1970년대 이전까지의 디자인은 합리주의에 따른 대량 생산과 소비에 대한 요구 의해 단순성만을 추구하였다. 그러나 당시 디자인은 획일화를 야기했을 뿐더러 상징성 내지는 문화적 내용이 결손 되었다는 비난을 받고 말았다. 결국 당시 디자인은 이 시기를 지나면서 포스트모더니즘의 영향으로 복잡성과 다양성이라는 요구와 직면하게 된다. 단순성의 내용은 디자인 형식과 기능에 관계하며, 그 개념 또한 크게는 철학과 미학적 차원에서 이해될 수 있다. 또한 단순성의 유형은 형이상학적 차원과 내용적인 측면에서는 디자인에 포함된 정보와 기능적 차원으로 구분된다. 단순성이 강조된 디자인은 명료한 정보를 소유하고 있기 때문에 이해와 사용이 용이한 사용자 중심의 디자인으로 구분된다. 특히 단순성은 제품을 구입하는 소비자 입장이 고려된 국민경제적 차원과 디자인을 생산하는 과정에서 야기되는 에너지 절감과 노동력 절약 그리고 수명 연장을 통한 환경 친화적 내용을 지니게 된다. 따라서 디자인 형식의 단순성은 제품의 기능과 더불어 사회, 경제 그리고 생태학적 의미를 지니게 되는 것이다.

This study carried out field test construction by slip-form method with on site concrete batch, The results show that slip form method is good at the Quality assurance and constructability of L tyoe curbs and gutters but it is difficult for Quality control.

In this paper, evaluation of compressive strength development of concrete cured by microwave heating system is introduced. For this evaluation, core strength tests were conducted. Test results show that the development was accelerated by microwave heating system. And two parameters in a equation for predicting initial strength development were presented when using this system.

국내 항만구조물 설계기준서인 항만 및 어항설계기준·해설(2014)에서는 직립식구조물과 경사식구조물에 대한 월파량 산정 기법이 도표의 형태로 제시되어 있다. 항만 및 어항설계기준·해설(2014)에 제시된 도표는 Goda(1975)에 의해 제시된 연구성과로써 Franco와 Franco(1999)에 의하면 기존의 연구성과에 비하여 월파량을 작게 산정하는 것으로 제시하고 있다. 그렇지만 최근 월파량 산정과 관련된 최근 연구추세를 살펴보면 유럽 및 미국에서는 산정식의 형태로 월파량 산정기법이 제시되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 직립식구조물에 대한 월파량 산정식 개발을 위하여 단면수리실험을 수행하였다. 실험에서는 다양한 입사파조건(유의파고, 유의주기), 수심조건 및 여유고 조건을 적용하여 체계적인 월파량 값을 계측하였다. 실험파는 Bretschneider-Mitsyasu 주파수 스펙트럼을 이용한 불규칙파를 적용하였으며, 실험결과는 구조물 선단부에서 충격파 조건(impulsive condition)과 비충격파 조건(non-impulsive condition)으로 구분하여 제시하였다. 월파량 계측결과는 지수함수의 형태로 제시하였다. 지수함수로 분석함에 있어 입력변수는 입사파고와 여유고의 비인 상대여유고와 무차원 월파량이다. 또한 월파량 분석에 있어 평균값과 최대값 개념의 월파량을 제시하였다.

A new system to ensure fire resistance of high strength concrete column in high-rise building with an permanent formwork made of insulation materials has been being studied. In this study, the lateral pressure safety performance of concrete column member using newly develope permanent formwork was estimated.

In this study, compressive capacity of Form-Block-Wall (FBW) was studied through prism test. Main variables are the difference in strength of grout concrete and steel fiber-reinforced block. The result showed that the strength of FBW increased corresponding to the increase of the strength of grout concrete and mortar. Also, it showed that steel fiber-reinforced FBW had a positive effect on prism strength and deformation capacity.

