최근 가축의 유전적 다양성 유지 및 식량 안보에 있어서 재래품종의 중요성은 점차 증대되고 있다. 제주흑우는 멸종위험에 처한 품종이며, 2013년 7월 문화재청에 의해 천연기념물 제546호로 지정되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 제주흑우(124두)의 유전적 다양성, 유연관계 및 유전적 구조의 평가이며, 그 비교 대상으로 한우(128두) 및 외래품종 홀스타인(73두)을 공시하였다. 분자유전학적 특성을 평가하기 위해 11개 초위성체 마커(BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA23, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA126, TGLA227, TGLA53)의 대립유전자형을 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 토대로 유전적 다양성 지수들을 산출하였다. 품종별 평균 기대이형접합도(HExp)는 0.605-0.738, 관측이형접합도(HOsb)는 0.667-0.747 그리고 다형정보지수(PIC)는 0.644-0.773의 범위를 보였다. 특히, 제주흑우의 유전적 다양성 지수는 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다. STRUCTURE를 이용한 군락 분석 결과 유전적으로 3개의 군락으로 구분되었으며, 주성성분분석(PCA) 결과 또한 3개의 군집으로 분류됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과는 제주흑우의 유전적 고유성 및 유전자원으로써 가치 판단을 위한 과학적 근거가 될 것으로 사료된다.

Cotton aphid infests more than 700 plants and a major pest of various horticultural crops worldwide. The glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a member of heat shock protein 70. Its expression is associated with the nutritional changes as well as environmental stresses. The full sequences of grp78 cDNA of Aphis gossypii was determined. It had conserved motifs of hsp genes and terminated in KDEL which is common to GRP78. Quantitative realtime PCR showed that its level was changed during development and also upregulated by starvation. However, its level was not much changed by heat stress. The level of grp78 can be use to understand nutritional physiology on insects.

In our previous study with sequenced data from DNA barcoding region of Korean Tettigonia showed that the Jeju population of T. ussuriana (JJ-Tu) more closely related to T. dolichoptera than mainland population of T. ussuriana (ML-Tu) with low genetic distance (0.87-1.05%). In mitochondrial systematics for a eukaryotic organism including orthopteran insects, sequence data from a short mitochondrial DNA fragment should be trait with caution because nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts) can be unintentionally coamplified when we use universal primers based on a PCR method. In this study, we retried their sequence analysis to avoid coamplication of numts in sequences from cox1 and cox2 genes. and scrutinized each sequence. The molecular evidences (cox1, cox2, and nad1) for Korean species suggest that JJ-Tu is more closely related to T. dolichoptera (0.76-1.23% in cox1; 1.23-1.54% in cox2; 1.01-1.35% in nad1) than ML-Tu (3.77-4.59% in cox1; 3.61-4.76% in cox2; 2.03-3.25 in nad1). The genetic distance of sequence data from cox1 between JJ-Tu and ML-Tu satisfied a requirement for species-distinction by comparing genetic distance between Tettigonia species. Moreover, JJ-Tu is a geographic population of Tettigonia with different morphological traits that is supported with formed a cluster. Although JJ-Tu closely related to T. dolichoptera with low genetic distance, we will determine its taxonomic status through integrative taxonomic study.

A new gregarine species (Eugregarinida: Gregarinidae) was previously reported from daikon leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae at Daegwallyeong in Korea. Here, we found another novel gregarine species from the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This paper describes the morphological and molecular-biological characteristics of Gregarine species associated to P. brassicae and P. striolata. The size and body shape at mature trophozoite stage were the main diagnostic characteristics of those species. Gregarines from P. brassicae were bigger size (100um) with square shaped body while Gregarines from P. striolata were slightly smaller size (80um) with egg shaped body. Based on the partial 18S rDNA sequence, gregarine species from P. striolata was grouped in eugregarine and also this new gregarine showed 85% homology that of the reported Gregarina sp. from P. brassicae. However, gut dissection result showed that each species had own gregarine parasite species association. These results were identical in local populations from three surveyed locations. There was positive relationship between infection rates and elevation for gregarine related to P. striolata. Therefore, we suggested that the gregarines and their coleopteran hosts have species-specific interaction via co-evolution.

