2009년 5월 2일 규모 4.0의 안동 지진이 발생한 시기에 기상청 청양 지자기 관측소에 기록된 자료를 이용하여 지자기 변동성을 분석하였다. 먼저 지자기 관측자료의 주성분을 이용하여 지자기 예측을 수행하고, 지진이 발생한 전후로 예측한 지자기장과 실제 관측된 지자기장 사이에 유의미한 변화량이 있는지 분석하였다. 두 번째로, 지진 발생일과 다른 날의 지자기장을 웨이블릿 셈블런스 기법을 통해 상호 비교하였다. 이 결과에서는 자기장의 수직성분에서 차이가 있음을 발견하였다. 마지막으로 3성분 자료에 대한 고유값 분석을 통해 지진 발생 시기 부근에 고유값의 변화가 발생하였는지 분석하였다. 청양 관측소의 위치가 지진 발생지점과 매우 많이 떨어져 있고 규모가 작아서 명확한 전조 현상을 발견할 수는 없었으나, 지진과 상관성이 높은 지자기 변동성을 발견하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 다양한 지자기 신호처리 기술은 향후 전조현상 탐지를 위해 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대 한다.

In order to understand the nature of population genetic structure of the notorious pest insect, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a total of 159 individuals of the tobacco cutworm collected from six Korean and five Chinese localities were cloned and sequenced their mitochondrial A+T-rich region. A total of 90 haplotypes ranged 324 bp ~ 372 bp in length and 0.30% ~ 4.85% in sequence divergence. Compared to the preliminary mitochondrial COI gene sequence data that provided nearly identical sequences in all samples, the A+T-rich region provided substantially high sequence variation, validating the applicability of this molecule to the study of intraspecific variation. Overall, a very high per generation migration ratio (Nm = 5.91 ~ infinite), a very low level of genetic fixation (FST = 0 ~ 0.077796), and no discernable isolated population were noted to exist among populations of S. litura, although some significant genetic differentiations were found between several pairs of populations. These results collectively suggest that the S. litura populations in both Korea and China are very well interrelated to each other. The structural analysis revealed that the S. litura A+T-rich region harbored two stretches of the [TA(A)]n sequence, the poly-A stretch, and a stem-and-loop structure that are well found in other lepidopteran A+T-rich region. Furthermore, the region harbors the 13 ~ 19-bp long T stretch and 5-bp long motif that have been suggested to function as a possible recognition site for the initiation of replication of the minor strand of mtDNA also were found.

The bumblebee, Bombus ignitus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is a valuable natural resource that is one of the most notably utilized for greenhouse pollination in Korea. In order to understand the nature of genetic relationships, gene flow, and population structure of the species we sequenced a partial COI gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) corresponding to “animal barcode” region and the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) with the individuals collected from Korean localities. Although the 658-bp long mtDNA sequence provided only six haplotypes with the maximum sequence divergence of 0.456% (3 bp, from 91 individuals), but the ITS sequences provided 33 sequence types with the maximum sequence divergence of 0.78% (16 bp, from 35 individuals), confirming better applicability of the ITS sequences to the study of intraspecific variation. The ITS2 sequences of B. ignitus were shown to be the longest among known insects, ranging in size from 2,034 bp ~ 2,045 bp and harbored two duplicated repeats, indicating unusual structure of B. ignitus ITS2 sequences compared with other insect ITS sequences. Overall, a very high per generation migration ratio, a very low level of genetic fixation, and no discernable hierarchical population/population group were noted to exist among populations of B. ignitus on the basis of both molecules, thus suggesting that the B. ignitus populations on the Korean peninsula are panmictic, which is consistent with our understanding of the dispersal capability.

This study was conducted to investigate the variation of growth characteristics and reproductive physiology in cloned Hanwoo male calves during growing stage. The hematological parameters, body weight, and plasma hormonal levels, birth to 12 months, were analyzed in the cloned calves (n=3). Differences among treatment means were determined by a student t-test. A probability of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The hematological parameters, such as white blood cell, red blood cell, and platelet, were not different in both normal and cloned calves. The difference of body weight, however, was significantly higher in the cloned calves, months (p<0.05) and months (p<0.01), than that of the comparators, respectively. The plasma IGF-1 level was statistically significant in the cloned calves, months, compared to that of the normal calves (p<0.05). However, the plasma testosterone level was not different in both normal and clone calves according to growing stage. Taken together, the cloned Hanwoo male calves are growing faster and maintaining a normal reproductive physiology.

1999년 10월, 12월의 국립수산과학원 정선관측 자료를 이용하여 수온역전 현상이 성층변동에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 10월, 12월 모두 수심 25-75m 사이에서 수온역전현상이 빈번하게 발생하며, 12월에는 표층 부근에도 수온역전현상이 나타났다. 고온, 고염분수인 쓰시마난류의 수평 이류가 10월, 12월에 나타나는 수온역전현상의 주원인으로 작용하며, 12월에는 연안역에서 외양역으로 수송되는 차가운 표층수의 영향이 함께 작용한다. 10월에는 북풍이 지속적으로 불지만 남해연안수가 외해역으로 확장하는 현상이 뚜렷하지 않는 반면, 북서풍계열의 풍속이 강해지고 쓰시마난류의 세력이 약해지는 12월에는 남해연안수가 상층부를 통해 외해역으로 확장하면서 수온역전현상을 나타나게 한다. 10월과 12월 모두 수온역전현상이 발생하는 해역을 따라 성층의 변동폭이 크게 나타난다.

