Background: Junior colleges have been establishing plans for the development of start-up education for students and have been providing various educational programs to support students’ start-up businesses. Objectives: The effects of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the start-up intention of college physical therapy students were analyzed. Design: Questionnaire design. Methods: Surveys on entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and start-up intention were conducted with 269 college physical therapy students, and the levels of individual measurement variables, correlations, and variables affecting start-up intention were analyzed. Results: College physical therapy students showed differences in start-up intention between genders, and male students tended to have a higher startup intention (P<.001) than female students. The correlations among the major variables were analyzed. According to the results, all sub-factors of start-up intention had significant positive correlations with all sub-factors of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (P<.05). In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors affecting start-up intention. Start-up education was shown to have no direct effect on start-up intention. Innovation (β=.238, P=.000), risk sensitivity (β=.228, P=.000), and initiative (β=.220, P=.001), which are sub-factors of entrepreneurship, were shown to have effects on start-up intention. Self-regulated efficacy (β=-.193, P=.039) and task challenge (β=.210, P=.004), which are sub-factors of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, were found to have effects on start-up intention. Conclusions: To boost the start-up intention of college physical therapy students and induce their start-ups, customized start-up education that considers entrepreneurship level and gender is necessary.

This study focuses on how the partial substitution of copper by nickel nanoparticles affects the electrical and structural properties of the Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu2.9Ni0.1O10+δ, Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu2.8Ni0.2O10+δ and Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu2.6Ni0.4O10+δ compounds. Approximate values of crystallization size and crystallization percentage for the three compounds were calculated using the Scherer, modified Scherer, and Williamson-Hall methods. A great similarity was observed in the crystal size values from the Scherer method, 243.442 nm, and the Williamson-Hall method, 243.794 nm for the second sample. At the same time this sample exhibited the highest crystal size value for the three methods. In the examination of electrical properties, the sample with 0.1 partial substitution, Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu2.9Ni0.1O10+δ was determined to be the best with a critical temperature of 100 K and an energy gap of 6.57639 × 10-21 MeV. Using the SEM technique to analyze the structural morphology of the three phases, it was discovered that the size of the granular forms exceeds 25 nm. It was determined that the samples’ shapes alter when nickel concentration rises. The patterns that reveal the distribution of the crystal structure also exhibit clear homogeneity.

목적 : 신체균형 측정기를 이용하여 주시거리와 다양한 시각 상태가 신체 안정성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 대상자는 총 23명(23.92±2.09세)으로 진행하였으며, 시각 조건은 모두 ‘완전교정, 흐림 조건(시력 0.5 logMAR 미만) 그리고 10° 이내의 시야’이다. 신체 안정성 측정은 ‘3D Guidance‘를 사용하였다. 결과 : 완전교정 상태에서는 주시거리 간 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.050). 그러나 흐림 조건에서는 주시거리에 따라 측면 및 전·후면 흔들림에서 유의한 차이가 확인되었으며(p=0.004, p=0.027), 시야가 10° 이 내로 제한되었을 때에도 유의한 신체 흔들림이 관찰되었다(p<0.050). 결론 : 주시거리에 따라 신체 안정성의 변화가 나타나며, 특히 흐림과 제한된 시야 상태에서는 주시거리에 따른 차이가 더 유의하였다.