Root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus sp., are recognized as one of the most important plant parasitic nematodes. They infest various crop plants and cause severe root damages which lead to the yield loss of agricultural crops. There are 72 species recorded in the world, but 14 species in Korea. Soil samples were collected from chrysanthemum cultivars in various regions. Morphological and molecular diagnosis firstly recognized two species as Pratylenchus kumamotoensis and P. pseudocoffeae in Korea. Morphologically, P. kumamotoensis characterized by pharyngeal gland lobes overlapping with intestine dorsally. P. pseudocoffeae, which is similar with P. coffeae, but pharyngeal gland lobes are longer than P. coffeae. In molecular diagnosis, nucleotide sequences of D2-D3 region (700-800 bp) within 28S rDNA and ITS region including ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 (700-1,000 bp) between 18S and 28S rDNA were determined from collected samples. NCBI database comparison of D2-D3 of P. kumamotoensis and P. pseudocoffeae were 99% similar with those of corresponding species, respectively. ITS of P. pseudocoffeae was 99% similar within species. ITS sequence of P. kumamotoensis was firstly determined in this study. Distribution of P. kumamotoensis was only reported in Japan but P. pseudocoffeae is present in Japan and USA. Here we firstly report the presence of these two species in Korea.

The brown soft scales, Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most widely distributed species in the family Coccidae. Interestingly, this species shows considerable morphological variation depending upon the geography and host plants. Although, Korean populations also exhibit morphological variation between geographical regions, this species have been regarded as one species without intensive studies. In this study, we performed Neighbor joining analysis of combined data set of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I COI, 18S ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA, 28S ribosomal RNA 28S rRNA and Elongation factor I-alpha EFI-α genes for Korean populations of brown soft scales. The result of molecular analysis indicated that there are three distinct populations in Korea. Among three populations, one population is separated from two populations with 9% of molecular divergence. Based on high level of molecular divergence, we propose a cryptic species of C. hesperidum with description and illustrations of morphology.

The subgenus Nippocallis (Matsumura, 1917) is one of the 10 subgenera of the genus Tuberculatus Mordvilko, 1894. Originally, this subgenus was regarded as an independent genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina by the distinct morphological features and the host plant association with Castanea (Fagaceae). We performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine whether genus Nippocallis belongs to Tuberculatus group. Molecular analysis of the combined data set of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I COI, Cytochrome B CytB and Elongation Factor I-alpha EF1α indicated that Nippocallis form a sister clade of the genus Myzocallis Passerini, 1860, apart from the genus Tuberculatus. In this contexts, we propose Nippocallis as a separate genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina.

We map two molecular clouds located in the exact anticenter region emitting in the (J = 1-0) transition of 12CO and 13CO using the 3-mm SIS mixer receiver on the 14-m radio telescope at Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory. The target clouds with anomalous velocities of VLSR ~ - 20 km s-1 are distinguished from other clouds in this direction. In addition, they are located in the interarm region between the Orion Arm and the Perseus Arm. Sizes of the clouds are estimated to be about 8.6 and 10.8 pc, respectively. The total mass is estimated to be about 4 x 103 M⊙ using CO luminosity of the clouds. Several cores are detected, but no sign of star formation is found according to the IRAS point sources. Their larger linewidths, anomalous velocities, and their location at the interarm region make these clouds more distinguished, though their physical properties are similar to the dark clouds in the solar neighborhood in terms of mass and size.

Toothbrushes play an essential role in oral hygiene. However, they can be significant in microbial transmission and can increase the risk of infection, since they can serve as a reservoir for microorganisms in healthy, oral-diseased and medically ill adults. This study was conducted to evaluate toothbrush contamination in six toothbrushes donated from four people. Two participants each supplied two toothbrushes - one used in the bathroom and one used in the workplace. The other two people each donated two toothbrushes used in the workplace. Polymerase chain reaction was used to construct a 16S rRNA clone library. Sequences of cloned DNA were compared with those from the reference organisms provided by GenBank. A total 120 clones, representing 20 clones for each toothbrush, were analyzed. They are composed of six pylum, 46 genera and 79 species. The most dominant species were Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Enterobacter and Escherichia were recovered from toothbrushes used domestically. Toothbrushes used in the workplace did not contain Enterobacteria.