본 연구는 산지황폐계류에 시공한 사방공작물이 계곡생태계에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 시공 전후를 기준으로 조사지점별로 저서성 대형무척추동물의 출현종의 변화분석 및 생물학적 수질평가를 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 시공 전 출현한 저서성 대형무척추동물의 총 수는 4문 6강 11목 22과 25종 3,086개체였으나 시공 후 조사에서는 4문 6강 10목 17과 19종 1,208개체로 감소하였다. 특히, 직접적인 사방공작물의 시공이 이루어진 조사지점에서는 시공 후 생물종이 전혀 출현하지 않거나, 극소량만이 채집되어 서식종의 현존량을 기초로 하는 다양도 지수, 풍부도 지수, 균등도 지수가 감소 또는 산출되지 않았다. 저서생물의 군집분석 결과 및 저서성 대형무척추동물의 생태점수(ESB)는 모든 조사지점에서 시공전보다 시공 후에 오수생물계열, 환경상태, 수질등급과 같은 계곡환경질이 저하된 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 시공전 상류는 양호 및 다소 양호, 중류는 다소 불량, 하류는 불량 및 매우 불량으로 분석되었으나, 시공 후 상류 일부 지역을 제외한 나머지 수역은 매우 불량으로 분석되었다. 또한 대상 계류의 수질등급의 경우 시공 전에는 I~III등급 사이로 분류되었으나, 시공 후 대조군을 제외하고는 모두 IV~V등급으로 악화되었다 이와 같이 사방공작물의 시공후 모든 조사지점에서 발생한 저서성 대형무척추동물의 서식 환경 파괴는 개체수의 감소와 수질악화로 이어졌다. 이 결과는 사방공작물의 시공 직후에 조사 분석한 것이므로, 향후 장기간의 모니터링을 통하여 시공한 사방공작물의 재해방지 효과와 함께 계류 생태계의 회복과정에 대한 지속적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Phylogenetic relationships among 53 accessions of D.glomerata collected from 5 continents were investigated using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. 15 SSR primer pairs generated a total of 127 alleles, with an average of 8.5 alleles per locus. The average polymorphic rate (P) was 95.21 %. The genetic similarity (GS) among all accessions ranged from 0.43 to 0.94, with an average of 0.63. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that larger proportions of variability existed within geographical regions (73.75%). High degree of genetic diversity was observed in Asia (P, 90.55%) and Europe (P, 86.61%) groups. Based on the cluster and principal component analysis, 53 accessions could be divided into five groups (GS=0.64) according to the nearest phylogenetic relationship.

In this study, we determinated the dynamic changing of soluble sugar, total nitrogen and malondialdehyde, so t㏊t found out their relationships with cold resistance. The result indicates: the content of soluble sugar and total nitrogen increased from late autumn and early winter, and kept higher level during the entire winter, then decreased in regreen time in the next spring. The content of malondialdehyde was high in Sep., then decreased gradually and reached the minimum in Jan., thereafter the content of malondialdehyde represented increasing trend.

광해의 정도를 알아보기 위해 서울대 사범대학 주변 밤하늘의 밝기를 측정하였다. 표준성을 이용하여 고도에 따른 소광 계수 및 영점 상수를 구한 결과, 2009년 1월 28일에는 소광계수가 kB=0.359, 영점상수는 CB=4.397이 었고, 2009년 3월 27일에는 소광계수가 kB=0.896, kV=0.725, 영점상수는 CB=6.235, CV=6.027이었다. 밤하늘의 밝기는 동, 서, 남, 북 네 방위에 대해 고도 20˚, 40˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚에서 측정하였다. IRAF를 사용하여 전처리하고 측광한 결과, 1월 28일의 시상은 평균 5.1"였고 3월 27일은 5.7"이었다. 밤하늘의 등급은 방위 및 고도에 따라 16≤mV, mB≤18이었다. 도심 방향의 밤하늘 밝기는 어두운 지역에 비해 2-4정도 밝게 나타났다. 이러한 관측 조건에서 구경 40cm인 망원경을 통해 육안으로 관측할 수 있는 한계 등급은 밤하늘의 밝기 정도에 따라 대략 11-13등급이다. 1월과 3월의 밤하늘 밝기를 비교해 본 결과, B필터에서 1월이 3월에 비해 1등급 정도 어두운 것으로 나타났다.

