Methyl bromide (MB) had been routinely used in quarantine and pre-shipment (QPS), despite of strong recommendations to replace technically feasible alternatives of it by International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and current hazardous issues in workplace related post-fumigation process of imported perishable commodities. Due to insufficient ventilations post-fumigation on imported fruits such as citrus, fumigators and related workers in cold storage, load/unload and packing room has been exposed to hazardous conditions (5-100 ppm, MB’s TWA_TLV = 1 ppm). It’s time to replace newly developed phytosanitary disinfestation methods such liquid ethyl formate (EF) with N2 application. It could provide for safer workplace involved on and post-fumigation process, cost-effectiveness as well as meet the environmental friendly solution.

The current protocols of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation on imported nursery plants, which are seriously infested with quarantine mealy bugs and scales, could be reevaluated because there were no limited uses of loading ratio, packing types etc. Another emerging issues is that the workplace health issues on MeBr fumigation are related with poor ventilation etc as well as well-known phytotoxic damages on them. In previous report, we have evaluated the efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) on different types of mealybugs. Herein, the phytotoxic damages of EF and PH3 on Alocasia, Sansevieria, Cactaceae and Croton genera were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll contents, color changes etc. This study showed that EF and PH3 fumigation on imported plants could be applicable to replacement of MeBr with further confirmation trials.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is well-known as a hazardous chemical to exposed fumigators and related workers as well as a ozone depletion chemical. According to recent report in USA and Korea, when MeBr fumigated on orange and grape at low temperature (<10℃), absorbed MeBr on fruits was slowly released to workplace. To replace MeBr practices urgently, ethyl formate (EF) fumigation is considered safer to worker (TLV of EF = 100 ppm compared to MeBr's = 1 ppm) and free from residual problem. We reports confirmative liquid EF (FumateTM) with N2 trials, which is cost-effective and non-CO2 gas emitted, on imported grapes. The 4hr-fumigation of 70 gm-3of EF (CTP > 114 gh-3) in scale-up chamber (10m3) fumigation (20% l.r.), showed efficacies to many kinds of insect pests, non-phytotoxic damage, providing safer guideline at workplace.

Wood pellets are used by Biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) has been imported from many East-Asia countries especially,Vietnam in Korea. Wood pellets are made through grind and high-pressure process shows different physical characterizationlike high methyl bromide (MB) absorption unlike other wood materials. Furthermore, detected pests in wood pellets havesimilarity with detected pests in stored grain. In this study, we analyzed susceptibility on pupa and adult stages of redflour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in wood pellets against mixture of MB and phosphine (PH3). Mixture treatment ofMB and PH3 was more effective than single MB treatment compare with control. Pupal stage showed more tolerant thanadult stage on each fumigant and 100% mortality was determined at 27 mg/L of MB only at 20°C. However, PH3 increasedMB toxicity on pupae that 100% mortality was observed at 100:1 ratio of MB (5 mg/L) and PH3 (0.05 mg/L) at 20°C.Based on this study, mixture treatment of different type of fumigant will be applied to control of quarantine pests.

The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is a severe pest of berry fruits like strawberry, blueberry, sweet cherry and grape in terms of quarantine. For the disinfestation of SWD, methyl bromide (MeBr) is the only option in quarantine practice. However, MeBr's current use will be phased out due to chronic inhalation toxicity to fumigators and related worker as well as ozone depletion properties. To replace MeBr, we evaluated the efficacy of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine gas (PH3) to all different developmental stages of SWD at practical fumigation condition (>25 ℃). To achieve complete control of all stages of SWD, PH3 required > 6 hr exposure when applied at > 1.0 g m-3. In case of 4hr EF fumigation, the LCt99 (LCt99, 99% lethal concentration × time) of EF to egg, larvae and pupae of SWD was 198.09, 77.42 and 115.55 g·h m-3, respectively.

The number of pest detection in wooden pellets has increased since wooden pellets as biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) was allowed an import in Korea. In this study, we analyzed an insecticidal effect on pupal and adult stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in wooden pellets using two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and phosphine (PH3), for establishing a guideline on fumigation. MB and PH3 both showed a dose-dependent manner in insect mortality after fumigation under 60% filing rate (FR) of wooded pellets in desiccator. In MB fumigation to T. castaneum, adults and pupae showed 100% mortality at 128 mg/L and 161 mg/L in 10°C at 24 h post treatment and pupae showed 100, 74, and 8% mortality against 99 mg/L of MB in 20, 40, and 40% FR, respectively. In PH3 fumigation, S. zeamais adults showed 92% mortality to 4 mg/L, meanwhile T. castaneum adults showed 100% mortality at 120 h post treatment.