Brucellosis is an important and re-emerging zoonotic disease worldwide. The prevention of human infection is achieved predominantly through the control of brucellosis in agricultural animals, which in turn depends on accurate diagnosis and vaccination. However, conventional serological diagnosis of brucellosis has several limitations, and currently available vaccines for animals have several drawbacks, including the ability to cause infection in humans. Phosphoglycerate kinase (Pgk) is one of the specific proteins reactive with mouse sera in the early stage of Brucella infection, and deletion of the pgk gene in B. abortus strain 2308 resulted in extreme attenuation of this strain in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the B. abortus pgk mutant has been used as a live vaccine, and in challenge experiments, it induced protection that was superior to that conferred by commercial strains. In this study, the pgk gene from Brucella abortus 544 was successfully amplified and cloned into a maltose binding protein fusion protein expression vector (pMAL). The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α and purified. The immunogenicity of purified recombinant B. abortus 544 Pgk (rPgk) was evaluated by western blot analysis using Brucella-positive mouse sera. rPgk could be used as an antigenic component for future serological tests and potential vaccine development.

The study objectives were to evaluate the aquatic environment of an urban stream using various ecological parameters of biological biomarkers, physical habitat and chemical water quality and to develop a “Multi-metric Eco-Model” (Mm-E Model) for the ecosystem evaluations. The biomarkers of DNA, based on the comet assay approach of single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), were analyzed using the blood samples of Zacco platypus as a target species. The condition factor (CF) as key indicators of the population evaluation indicator was analyzed along with the weight-length relation and individual abnormality. The four metrics of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) were added for the evaluations of physical habitat. In addition, the parameters of chemical water quality were used as eutrophic indicators. Our results suggested that attributes of biomarkers and bioindicators in the impacted zone (Iz) had sensitive response largely to the chemical stress (eutrophic indicators) and also partially to physical habitat quality, compared to the those in the control zone. Hereafter, applying Multimetric Eco-Model to stream ecosystem, it will be able to evaluate ecological health state.

We study the physical and chemical properties of the molecular clump hosting a young stellar cluster, IRAS 20160+3636, which is believed to have formed via the “collect and collapse” process. Physical parameters of the UC Hii region associated with the embedded cluster are measured from the radio continuum observations. This source is found to be a typical Galactic UC Hii region, with a B0.5 type exciting star, if it is ionized by a single star. We derive a CN/HCN abundance ratio larger than 1 over this region, which may suggest that this clump is being affected by the UV radiation from the Hii region.

New precursors, poly(acrylonitrile-co-crotonic acid) (poly(AN-CA)) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-itaconic acid-co-crotonic acid) (poly(AN-IA-CA)) copolymers, for the preparation of carbon fibers, were explored in this study. The effects of comonomers with acidic groups, such as crotonic acid (CA) and/or itaconic acid (IA), on the stabilization of nanofibrous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymers were studied. The extent of stabilization, evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, revealed that the CA comonomer could retard/control the stabilization rate of PAN, in contrast to the IA comonomer, which accelerated the stabilization process. Moreover, the synthesized PAN copolymers containing CA possessed higher Mv than those of the IA copolymers and also showed outstanding dimension stability of nanofibers during the stabilization, which may be a useful property for improving the dimensional stability of polymer composites during manufacturing.

분자 동력학(Molecular dynamics; MD) 전산모사 기술은 대상이 되는 입자(일반적으로, 원자)의 위치와 속도를 계산하여, 원자 및 분자들의 다양한 구조 및 동적 특성을 분석하는 데에 있어서 매우 유용한 기술이다. 기체 분리막 연구에 있어서도 MD는 그동안 free volume 분석, conformation search 등과 같은 고분자 구조 분석 및 permeability, diffusivity와 같은 기체 투과 거동을 연구하는 데 널리 사용되어 왔다. 본 총설에서는 기체 분리막 분야에 MD를 적용하는 일반적인 방법론에 대하여 서술하고, 다양한 관련 연구들을 소개하고자 한다.