목적 : 체육계열 대학생을 대상으로 VR(virtual reality; 가상현실) 기기의 사용이 안구운동과 양안시기능에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 방법 : 신체 건강한 체육계열의 대학생을 중심으로 굴절교정 수술 이력, 안질환 기왕력, 양안시 이상이 없는(사 위도: 외사위 7 Δ 이하, 내사위 1.5 Δ 이하) 25명(남 14명, 여 11명, 평균 연령 21.4±2.3세) 학생을 연구대상 자로 선정하였다. 검사자는 피검자에게 시청각 콘텐츠(VR outdoor tour contents)를 30분간 시청하도록 지시한 후 굴절검사 및 정지시력 측정, 안구 운동검사, 양안시기능 검사를 시행하였다. 결과 : VR 시청 전과 후의 교정시력은 0.96±0.28(V.A.), 0.95±0.31(V.A.)으로 유의한 변화는 없었으나 사 위도가 –5.74±2.47 Δ(exo.)에서 -10.69±3.90 Δ(exo.)로 외사위량이 증가하여 통계학적으로 유의한 변화가 있 었다(p<0.050). 그 외 양안시기능에 가장 큰 변화를 보인 검사항목은 조절근점, 조절용이성이었다. VR 시청 전의 조절근점은 12.54±1.40 cm에서 15.19±2.22 cm로, 조절용이성은 1분 동안 반전에 성공한 횟수가 11.15±1.78 회에서 6.02±2.16회로 줄어들어 선명하게 초점을 맺는데 시간이 지체되었음을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : VR을 시청한 후 두드러진 시력저하와 시기능의 변화는 없었으나 사위도와 조절근점, 조절용이성 항목 에서 유의한 변화를 확인할 수 있었다.

Polyethersulfone (PES)은 친수성과 상분리법의 용이성 덕분에 수처리 및 정제 분야에서 정밀여과 및 한외여과막 소재로 일반적으로 사용된다. 그러나, 비용매 유도 상분리법으로 제조된 PES 분리막, 특히 지지체가 없는 여과막의 경우 도 프의 조성과 기재의 특성에 따라 여과막 하부에 낮은 기공도를 갖는 치밀층이 형성되기 쉽고, 이러한 치밀층으로 인해 수투 과 저항이 증가하고 오염물질의 쌓임에 의한 막오염이 일어난다. 본 연구에서는 PES 여과막 제조 시 상전이 과정의 수축으 로 인해 분리막 하부에 물이 침투하여 치밀층을 형성, 심각한 막오염을 유발할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 동일한 선택층을 갖는 PES 여과막을 단일층 및 이중층 캐스팅법으로 각각 제조하여 하부 치밀층이 여과막의 투과성능 및 막오염에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 하부 치밀층이 없는 이중층 캐스팅된 여과막은 기존 여과막 대비 높은 투과성능 및 막오염에 대한 저항 성을 보였으며, 이를 통해 다공성 여과막의 내오염성을 향상시키기 위한 표면 기공도 및 기공 구조 등 물리적 구조의 최적화 가 중요함을 확인하였다.

This research examines the impact of visualizing virtual luxury products in the metaverse on consumers' perceptions of luxury products in the real world. We explore the metaverse as a marketing platform and investigate the relationship between the quality of visualization of virtual luxury products and consumers’ evaluations of real luxury products. The study hypothesizes that poor visualization quality of virtual luxury products will decrease the evaluation of authentic luxury goods, and this effect will be mediated by decreased perceived authenticity. Additionally, we predict that the negative effect will be mitigated by high-quality visualization.

The main factor of biodiversity decline in major biological populations around the world is invasion of alien species. To protect native species, it is necessary to manage alien species. Recently, to eradicate ecosystem disturbance caused by alien species in Korea, many efforts have been made to capture individuals using nets and purchase captured individuals. However, there is no standard for classifying species due to the form of nest site or external characteristics of eggs of freshwater turtles. Thus, Mauremys reevesii eggs might be discarded due to mistaking as eggs of alien turtles. Based on more data, this study aims to compare and analyze external differences among eggs of Trachemys scripta elegans, Pseudemys concinna, and M. reevesii and use them as reference materials in the process of eradicating alien turtles. This study measured characteristics of eggs of the three turtle species. As a result of comparison, all variables of external characteristics of alien turtles and M. reevesii eggs showed significant differences. The shape of egg was also different, with eggs of T. scripta elegans and P. concinna showing a bicone shape and those of M. reevesii showing an ellipsoid shape. In conclusion, based on results of previous studies and the present study, eggs of M. reevesii, T. scripta elegans, and P. concinna are different in shape and structure. Thus, it is possible to distinguish between M. reevesii and invasive alien turtle using their eggs.