대단면 터널 라이닝 콘크리트를 1일에 1cycle로 진행하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 터널 내부의 기후특성이 변화하고 콘크리트 타설온도가 낮은 경우에는 수화발현 속도도 지연되어 강도발현에 영향을 미치게 되므로 거푸집의 존치시간이 길어지게 된다. 이를 보완하기 위하여 갱문의 설치와 갱폼의 양쪽에 양생막을 설치한 후, 그 내부에 28±2℃의 추가적인 열원을 공급하게 되면 균열관리방안으로 제시한 관리기준 (4.5MPa) 이상의 조기강도발현을 이루어 낼 수 있었으며, 따라서 거푸집을 재령 14hr 후에 제거할 수가 있었다. 한편, 터널내 자연양생온도인 10±1℃ 조건에서는 콘크리트 타설 후 36hr 이상의 양생시간을 확보해야 되는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통하여, 초기재령에서의 콘크리트 온도와 강도발현은 양생온도가 크게 작용하고 있음을 재확인 할 수 있었으며, 플라이애쉬가 10% 혼입된 콘크리트라도 일정시간동안 거푸집의 표면온도를 상승시켜 줄 수 있다면 조기강도발현에는 문제가 되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and plant cells contain varying numbers of mitochondrial genome sequences. Sizes and shapes of mitochondria differ within a tissue or in the same cells. Previously sequenced complete mitochondrial genome (NC_016118) of Brassica oleracea size was 360,271 bp, where segmental duplication (repeat block) was 141,800 bp. In this study, we resequenced this whole mitochondrial genome by using WGS (whole genome sequencing) and assembled organelles genome method (unpublished). Newly sequenced mitochondrial genome length was 219,975 bp and circle form. A new sequence segment of approximately 4,800 bp was obtained compared to the previous genome sequence without any large repeat block. Newly obtained mitochondria genome sequence was compared with recently reported mitochondria genome sequences of various species (B. oleracea, B. juncea, B. rapa, B. napus and B. carinata) and subspecies (cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, broccoli and kale) by PCR using primers specifying different region of genome sequences. PCR analysis results have also confirmed the variation between previous and newly sequenced mitochondrial genome circles form. Thus, the results suggest new B. oleracea mitotype, including evolutionary events such as inheritance, rearrangement, genome compaction, and diversity

본 연구는 최근에 교육에서 일어나고 있는 패러다임의 변화와 더불어 구성주의적인 교육관점에서 기존의 교육과정을 비판하고 반성하며 그 대안을 찾고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 기존의 전통적인 교육과정은 인간의 발달 중에서 논리적이고 합리적인 사고 육성에 치우쳐 인간의 총체적인 발달과 전인적 성장을 돕지 못하는 문제점을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 상상력과 창의력 같은 정서와 관련된 부분은 교육에서 중요하게 다루어지지 못하였으며 다양성을 추구하기 보다는 획일적인 인간을 기르는 교육이 이루어졌다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 교육과정에 대한 대안으로 인지적 발달 못지않게 정서적 발달을 강조하는 Egan의 이야기 형식 모형에 기반하였다. 이야기 형식에 기반한 초등학교 교육과정을 개발하여 교과에 적용한 후 그 효과를 탐색하고자 하였다. 연구의 범위는 초등학교 5학년교과의 차시 수업 개발로 제한하였다. 본 연구는 Egan의 이야기 형식 모형에 근거를 두고 초등학교 이야기 교육과정을 개발하여 국어과, 수학과, 과학과 수업에 각각 적용해 보았다. 수업 적용 후 수업일지, 참관일지, 설문지, 면담자료 등을 분석하여 효과를 탐색해 보았다. 대안적 초등학교 교육과정은 학생의 흥미 유발 및 학습 참여도를 높였고 배운 지식을 적용할 수 있도록 동기를 부여하였으며 학습 내용에 대한 이해도 또한 향상되었으며 기억 증진에도 도움을 주었다.

In this study, compressive behavior of form-block-wall was studied through prism test. In the experiment, main variables are the difference in mix design of block and strength of grout concrete. Experiment result showed that the prism strength of form-block-wall increased in proportion to the strength of grout and block. The initial stiffness in load-displacement curve varied corresponding to the difference of block strength in low strength of grout concrete while there was not a difference of it in the case of high strength of grout concrete.

