L. monocytogenes는 고병원성 식중독 세균으로 치즈, 식육 및 식육가공품, 훈제연어 등을 통해 식중독을 일으킨다. 현재 국내 식품공전 상 치즈에서는 L. monocytogenes에 대하여 불검출 기준을 적용하고 있으나, 이에 대한 과 학적 근거가 확실하지 않고 L. monocytogenes 식중독에 대한 국민의 경각심을 일깨우기 위하여 기존에 수행된 연구들을 토대로 위해평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 치즈에 L. monocytogenes의 초기오염수준은 -4.0 Log CFU/g으로 확인되었다. 2018년 국민건강영양조사 결과 치즈의 섭취자 비율은 11.8%이고, 치즈 섭취량에 대한 최적확률분포는 Lognormal distribution이며 평균 32.5 g의 치즈를 섭취 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 치즈 섭취로 인한 L. monocytogenes 식중독 발생 가능성은 일반군에서 평균 5.09×10-7, 민감군에서 평균 4.32×10-6로 분석되어, 민감군에서의 식중독 발생 가능성이 다소 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 식중독 발생 가능성에는 섭취자 비율이 가장 큰 영향을 미치지만 보관 및 운송 시간 또한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되어 유통환경에 대한 철저한 관리가 중요한 것으로 사료된다. 본 위해평가를 통하여 치즈에서의 L. monocytogenes의 기준규격을 뒷받침 할 수 있는 과학적인 데이터를 확보할 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 식품에서의 L. monocytogenes 위해평가 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 대전광역시 신동지구 지구단위계획부지를 대상으로 경관단위 유형분류 개념에 기초하여 유형분류 도면 및 가치평가 도면을 작성함으로써 경관개선을 위한 정량적인 기초자료 구축 방법론을 모색해 보는데 가장 큰 의의를 두었다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 경관 단위 유형분류 결과 경관단위 유형군(대분류)은 총 9개, 경관단위 유형(중분류)은 총 24개, 세 부경관단위 유형(소분류)은 총 56개로 분류되었다. 1차 평가 결과, 가치가 가장 높은 I등급에 해 당하는 경관단위 유형들은 총 12개로 나타났다. 1차 평가에서 중간등급 이상으로 평가된 경관단 위 유형들을 대상으로 한 2차 평가 결과, 미시각적 측면에서 특별한 의미를 가진 경관단위(1a, 1b) 는 39개, 미시각적 측면에서 의미를 가진 경관단위(2a, 2b, 2c)는 56개인 것으로 분석되었다. 또 한 경관계획 관련 현행 법·제도와 선행연구에서 제시된 경관계획 내용과의 비교분석 결과 현 행 법·제도의 대부분은 인공물을 미시각적 측면에서 개선하는데 주안점을 두고 있는바, 지구 단위개발계획의 공간적 범위 내에 분포하고 있는 미시각적으로 가치 높은 띠형 수림, 노거수 등 과 같은 다양한 크기, 형태를 지닌 자연경관요소들을 개발계획으로부터 효과적으로 보전하기 위한 법·제도적 뒷받침은 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 비시가화지역을 대상으로 수립되는 지구단위계획을 미시각적 측면에서 지속가능한 방향으로 유도할 수 있는 기초자료로써 중요한 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In general, companies operate systematically in response to financial risks such as exchange rates and liquidity, while they are vulnerable to risks in the manufacturing and sales processes. In particular, logistics refers to the activities for planning, managing and implementing efficient flows from the starting point of goods and products to the point of consumption, The purpose of this study was to develop key risks and key risk management indicators (KRIs) for risks that undermine logistics efficiency so that logistics risks can be effectively prevented and managed. As a result, 40 risk management indicators (KRIs) were developed in a total of six categories in the logistics sector, and the definition, calculation method and early warning grade of each KRI were presented so that companies could prevent risks in advance in logistics activities and contribute to enhancing efficiency of their work.

This study provides an assessment on a proposed method for separation of cesium, strontium, and barium using electrochemical reduction at a liquid bismuth cathode in LiCl-KCl eutectic salt, investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). CV studies were performed at temperatures of 723-823 K and concentrations of the target species up to 4.0wt%. Redox reactions occurring during potential sweeps were observed. Concentration of BaCl2 in the salt did not seem to influence the diffusivity in the studied concentration range up to 4.0wt%. The presence of strontium in the system affected the redox reaction of lithium; however, there were no distinguishable redox peaks that could be measured. Impedance spectra obtained from EIS methods were used to calculate the exchange current densities of the electroactive active redox couple at the bismuth cathode. Results show the rate-controlling step in deposition to be the mass transport of Cs+ ions from the bulk salt to the cathode surface layer. Results from SEM-EDS suggest that Cs-Bi and Sr-Bi intermetallics from LiCl-KCl salt are not thermodynamically favorable.

Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that significantly reduced the postharvest quality and longevity of cut roses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nano silver, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and salicylic acid on B. cinerea infection in cut rose flowers. Cut ‘Revival’ roses were treated with nano silver, NaOCl, salicylic acid, and distilled water, and simultaneously held in the solutions. Subsequently, the cut flowers were sprayed with B. cinerea solution and held under export conditions for 4 days. The results showed that nano silver was the most effective treatment in suppressing B. cinerea growth in cut roses during vase life. Nano silver effectively extended the vase life of cut roses by 2.3 days, compared with non-treated flowers. The addition of nano silver also enhanced water uptake and sustained the water balance and fresh weight of the cut rose flowers. Our results indicated that nano silver is an effective treatment solution to inhibit B. cinerea infection and improve postharvest quality and longevity of cut rose flowers for export.

Jellyfish envenomation is a world-wide health problem, which often seriously affect the fishery and bathing activities. To date, few individual jellyfish venoms proteins have been thoroughly characterized yet. In this work, four species of scyphozoan jellyfish (Nemopilema nomurai, Cyanea nozakii, Aurellia aurita and Rhopilema esculentum) are compared according to their, cytotoxicity, hemolytic potency, brine shrimp toxicity and protein components. Jellyfish venoms showed higher cytotoxicity in H9C2 heart myoblast than in C2C12 skeletal myoblast, with the exception of C. nozakii venom. This result suggests that the selective cytotoxic effects may be possibly related to their in vivo effects of cardiac tissue dysfunction. On the other hand, hemolytic activity could be also observed from all tested jellyfish venoms. N. nomurai jellyfish venom displaying the greatest hemolytic activity. As an alternative method of evaluating the toxicities of jellyfish venoms, the toxicity on brine shrimp was examined with the four jellyfish venoms. From this, the venom of N. nomurai showed higher toxicity against brine shrimp than the other jellyfish venoms, which is consistent with the results of cytotoxicity assay as well as hemolysis assay of the present study. SDS-PAGE analysis of four jellyfish venoms showed the similar pattern with molecular weight of around 40 kDa, and appeared to be the major protein components. These results provided that N. nomurai jellyfish venom was potently toxic than other scyphozoan jellyfish venoms and may explain to some extent the deleterious effects associated with human envenoming.

Seaports are under high-speed developing and booming with the extend of the facilities and equipment to support the port activities and industry’s needs. It may bring environment destruction due to the change of the environmental conditions, likes forests, soils, water, and air. Therefore, this paper aimed to analyze the negative environmental impact due to seaport activities in Malaysia. The priority dominant factors are determined through analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Malaysia Port is selected as case study and 20 respondents are selected from virous department based on their expertise. Pari-wise comparison survey is used to collect data. The results shown that the negative environmental impact’s main elements are water (0.451), noise (0.262), organism (0.181), and air (0.106). Meanwhile, the toxicity is the prominent negative environmental impact’s sub-element of port activities, which scored 0.241, followed by interfering communication (0.142), and smell (0.134). The CR values are less than 0.1 and are considered acceptable. Hence, the outcome of the paper stimulated public awareness toward environmental protection. The development and expansion of seaports must consider environment conservation and preservation, and it cannot bring irreparable sequelae to the earth.

해양수산부는 사람의 건강과 재산을 위협하는 유해해 양생물을 관리하기 위한 목적으로 17종의 유해해양생물을 지정했다. 유해해양생물의 지정 및 관리에 있어 2015년 11월 고시를 제정하고, 2019년 ‘해양생태계 교란종 및 유해해양생물의 지정 및 관리에 관한 지침 (이하, 훈령)’을 개정하였다. 이 연구는 두 가지 목적을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 해양수산부가 운영하는 유해해양생물의 위해성평가제도의 도입에 대한 국민의 인식을 제고할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 현행 유해해양생물 지정 및 관리체계를 검토하여 현행 제도를 개선하고 정책제안을 제공하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 유해해양생물의 위해성 위험 평가 제도’를 ‘위험’과 ‘평가’의 두 가지 정의로 검토하였다. 현 위해성평가 절차에 대한 본고의 검토 결과는 정성적 위해성평가 요소 의 보완이다. 비록 정성적 평가기준이 가미되어 있지만, 현 위해성평가 절차는 정량적 위해성평가에 충실한 제도로 정성적 위해성평가 요소가 보완되었을 때 정량적 위해성 평가가 가지는 단점을 극복할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