The bulb mite (BM), Rhizoglyphus echinopus, is hard to control in the harvested onion and garlic. Methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation is the only option to eradicate BM at present. However, MeBr causes phytotoxic damage (index 3) to onion and garlic and highly toxic to fumigators. To replace MeBr, we evaluated ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine gas (PH3) to BM at 5℃ which is current practical fumigation temperature. The >140 g·h m-3 of EF for 24 h could completely control BM and this CT (concentration × time) product was slightly (index 1) phytotoxic to onion and garlic. Fumigation of 2 g PH3 required >120 h exposure to kill 100% of BM without any pyhtotoxic damage. Further researches are being planned to shorten the exposure time with synergistic effect between EF and PH3.

Methyl bromide (MB) fumigation is still allowed to use in quarantine treatment on imported timbers and logs, even though IPPC(International Plant Protection Convention) was strongly recommended to reduce their use in case of existing alternatives. A newly developing MB alternative fumigant, ethanedinitrile (EDN), showed the potential in terms of better efficacy to various timber pests and penetration into the timber than MB. Herein, for suggestion of quarantine guideline in Korea, we had verified the efficacies under different temperature conditions(5, 5-15, >15℃) and monitored TLV(Threshold limited value) of EDN post-fumigation for worker safety. The 6 scheduled doses of EDN depending on types of timber pest and temperature conditions had evaluated with PVC-Tarp tent(>100m3) with 40-50% loading factors of imported logs. To control normal wood related pests such as Japanese termite (Reticulitermes speratus) and bark beetle(Cryphalus fulvus), the scheduled doses 30, 40 and 40 g/m3 for 24hr fumigations showed >99% efficacy at 5, 5-15 and >15℃, respectively. The scheduled doses 100, 120 and 150 g/m3 for 24hr fumigations was also successful to gain the proved efficacies at 5, 5-15, >15℃, respectively, for the quarantine guideline to notorious wood related pests such as Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) and pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). The recommended ventilation times with atmospheric conditions at ports was > 1 and > 2 hr under the fully uncovered and partially uncovered of fumigation tent conditions, respectively.

Since Montreal protocol in1989 designated MB(methyl bromide) as ozone depleting chemicals, IPPC(International Plant Protection Convention) has adopted replacing the MB with alternative chemical and reducing the rate of MB use in plant quarantine in 2008. Pineapples are one of the most frequently fumigated imported fruit with MB in Korea. However, there was no technically available replacement. Therefore, we evaluated phosphine(PH3) fumigation as alternative to MB in applying pineapples. In the preliminary test, PH3 gas in 12L desicators to calculate ranged to 0.1 from 2g/m3 was tested at 2 and 24hr exposure to target pest, citrus mealy bug(CMB, Planococcus citri). All different of stage of CMB was shown 100% mortality when 2g/m3 of PH3 applied for 24hrs at 8℃. To confirm studies designed in 0.5m3 fumigation chamber, all egg, nymph and adult stages of CMB was killed completely and there wasn’t any phytotoxic and quality damages on pineapples for 2 weeks post-fumigation periods at 8℃. In terms of commercial use, further commercial research will need to be carry out in cooperation with importers and fumigators.

Methyl bromide (MB) has been banned by Montreal Protocol due to ozone depletion in developed countries since 2005 but uses for quarantine & pre-shipment (QPS) remains exemption. Current MB alternatives such as phosphine gas, ethyl formate has been showing their potential in terms of their no phytotoxic damages to target perishable commodities post fumigation as well as their efficacy at low temperature. We evaluated phosphine (PH3) gas as MB alternatives welsh onion, carrot, and lettuce fumigation. on sensitivity test, larvae of Aphis gossypii were most tolerant to PH3 among the all stage of A. gossypii, Tetranychus urticae and Plutella xylostella. The LC99 and LCT99 value of mixture gas for adult of A. gossypii was 1.79 mg/L (24hr, 5℃) and 33.56 mg h/L(5℃), respectively. On confirmation trials scheduled in 28m3 container for 24hr at 5℃, all stages of T. urticae was completely controlled in 2g/㎥ of phosphine gas, but A. gossypii and M. persicae were not completely controled. No phytotoxic damage was observed in vegetables.

With the increasing trend of global trades and protection of agro-ecosystem in importing and exporting countries against quarantine pest, quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) fumigation in perishable commodites like strawberry is critical in terms of quality maintenance of fumigated commodites. Currently, there are limited use of MB fumigation on fruits and vegetables due to low temperature storage and phytotoxic effect or damage in postharvest qualities in many commodites. In this paper, efficacy and quality accessment of methyl bromide(MB) alternatives, ethyl formate and phosphine gas are presented for export strawberry. Efficacy of phosphine gas and ethyl formate are described in terms of concentration × time (CT) products to Frankliniella occidentalis, Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae.