PURPOSES : The process of extracting and recovering an asphalt binder from an asphalt mixture is harmful to the human body and can affect the properties of the asphalt binder owing to the presence of residual solvent quantities. This study was conducted to determine the properties of aged asphalt binders based on rejuvenator content without extracting and recovering the asphalt binders using RAP mortar. METHODS : After extracting and recovering aged binders from waste asphalt, a rejuvenator was added at a certain rate to evaluate the physical and rheological properties of the binder based on the added amount. RESULTS : When the rejuvenator content was greater than necessary, the absolute viscosity was not properly measured owing to the behavior of the rejuvenator. The phase angle was measured to be almost 90°, thus indicating that it acted as a liquid . In addition, the shear strain and nonrecovery compliance also increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS : If an excess rejuvenator quantity was added to the aged binder, the absolute viscosity was not properly measured, the phase angle was measured to be almost 90°, and the shear strain increased significantly. It is also necessary to conduct the same tests on different types of RAPs to ensure that the results of this study are reasonable.

Molten salts have gained significant attention as a potential medium for heat transfer or energy storage and as liquid nuclear fuel, owing to their superior thermal properties. Various fluoride- and chloride-based salts are being explored as potential liquid fuels for several types of molten salt reactors (MSRs). Among these, chloride-based salts have recently received attention in MSR development due to their high solubility in actinides, which has the potential to increase fuel burnup and reduce nuclear water production. Accurate knowledge of the thermal physical properties of molten salts, such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity, is critical for the design, licensing, and operation of MSRs. Various experimental techniques have been used to determine the thermal properties of molten salts, and more recently, computational methods such as molecular dynamics simulations have also been utilized to predict these properties. However, information on the thermal physical properties of salts containing actinides is still limited and unreliable. In this study, we analyzed the available thermal physical property database of chloride salts to develop accurate models and simulations that can predict the behavior of molten salts under various operating conditions. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to improve our understanding of the behavior of molten salts. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of safer and more efficient MSRs.

Domestic nuclear power plants have developed radiological emergency plans based on the USNRC’s NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-Rev.1 report and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety’s (KINS) research report on radiation emergency criteria for power reactors (KINS/RR-12). NUREG-0654 is a US emergency planning guide for nuclear power plants and provides detailed technical requirements for the content of radiological emergency plans. The document classifies radiological emergencies into three levels: Alert, Site Area Emergency, and General Emergency, which correspond to the white, blue, and red emergency levels used in domestic nuclear power plants. KINS/RR-12 is a technical guidance document published by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety in 2012, which divides radiological emergency criteria into criteria for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and criteria for boiling water reactors (BWRs), and describes in detail the regulatory position and implementation of radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs. The physical protection-related radiation emergency criteria included in the radiological emergency plan are specified in the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. There are two items each related to white and blue emergencies and one item related to red emergencies. Standard order of emergency plan lists the physical protection-related radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs, which are identical according to the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. To enhance the physical protection regulation, the legal and regulatory basis for target set identification and vital area identification need to be established by considering radiological and physical protection emergency plan.