목적 : 연구의 목적은 국내 작업치료사들을 대상으로 임상적 추론에 대한 자기 평가를 알아보는 것이었다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 단면적 설문조사 연구로 전국의 143명의 작업치료사를 대상으로 하였다. 설문지는 일반적 특성, 임상적 추론 시행 여부로 구성되었고, 임상적 반영과 추론에 관한 자기 평가(Self-Assessment of Clinical Reflection and Reasoning; SACRR)을 실시하였다. SACRR은 번역·역번역 및 내용타당도 검증의 과정을 거쳤다. 조사기간은 2019년 1월부터 2월까지이었고 자료 분석은 SPSS 20.0으로 기술통계를 실시하 였다. 결과 : 임상적 추론을 사용하고 있다고 응답한 대상자는 39.2%이었고, 사용하지 않는다고 응답한 대상자 는 20.3%이었다. 임상적 추론을 사용하지 않는 이유로는 ‘시행하는 방법을 알지 못해서’, 시간적 제약과 지식 부족이 있었다. SACRR 평가 결과, 작업치료사들은 클라이언트의 가족, 동료 등의 관점, 치료사로 서의 경험을 중요하게 생각하는 것으로 나타났고, 이론을 찾아보고 적용하는 것을 어려워하는 것으로 나 타났다. 결론 : 작업치료사의 임상적 추론 강화를 위한 교육을 마련해야 하고, 임상적 추론의 적용을 중요하게 생 각하는 임상 환경조성이 필요하다.

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed geological repository systems for the disposal of high-level wastes and spent nuclear fuels (SNFs) in South Korea. The purpose of the most recently developed system, the improved KAERI Reference Disposal System Plus (KRS+), is to dispose of all SNFs in Korea with improved disposal area efficiency. In this paper, a system-level safety assessment model for the KRS+ is presented with long-term assessment results. A system-level model is used to evaluate the overall performance of the disposal system rather than simulating a single component. Because a repository site in Korea has yet to be selected, a conceptual model is used to describe the proposed disposal system. Some uncertain parameters are incorporated into the model for the future site selection process. These parameters include options for a fractured pathway in a geosphere, parameters for radionuclide migration, and repository design dimensions. Two types of SNF, PULS7 from a pressurized water reactor and Canada Deuterium Uranium from a heavy water reactor, were selected as a reference inventory considering the future cumulative stock of SNFs in Korea. The highest peak radiological dose to a representative public was estimated to be 8.19×10-4 mSv‧yr-1, primarily from 129I. The proposed KRS+ design is expected to have a high safety margin that is on the order of two times lower than the dose limit criterion of 0.1 mSv‧yr-1.

The operational safety assessment is an important part of a safety case for the deep geological repository of spent fuels. It consists of different stages such as the identification of initiating events, event tree analysis, fault tree analysis, and evaluation of exposure doses to the public and radiation workers. This study develops a probabilistic safety assessment method for the operational safety assessment and establishes an assessment framework. For the event and fault tree analyses, we propose the advanced information management system for probabilistic safety assessment (AIMS-PSA Manager). In addition, we propose the Radiological Safety Analysis Computer (RSAC) program to evaluate exposure doses to the public and radiation workers. Furthermore, we check the applicability of the assessment framework with respect to drop accidents of a spent fuel assembly arising out of crane failure, at the surface facility of the KRS+ (KAERI Reference disposal System for SNFs). The methods and tools established through this study can be used for the development of a safety case for the KRS+ system as well as for the design modification and the operational safety assessment of the KRS+ system.

In this paper, an approach developed by the Finnish nuclear waste management organization, Posiva, for the construction license of a geological repository was reviewed. Furthermore, a computer program based on the approach was developed. By using the computer program, the lifetime of a copper disposal canister, which was a key engineered barrier of the geological repository, was predicted under the KAERI Underground Research Tunnel (KURT) geologic conditions. The computer program was developed considering the mass transport of corroding agents, such as oxygen and sulfide, through the buffer and backfill. Shortly after the closure of the repository, the corrosion depths of a copper canister due to oxygen in the pores of the buffer and backfill were calculated. Additionally, the long-term corrosion of a copper canister due to sulfide was analyzed in two cases: intact buffer and eroded buffer. Under various conditions of the engineered barrier, the corrosion lifetimes of the copper canister due to sulfide significantly exceeded one million years. Finally, this study shows that it is necessary to carefully characterize the transmissivity of rock and sulfide concentration during site characterization to accurately predict the canister lifetime.