The energy consumption by buildings approximately reaches 25% of total korea energy consumption. The greatest part in the buildings of the energy consumption is building facade. but a few research projects on concrete comprising more than 70% of outsider of buildings has been tried. This research structural insulation concrete what improved insulation performance using Micro Form Admixture.

This study looks into tone patterns in address form of truncated personal names in North Kyungsang Korean (NK). Address forms of personal names usually take three patterns. One form is made of a family name followed by a given name as in Kim Myung Ja. The second form is made up of a given name followed by vocative particle –a/-ya as in Myung Ja-Ya. The third is a truncated formfromthe final syllable of a given name followed by a vocative particle as in Ja-Ya. As for the tones in NK, it is found here that the tone of a given name address formis always predictable. Regardless of the tone of a family name, the tone of a given name is repeated in a given name address formwhere a vocative particle is assumed to be L. But, things are a little different when it comes to truncated address form. The syllable type of truncated names decides the tone of address form[HH] and [HL] such that the former is for a heavy syllable and the latter for a light syllables.An exceptional [HL] tone in heavy syllables is found in truncated nameswith a nasal coda, evincing the influence of segments on tones. Another kind of exception for the [HL] tone in heavy syllableswith a nasal coda is related with the availability of truncated names as separate common nouns, where the attested tone is [HH] instead of [HL].

Ganui-Dae, built in the reign of King Sejong, Joseon Dynasty, is a comprehensive observatory. It has various instruments for observation and time signal such as Ganui, Gyupyo(Gnomon), water-hammering type Honui and Honsang, and so on. Studying on Ganui-Dae has been focused on its location, history, criterion, etc, so far. However, studying on its external form and construction method has been conducted insufficiently. This study suggests the model for restoration of Ganui-Dae. The model is based on the analysis about external form of Ganui-Dae in various antique maps, and its construction method in those days.

Recently, because there is an interesting for eco-green growth project for Simple and gray concrete structures shall be improved. This research is a eco-friendly study on the roads on landscape structure.

In this study, compressive capacity of a new form-block-wall (FBW) was studied through both the prism test and compressive strength test for single form-block. In the experiment, main variables are the difference in mix design of block and in strength of grout concrete. The result of prism test showed that the compressive strength of FBW was largely influenced by the strength of grout concrete while it was not influenced by the block‘s mix design difference.

The Slip form method is a one of typical construction methods of huge and continues concrete structure. The major advantage of slip form method could be summarized on shortening of construction period which dues on non-construction joint and needless of extra concrete curing time during construction. The slip form method has often applied for high concrete pylon construction. The steel which is conventional material for slip form, however, has shown a weakness in corrosion by chlorides, and a safety hazard from assembling and dis-assembling of heavyweight slip form. In this study, the GFRP which has high resistance to corrosion and relatively light weight than steel was applied to complement shortcomings from using conventional material of slip form. And an abrasion resistance test was carried to evaluate reusablility of GFRP form.

The energy consumption by buildings approximately reaches 25% of total korea energy consumption. The greatest part in the buildings of the energy consumption is building facade. but a few research projects on concrete comprising more than 70% of outsider of buildings has been tried. This research structural insulation concrete what improved insulation performance using micro form admixture and lightweight aggregate.

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure, the correlation between a vegetation and an environment, a species diversity and a life-form of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest(EBLF) located in Gageo-do Island. It is also the objective that the estimation of vegetation change founded on the species composition and characteristics. The vegetation of EBLF was classified into three forests or four community units as Machilus thunbergii forest (Polystichum polyblepharon-M. thunbergii community and Phaenosperma globosum-M. thunbergii community), Ilex integra-Castanopsis sieboldii community, Quercus acuta community and Neolitsea sericea stand. The ordination analysis by DCA is analogous with the vegetation structure analysis. As a result of the correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient) with environmental conditions, the Altitude has the significance with the distribution of communities. The total vegetation change by progress of succession will not be wandered away from the present vegetation structure practically, and the vegetation on the underlayers will be a little changed.