Most advanced countries that are members of the World Physiotherapy have established a 4-year education system or specialized graduate school system for physical therapists based on national standards. They have also expanded their laws and systems to provide physical therapists with the autonomy and independence to offer services in their clinics. However, compared with developed countries in North America and Europe, there are issues with the autonomy and independence of physical therapists in Korea related to national regulations. Social status and recognition of the profession are also lagging. Korea is expected to become a super-aged society by 2025. To reduce the financial burden of healthcare and welfare on the government, it is necessary to extend the time spent by older adults on independent activities and minimize their time spent using medical services. To achieve this goal and maximize the active life of older adults, a plan to efficiently use licensed physical therapists in the country should be prepared. Korea should increase the license utilization rate of physical therapists to reduce waste at the national level and increase the professional hope of the younger generations of physical therapists. To create a healthcare policy focusing on the use of physical therapy personnel, similar to that in advanced countries, it is necessary to unify educational systems and produce excellent physical therapists. Providing professional autonomy can help physical therapists develop a sense of job satisfaction. Outstanding talent will choose physical therapy as a profession if they can see hope for their future careers, and if physical therapy services in Korea are similar to those delivered in advanced countries, physical therapy in Korea can develop into a healthcare service that people desire.

Fluorescent probe were used to evaluate the effects of catechin on the structural parameters (annular lipid fluidity, transbilayer lateral and rotational mobility and protein clustering) of the Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane (OPGs). An experimental procedure was used on the basis of selective quenching of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1,3-di(1-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py) by trinitrophenyl groups and radiationless energy transfer from the tryptophans of membrane proteins to Py-3-Py and DPH. Catechin increased the bulk lateral and rotational mobility, annular lipid fluidity of OPGs lipid bilayers, and had greater fluidizing efficacy on the outer monolayer than the inner monolayer. It also caused membrane proteins to cluster. Based on these effects of catechin on OPGs, the antibacterial and antiviral actions of catechin can be partially explained.

Background: Korea citation index (KCI) enhances the quality of journals by securing a management system for domestic journals and strengthening the international competitiveness of excellent domestic journals. Errors in studies, papers, and investigations of statistical methods have been reported worldwide in the medical field. However, there is a lack of studies on statistical methods and error investigations in physical therapy journals in Korea. Objectives: To investigated the frequency of statistical methods and research errors in physical therapy journal articles evaluated by KCI. Design: Review. Methods: Ten journals classified as physical therapy journals by December 2021, which are candidate journals or higher, were targeted. The study focused on original articles published from 2017 to 2021 and investigated the frequency of statistical methods used, sample size calculations, result tables, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Results: Statistical methods used in physical therapy studies in Korean journals mainly employed group comparative analysis. However, in most cases, the basis for sampling, effect size, and confidence interval were not presented, even though most of the results tables were included. Conclusion: This study allowed us to examine the most frequently used statistical methods in Korean physical therapy studies and assess the reporting status of sample size calculations, result tables, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Efforts are needed to publish high-quality papers to improve the quality of Korean physical therapy journals.

목적 : 본 연구는 신체활동 참여와 도구적 일상생활활동(Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IADL) 자립도 사이의 인지기능의 매개효과를 조사하였다. 연구방법 : 국민건강보험공단의 노인코호트 데이터베이스 자료를 활용하여 건강보험 및 의료급여 자격을 유지하고 있는 만 60세 이상의 노인 약 600만 명 중 신체활동 설문에 참여한 3,980명의 자료를 활용하 였다. 신체활동과 IADL 사이의 인지기능의 매개효과를 확인하기 위해 경로분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과 : 신체활동에 참여하는 노인의 평균 연령은 81.6세였으며, 여성이 72.74%였다. 인지기능의 부분매개 효과는 고강도 운동에서 68%로 IADL의 자립도에 가장 크게 나타났다(β = 0.07, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.05, 0.09). 다음으로 중등도 운동은 66%(β = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.10), 걷기 운동은 52%(β = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.14) 순으로 나타났다. 신체활동과 IADL 자립도 사이의 직접효과는 걷기 운동에서 48%(β = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.14)로 가장 크게 나타났으며 중등도 운동은 35%(β = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.07), 고강도 운동은 32%(β = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.06) 순으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 신체활동과 IADL의 관계에 인지기능의 매개효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 노인 의 건강하고 활동적인 노화를 위해 신체활동과 인지기능을 결합한 복합운동 프로그램이 고려되어야 한다.