Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), as major actors of the civil society, play a vital role in promoting conservation of natural resources, environmental protection, sustainable development, and environmental justice. While their location, size, organizational forms, scope, and impacts can vary widely, all of them operate towards the same mission of protecting the environment from degradation due to industrialization, uncontrolled development, depletion of bio-diversity, and over consumption of natural resources. Although environmental conservation has been a part of civil society involvement throughout history, environmental NGOs have emerged as a major sub-sector of the NGO sector during the past three decades. Their impacts are among the most visible contributions to humanity by the global NGO sector.
This article is focused on some scenarios of a third way for Jeju Peace Island for Koreas as one of provincial government. In 2002 and 2006, We suggest United Three States of Korea : South Korea, North Korea and Jeju Island Korea. But in real situation Korean government chooses the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. After practicing it 11 years, Jeju islanders are complaining it is not enough for them to improve its autonomy to push its policies on its way without empowering main authorities to local province from central government. So, they wants more power through revision of Korean Constitution as same as State government of USA and Switzerland such as guaranteeing special status of Jeju government as Hong Kong of China. In our opinion, in a word, Jeju islanders want to become “ Jeju Peace Self-Governing Province,” for two Koreas.
We are currently considering to write a paper on the potential of using U.S. courts to push for U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation,similar to how reopening the Korematsu case tied into a broader reparations movement for the wrongful mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. For this paper, it plans to include some of the survivor testimony featured in the book Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy during ‘peacetime’ Korea: The Asia Pacific Context (1947-2016). The book contains a transcript of survivor testimonies given in Seoul on May 30, 2015. Some of the survivors whose testimony is included in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book are petitioning to have their cases reopened. I would like to connect the petition to the importance of U.S. participation in Jeju 4.3 reconciliation. To do this, we would like to specifically incorporate parts of the petitioners’ testimony recorded in the Jeju 4.3 Grand Tragedy book into Hawaii team’s paper. We think including the testimony would powerfully emphasize the continuing need for social healing and would strengthen the argument for U.S. participation. If we can do it collaboratively, we can do a lawsuit or other such action in the US may help draw attention to the case in 2019.
This study was approached from the perspective of a historical trauma. This study was analyzed from the perspective of the 2nd generation of Jeju 4.3 experienced residents, unrelated to the ideology of right or left. In order to confirm the evidences of this historical trauma, the Korean national daily newspapers titled DongaIlbo(1962-1999), Kyung Hyang Newspaper (1947-1999), Maeil Business Newspaper (1966-1999), Hankyoreh Newspaper (1989-1999) were analyzed by the key word of Jeju 4.3(제주 4.3) and 제주사태(Jeju incident) in the Naver news library. This research showed that the sense of safety or security at the level of exo system including media as well as at the macro system including ideology was never secured for Jeju people related to Jeju 4.3 over 70 years. If this sense of safety or security at both macro and exo system is not secured, individual memory and mourning at micro system level cannot approached. Therefore publicly guaranteed safety feeling at macro system level including policy and media should become the starting line to recover the Jeju 4.3 historical trauma. The historical trauma related to Jeju 4.3, which has been handed down through generations in the silence of 70 years, should be solved by the central government policy in terms of the macro, exo, mezzo, and micro systems.
The participants in this study recognized English as a global language and also felt obligation to make the Korean language and culture globalized in the future. Further empirical research into identity and EFL learning in Jeju will help to reveal how the increasingly important status of Korean and the Korean language might intertwine with the experience of Korean students who are learning English.