariah capitalism' and 'bureaucratic mafia(bureaufia)'. Concentrating the state resources and consequent choices made by the developmental state have also led to the worsening of the inequality and concentration of wealth as a result. South Korea's authoritative bureaucracy is a centralized body of the state and can be seen as the party responsible for providing the seed of the present inequality of the Korean society. This paper will look at the evolution and the effects on how ‘the growth first’ public policy had on the inequality that exists within the Korean society and contemplate upon the measures that can alleviate these problems. The paper also attempts to offer several suggestions that will lead to a fairer and more equal society. First, there should be a conversion of the goal in public administration for the better quality of life which is not of a quantitative nature of the growth. Second, there should be an execution of ‘proper’ regulations that are deemed most necessary in the most effective positions which will heal the side effects of the growth. Finally, there should be a drastic embracement and investment on the part of the social welfare administration to respond to the inevitable low birth rate and aging society.

The cruise travel market has increased average 8% per annum for the last 30 years and has closed relation with basic industries with area where cruise berths. Accordingly, many countries in the world make every effort to attract cruise forwarder. It is necessary to examine required conditions for Jeju to be a hub port by comparing main cruise ports of Jeju Port, Yokohama Port and Shanghai Port in Korea, China and Japan.

Jeju is expected to be transformed into an international city where English is commonly used since the implementation of the special law for making Jeju a free international city in 2001. Jeju special selfgoverning province has successfully established globally renowned international private schools with strong competitiveness and high academic achievement to enhance competitiveness of English education through the Jeju global education city project. The international schools in Jeju have been providing students with competitive English education. For example, they have realized the limitations of the current English education in Korea and introduced English immersion education based on the successful examples of foreign nations that have practiced the immersion education for a long time. They have overcome the markedly low ability of speaking and writing by adopting the English immersion education through Jeju global education city project. Furthermore, Jeju global education city has been facilitating the development of Jeju free international city by establishing a community where people are strongly encouraged to speak in English. However, the efficiency of English education systems in Korea including Jeju is very poor. There have been a lot of researches regarding problems of English education systems in public schools in Korea compared with the amount of time and money invested into it. To solve the problems found in English education in Korea, reading and grammar-oriented teaching methods must be changed to speaking-oriented methods to enhance competitiveness of English education in Korea. Furthermore, it is better for Korean companies not to require all the applicants to submit their formal English proficiency test scores. Instead, they can ask applicants who need to use English in their positions to submit their English scores in order to reduce English frenzy in Korea.