Recently, researches of molecular biology for the identification of root-knot nematode (RKN) species have been reported in plant quarantine. In this study, applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality genomic DNA from single nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) was developed. Also, the modified method was verified by DNA manipulation techniques such as PCR amplification and cloning. Single juvenile was floated in a drop of water and digested with proteinase K for 24 h. After that, DNA was extracted by using distilled water as extraction buffer. PCR amplification was carried out with universal primers spanning the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to distinguish species. When using the existing DNA detection method, quantification results showed that 42.86% of the deposited DNA was extracted. Whereas the modified DNA extraction method was increased to 100%. When PCR products test the direct sequencing using the ITS rDNA primers, it was also identified as M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. hispanica. Based on the studies conducted, the application of this modified method would be useful and efficient on plant parasitic nematode molecular assay.

Insect cuticular melanization is regulated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating system, which is a component of innate immunity. However, the differentiation between cuticular melanization and innate immunity is not well defined. Here, we demonstrate that the proPO-activating system regulates cuticular melanization in the silkworm pupae using a different mechanism. Our results indicate that the differential and spatial regulation of key components, such as the proPO-activating factor, tyrosine hydroxylase, proPOs, and immulectin, primes the proPO-activating system for either cuticular melanization or innate immunity. This dual strategy for cuticular melanization in development and innate immunity upon infection demonstrates a two-pronged defense mechanism mediated by the priming of the proPO system.

Osmia cornifrons plays a major role in the pollination of orchards, but basic information on vitellogenin and the oocyte development is limited. To better understand vitellogenin in hymenopteran insects, we cloned a cDNA encoding vitellogenin from the hornfaced bee O. cornifrons. O. cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA contains 5477 bp with an open reading frame of 1,783 amino acid residues, and has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 200.21 kDa and a pI of 6.55. O. cornifrons vitellogenin possesses four consensus (RXXR/S) cleavage sites and has conserved DGXR and GL/ICG motifs in the C-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the O. cornifrons vitellogenin cDNA showed a 66% identity with Megachile rotundata, 53% to Apis mellifera, 51% to Bombus ignitus, and 42%-30% with other hymenopteran insect vitellogenins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. cornifrons vitellogenin clustered with vitellogenins from Megachildae, Apidae, Vespidae, and Formicidae species but not with those from Pteromalidae, Aphelinidae or Ichneumonidae species.

The phylogenetic relationships of species and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae from Myanmar were inferred using mtDNA sequence data from 608 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). A total of 20 species in 10 genera were sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The base composition of COI sequences was 38.1% T, 15.6% C, 31.6% A, 14.7% G, revealing strong AT bias (69.7%). The sequence distance of 20 species of Nymphalinae ranged from 1.5% to 15.5%. The transition of nucleotide substitution was more common than transversion. The transition between T and C were higher than transition between A and G, and the transversion between A and T was the highest amongst other types of transversion. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and showed almost identical topologies. The results indicated that the tribes Junoniini and Nymphalini (sensu Wahlberg et al., 2005) formed monophyletic groups but Kallimini was not monophyletic group. Rhinoplapa polynice formed sister group to Junoniini clade with moderate support in both trees. The relationship of species in Junoniini was ((Junonia + Yoma) + Hypolimnas) and the relationship in Nymphalini was (Symbrenthia + (Vanessa + (Kaniska + Polygonia))). The clustering results were almost identical to current morphological classification.

After firstly identified sex pheromone components of Bombxy mori, those of many insect pests were synthesized by organic chemistry methodology. These synthesized components were used for monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption during five decades. For identification of pheromone biosynthesis mechanisms and control to many pests bring to serious damages also were proceeded. The transcriptome analysis from pheromone glands by Next Generation Sequence (NGS) showed many genes and pathway involved on sex pheromone biosynthesis.. The two main genes involved on production of acetate and alcohol, and aldehyde from fatty acid, fatty acid desaturase and fatty acid reductase (FAR) were identified and functional characterized via gene introduction to Brewer’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This S. cerevisiae now used as a mediator as well as cell factory for sex pheromone producing. Recently, One group was published that the plant factory for producing via genetically modified plant (tobacco, Nicotiana benthamiana) as a step of semisynthetic preparation. These trials will be suggest that firstly, the possibility of yeast as a molecular toolbox to produce pheromone components and secondly, a novel and cost-effective way of producing moderate to large quantities of pheromones with high purity and a minimum of hazardous waste.