멸종위기종 황새의 야생 방사를 위한 먹이 서식지 조성 시 필요한 정보를 제공하고 야생 황새의 먹이 서식지 보호와 보존을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 연구를 시작하였다. 이를 위하여 충북 청원군 미원면 화원리에 있는 산지형 습지 일부에 울타리를 치고 황새 암수의 한 쪽 날개의 첫째날개깃 일부를 잘라 방사하여, 6월 20일부터 8월 16일까지 서식지 먹이 밀도와 수심 변화에 따른 서식지 이용률 및 섭식행동 특성을 파악하였다. 황새는 밀도가 높은 서식지에서

Caprylic/Capric triglyceride-in-water emulsions stabilized by Nikkol HCO-60 and HCO-10 were prepared using emulsion inversion point method at different HLB values. Emulsions with various droplet sizes were formed, and emulsion inversion point was detected by electrical conductivity. The change in emulsion droplet sizes and long term stability were monitored using laser scattering method and visual method. The droplet sizes and stability of emulsions were affected by HLB of surfactant. At emulsion inversion point, the water volume fraction increased as the HLB of surfactants decreased. According to our analysis, this resulted from a tendency of forming the W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion as the HLB of surfactants was decreased. The emulsion inversion point was clearly detected by the microscope and the electric conductivity meter. Nanometer-sized emulsion was obtained at the optimum HLB by using emulsion inversion point method. The main pattern of instability of emulsions in HLB 12 and 13 systems was Ostwald ripening. However, The patterns of instability of emulsions below 11 of HLB systems were Ostwald ripening and coalescence. All emulsions produced with surfactants in the range of HLB 8-13, creaming caused by density difference between water phase and oil phase.

The through-thickness variations of strain and microstructure during high-speed hot rolled 5052 aluminum alloy sheet were investigated. The specimens were rolled at temperature ranges from 410 to 560˚C at a rolling speed of 15 m/s without lubrication and quenched into water at an interval of 30 ms after rolling. The redundant shear strain induced by high friction between rolls and the aluminum sheet was increased largely beneath the surface at a rolling reduction above 50%. Dynamic recrystallization occurred in the surface regions of the specimen rolled under conditions of high temperatures or high rolling reductions.

The bumblebees, Bombus species are valuable natural resources being utilized for greenhouse pollination. Low level of genetic variation of Bombus species has been reported previously. In this study, we sequenced complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear rDNA from 100 individuals of B. ardens collected from seven localities in Korean peninsula. The ITS2 sequence of B. ardens is longest, ranging in size from 1,940 bp-1,954 bp among known in insects, which ranges approximately from 241 bp-1,728 bp. The ITS2 sequences have ~51% of C+C content and contain each two 27 bp repeats, 20 bp repeats, 33 bp repeats, and 34 bp repeats at the beginning. Such repeats were not found in other insects. Uncorrected pairwise distance among 96 sequences that were obtained from 100 individuals revealed a maximum sequence divergence of 1.03%. Genetic diversity (π) of each population ranged from 0.007801 to 0.009627, and the lowest diversity was obtained from islet population of Ulleungdo, indicating possibly small, isolation of the population. Significant level of genetic distance was only found when Ulleungdo population was compared to two other mainland populations. Except for this, overall, a very high rate of per generation migration ratio (Nm=7.1-infinite) and a very low level of genetic fixation (FST=0-0.06546) were detected between pairs of localities. Analysis of hierarchical relationships among localities consistently revealed no statistically significant structure among populations. Taken these together, the B. ardens populations on the Korean peninsula are panmictic this is consistent with our understanding of the dispersal capability.

The bumblebee, Bombus ardens, is a valuable natural resource, and is most notably utilized for greenhouse pollination. In order to gain a greater understanding of the population genetic structure and the genetic diversity of this species, we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial COI gene corresponding to the “DNA Barcode” region (658 bp) from 160 individuals collected over 15 Korean localities. Uncorrected pairwise distances among the eight haplotypes suggested low intraspecific genetic diversity, with a maximum sequence divergence of 0.3%. Such a low level of intraspecific genetic diversity was further reflected in local populations, particularly to islet populations, such as those of Youngheungdo, Jakyakdo, and Ulleugdo, which had zero genetic diversity. Geographically, one haplotype (BARBA01) was widespread and dominant, with a frequency of 90.6% (145 among 160 individuals). Other haplotypes were restricted to one to three localities and had low frequency. Overall, a very high rate of per generation female migration ratio (Nm= 4.6 to infinite) and a very low level of genetic fixation (FST= 0 to 0.099) were detected between pairs of localities, suggesting that the B. ardens population sonthe Korean peninsula are panmictic, which is consistent with our understanding of their dispersal capability.

Niobium powder was made from potassium heptafluoroniobite () as the raw material using sodium (Na) as a reducing agent based on the hunter process. The apparatus for the experiment was designed and built specifically for the present study. The niobium particle size greatly increased as the reduction temperature increased from to . The particle size was fairly uniform, varying from to depending on the reduction temperatures. The niobium powder morphology and particle size are very sensitive to a reaction temperature in the metallothermic reduction process. The yield of niobium powder increased from 55% to 80% with a increasing a reaction temperature.