VapormateTM, the new gas formation of ethyl formate(EF) with carbon dioxide, is an MB(methyl bromide) alternative fumigant for grains and perishable commodities especially to control quarantine pest. To gain systematic efficacies of VapormateTM, vaporized gases in Tedlar bag were collected from liquefied gases in cylinder. Vaporized gases were used for collecting efficacy data to Tetranychus urticae, two-spotted spider mite, for 6hr at 26± 1℃. When applied 25, 51, 77 and 102 ml/L of vaporized gas for 6hr, mortality of T. urticae female adult were 83.3, 97.8, 100, and 100%, respectively, at 24hr after fumigation. Also, at 77 and 102 ml/L of vaporized gas for 4hr treatment at 26± 1℃, the mortality of T. urticae female was 96.7 and 97.8%, respectively. This preliminary result may help to understand further scaled-up VapormateTM fumigation applied with different type of commodities.

In Korea, methyl bromide(MeBr) is the only registered fumigant for quarantine application in imported timbers and wood packaging materials to control foreign wood-destroying pest. Under a agreement in the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol to MeBr's ozone depleting properties, the use of MeBr is now strictly restricted and phased out year by year, even though there are exemptions for QPS (Quarantine and Pre-shipment) and CUE (Critical Use Exemption). However, due to increasing of global trades and protection of agro-ecosystem in imported counties against quarantine pests, MeBr in QPS use is increasing (16,304t in 2005, approximately 8.7% increase based on 1996), and domestic consumption of MeBr is recorded up to 938t (annual average among 2003 and 2005), especially the 67% percent (628t) of total MeBr uses imported timber and wood packing materials. Since ethanedinitrile (EDN) was patented by CSIRO in Australia, BOC and Dongbu have tried to develop and commercialize EDN as a timber fumigant. This is updated information on the developmental status of EDN, which included the biological efficacy to target pests and the penetrating aspect to target commodity in the semi-field and various field trials. Based on current results, EDN could replace MeBr for using timber fumigation and would play an important role in the ozone layer protection.

이 시험은 수직 사이로에 충진된 옥수수를 대상으로 M.B를 사용하여 자연중력하에서 소독할 때 M.B가스의 침투확산성 및 살충효과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 사이로 표층의 M.B가스 농도는 투약후 2시간후부터 100mg/l 이상에서 20mg/l 이하로 급격히 감소하였다. 2. 사이로 표층으로부터 3m 깊이 지점의 M.B가스 농도는 투약후 12시간이후 100mg/l 이상에서 30mg/l 이하로 감소되었으며 표층의 고농도 M.B가스가 불과 30분 이내에 3m 깊이 까지 침투되었음을 알 수 있었다. 3. 사이로 표층으로부터 고농도의 M.B가스는 13m 깊이 지점까지 1시간 이내에 침투되었으며 투약후 48시간까지 지속적으로 100mg/l 이상40mg/l 이상의 M.B가스가 검지되는 것으로 보아 자연중력하에서 옥수수를 소독하는 경우 13m 깊이 부근에 M.B 가스의 고농도 대를 형성하는 것으로 추측된다. 4. 사이로 기부(21m 지점)의 M.B가스는 에 불과했던 것으로 보아 M.B의 침투가 아주 적었던 것으로 판단되어진다. 5. M.B 가스의 횡 확산성은 수직 침투성에 비하여 매우 적었으며 사이로 길이 3m의 경우 투약방향으로부터 약 13m지점의 qdnl는 중심부의 약 , 그리고 깊이 13m 지점에서는 지점에서는 의 농도에 불과하였다. 6. 투약후 24시간만에 조사한 사이로의 표층 및 기부(21m 지점)에 삽입 했던 공시충(거짓쌀도둑)은 모두 사멸되었으며 48시간후에 조사한 3m, 7m, 및 13m 지점의 공시충도 모두 사충으로 발견되었다.

감마선(0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 kGy) 조사와 methyl bromide(MeBr, 2 g/kg, 4 hr) 훈증 및 이들의 처리시기가 사과의 생리화학적 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 비교하여, 검역처리를 위한 감마선 조사의 응용성을 검토하였다. 감마선과 MeBr 처리에 따른 사과의 생리화학적 품질평가에서 2 kGy 이상의 감마선 조사와 MeBr 훈증은 사과의 일부 생리화학적 품질특성의 변화를 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났다. 감마선과 MeBr의 처리

전분 추출용으로 대부분 사용되고 있는 도토리 종실의 가해해충 사멸방법을 연구할 목적으로 현행 검역해충 사멸방법인 methyl bromide (MBr) 훈증처리와 감마선 조사법에 대하여 살충효과와 이들이 몇 가지 이화학적 품질에 미치는 영향을 비교 검토하였다. 국내산 도토리의 가해해충은 도토리밤바구미 (Curculio drntipes Roelofs)와 복숭아명나방 (Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee)으로 확인되었다. 이들